Date o/o8/22

Chapte-L
Basic teams o Metyic Sparas

Desinition
X _ be anon-empty seandR be th
set o all h eal numbts. Amabping d
XxXinto R is said to be a metuic0 distac
unction d satisies heolboing axiorns

d dla 20 x,y E X_Lnon-negatiue conditionn

) dla,=0 i =q LNull condition
( ) dla, =d )¥a,y eX LSummetry Conditionl
(iv) d xsd z)tdlz4) t i, z |Tiàngle
Cmddton
Then dis said to be mdxic on X_and oxde
baix X,d) is callud a metic spacand dl,s is
calladthe distanc betuAeen aind y
#heoxem ht_ X_be a non-Cmty Se. lhan o
mappinqq d o X xXinto R is a metric i
olin Cordtions a sadised
Ia) d{a, y=0 = ,y eX
b) d (%,Y) <d(*) +dly,z) ¥ a,y,z eX
Pxoo Ld he corditions (1)to liu au hold hin
A
hove,
dlx,)d laz) td (2.y) * x, y,z ex-
Also by lii dlz,y)=dlyz)
 Hena om O and 2,we have
dlay)s d(n,z) t dly,z) y.z EX
uhich is Condion (b)and Ca) is sama as ) .
Conuexgly,
Nou Suppose bat h Condlions (a) and (b)
hold. I ,y anyany tuo boints oX,than by
(b) ox xx and gd,
dla,a) sdl,y idlx,y)
d (x,y) 2d , x )
But dlx,n) =0 bs lal. Hena qives dla.y) 20 uhich
is o deetndi and G) is Sam as as (a)
a)
Aqain dpplying6) to points n,y,, we obtain
d x.y) sd(x,n)
td(y,u) =0 tdl 4,a)lbylal:
hus d l)dly,u). D
Simila-ly aphluing b) t6fke picdsy weqeX

d, dy

rom and we baue

dl,)dly - axiomlii))
Noud
Ltn,y,z EX,we have,
dlx,y) adx,z td y,z) Lhy (b)]
day)= dlx,z) +d },9) Lb 6
Lwhichis axiom liv).
 V
V
222 222 9
 Then ldlu.A)-dly.A) =d(n, A) -dly.A)
A)
sd(x,a) - d ,
d(n,a) -d (,a)+E
d y ) tdly.d)-d y.altE
By txiangle ineq,uuility)
e XNe x_, aeA)1
= dla,y)tE
Sinu E is aubitrany,ue have

Idl,A)-d(A)|Sdla,y.
N

#_Pseudo - Metic
X_be a norn-empty_Set and R be th
t
d X xX
set o all thxcal numbeus A mabbinq
R (or SCmi-mtic)
is said. to be a pseudo -meticaxioms
X i d SatisiesH -llowinq

Li)dla)=o tx x ix=y>dly)=0but
condeHsly not ruej.

(i) dlx,y)=dy.
4d2y)x,yzE
) dlx.)sd (k,z)+d(2y)* x, y,z EX
is callud tuples
nate: o8/a3/22
# Example t the maping d: xX R be dejincd
d is
by_dlh,y) =lx-yl a y eR to show hat
mctic on R is calhd usual mtric.

-y20 KyR
d l y 20tx ER
 i)-l0
d y=o*i d

y ¬R
dla.y y,n)
iv) -yl=lx-ztz-ys lx-ztlz-y . 4 , z
ER
d y <d ln,z)Hd (zyl*xy,z ER.Y
Euclidean Metic Shaces
LtX-R_denste he sct ol all OYdeud ntuples
eal numbes ox aixed nEN

ER

Detin th mapbings d, dp ard d of R xRinto R by

)d,lnd,l.y) ;=yl

Show that d,,dp and d_a metxics on R"

S () Cleady d, lx,yl y2o ¥ny eR

 i l l:0 Jov i1,2, n
jsY; ox i=1,2 , D

tyain. d.x.gl

d , y ) ¥ a y ¬R

To
lopove th txlangle incauilty ord,we Suppse that

Z2,Z Z n ¬ R,hn.

CX da,y)s d,laz) d, l2y.

Hentu d i s a metsic On R

la) Cleaky dln,y l

Plso dpl=o i -

i 0 o i1.2
i axi12
opove Aviangle incqualiy Jor dp we
use ta.
MinKowski incqüility
la,th,1
is la 1
Luht p L ard ai,b; i= L;2,n ) a u keal
hea numbeis

Now t z=,z, Then

a) ER"lhen

Nos putting a; -7b=Zi-iand aphlinga

above MinkbwsKi incq.uility, we q<

dplau.s 2 +22-
ie
dply6dalau2)+d,lz.yl
Hena dp is a melric on R"
3) Cleady aa maX
6 sn xl} zo tuyR

Rlso d(x.y)0i a ll=o

i =0 ov i,2.
xil,2,
 Again d (au.y sisn
max
u-yl}mailyj-nilf
1si<n

lo pxove h hionqle inequiliy we Suppose dHat

n)e R

Sina - tz;-y r i,2,

IMi-d* (a,z)+d*z.y) pr il, 2,-
heuovemaxi=ylj sd*(,2)td*(z,)
0 d y) sdla,z) td(z,
Henu d* is a matic on R

Example- t s denote ihe set o al bossible seautnces

ceal oY Complex numbens i ,
Den
dlu.g)=
n=

Show that d is a metric o n S

SelTrue triangle ineoualiy axioms i), (in)
and liii)
t z <Zn? ,un.
 do.y n=

nZntZon
1+xnZntZnynl)
h=
An-Zn ||
1+|-Znl) Zn
n=l
t|Znyn1)
dlay-dla,z)4dlz,
Henu d is a mdric on S his is calld fechet
metiiCon S

h e Eunction Shaces
t C'a,b) denote h colection s all xcal
Nalued CotinuouS ox bounded uncdions dalinnd on
La,b. De in he norm oeCLa,bJ bs-
= sup4)l:aELa,blj
d d be detined by,-

dltg)lll=supl1l-gls:e[a,b]j,
Show thot d is a mric ox CLa,b.
9eClob]
So-Sinc th axioms Ci), Li) and (ii_ axu chaious.
we need ony doprove th 0xicmi), tha iangle
incqualidy,.
in
Lt . h ecla,b]
hen oY all E la,bl,we have
la)-ga)I )-hla)+ hla)-qlal
1 )thla) +|ho))
sup1w)-qlEsuplu)-kbilt supklo- gl))-
- l l ||hl |h-g
Henc d.g)dlf.h)td(h.g)
d is a mdrid on CLa,bJ
O% ve oy.
means cngth o cjuen onákion
he shac
ht Ap be tha setoall pences = <An?.
oealo x Comblex numbens suth hot '~
n
n,n o
he p is a Positive constart

Defint

Shou thot d and d*a both merices on p

Sol Checking triangle inequality in_each case,

(a) t x=<hny=y27n. han or p>

dlay)- I
 dlay Zt7nl

(la-2nltlz=yn

by MinKouski intqualrty
duydlna)tdlz,
b)tox 0<p<, we use h inequality
la,-sla-Z,lt|z,-y1)

a,-znltz-n
h

dly)d (xz)+ d*l.y).

Hentu d and d a merics On p.

2 # h e shau =