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STREAM FLOW
BASIC EQUATION

Q (flow) = V (velocity) x A
(area of flow)
 METHODS OF FLOW
MEASUREMENT
1. Volumetric Method
2. Gravimetric Method
3. Slope-Area Method
4. Velocity-Area Method
5. Control-Section Method
1. VOLUMETRIC
2. GRAVIMETRIC
3.SLOPE-AREA METHOD

MANNING’S EQUATION

k 2 1
V  R 3
S 2

n
 Sample Problem

Consider an open channel of rectangular

cross-section, with bottom width of 4 ft,
containing water flowing 2 ft deep. The
bottom slope of the channel is 0.0004 and
it is made of concrete with a Manning
roughness coefficient of 0.011. What would
be the average flow velocity of the water
and what would be the volumetric water
flow rate?
4. VELOCITY-AREA METHOD
1. FLOAT METHOD
4. VELOCITY-AREA METHOD
2. CURRENT METER

V = a + bN
 the total depth at each section is measured and
the average velocity between each vertical cross-
section is taken as the average of the velocities
measured at 0.8 and 0.2 of the depth
 in shallow water near the shore, a single velocity
measurement at 0.6 of the depth may be used
5. CONTROL SECTION METHOD
1. FREE DISCHARGING ORIFICE

Q  cA 2 gh
 Orifice Equation
Show the calibrated equation of the
submerged orifice with an area of 0.03
m2.
DISCHARGE, Q Head Difference
L/s m
37.02 0.253
36.13 0.245
35.45 0.232
Flow Over a Weir
<-----(Flow Right to Left)
5. CONTROL SECTION METHOD
2.a. Rectangular WEIRS

Q  1 . 84 LH
3/2

Q  1 . 84 ( L  0 . 20 H ) H
3/2
5. CONTROL SECTION METHOD
2.b. Triangular WEIRS

Q  1 . 42 H
5/2
5. CONTROL SECTION METHOD
2.c. Trapezoidal WEIR (Cipolletti)

Q  1 . 86 LH
3/2
 Sample Problem
A rectangular channel 6.10 m wide has a depth of
90 cm of water flowing with a mean velocity of
0.75 m/s. Determine the height of standard
sharp-crested weir if the depth in the channel of
approach is 1.50 m.
A. 0.45 m
B. 0.51 m
C. 0.99 m
D. 1.95 m
 ACTIVITY #2
What is the depth of water in
a trapezoidal channel with
z=2 and carrying a 2.5
m3/s water flow? The
channel’s bottom width is
1.5 meters and the velocity
of flow is 0.8 m/s.
 ACTIVITY #2
 Orifice Equation Q  cA 2 gh

Show the calibrated equation of the submerged

orifice with a diameter of 10 cm.

DISCHARGE, Q Head Difference

L/s m
10.147 0.253
9.641 0.245
9.047 0.232