2023

Name:…………………………………………………………

1
INDEX

Command terms ………………………………………………………………………………………………….……………….. 3

Safety in the Laboratory …………………………………………………………………………………………………………5

Scientific Drawings ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..10

Magnification ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11

Laboratory Apparatus …………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 24

Bunsen Burner …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… . 27

Observation , Writing and Reading Skills ……………………………………………………………………………….30

Drawing Tables………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...37

Variables ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…44

Laboratory Reports ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…52

Measuring Devices ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 55

Graphs: Bar charts …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……….65

Graphs: Histograms ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….………..70

Averages ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….……. 73

Graphs: Line Graphs ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..77

Describing Graphs ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….………..81

Characteristics of Living Organisms ………………………………………………………………………………..……….85

Classification: KEYS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..87

Classification: The Binomial System ……………………………………………………………………………..………. 99

Kingdoms …..…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…99

Animal Kingdom: Vertebrates………………………………….……………………………………………………………….99

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3
4
LAB SAFETY

• Watch the following video by ‘Amoeba Sisters’ on Lab safety:

https://youtu.be/MEIXRLcC6RA
• Look carefully at the cartoon found below:

1. Write down in your folder 8 dangers you can see in the image.

2. For each danger you have found, make up and write down a a safety rule to
control five dangers in the cartoon. Do so in your folder.

5
LAB SAFETY RULES AND THEIR EXPLANATIONS

6
SOME MORE SAFETY RULES

Think on explanations on why each of the rules is important.

1. Never enter the laboratory unless a teacher is present.

2. Never run or play in the laboratory.

3. Never remove anything from the laboratory without your teacher's permission.

4. Never use your bare hands to transfer chemicals. Use a spatula instead.

5. Never leave experiments unattended.

6. Never smell gases directly - fan a little of the gas towards the nose instead.

7.Never look directly down the test tube or poing the mouth of a test tube towards
anyone when heating.

8. Never taste anything without your teacher's permission.

9. No eating or drinking in the laboratory.

10. Never put solids in the sink.

11. Always follow strictly the instructions given.

12. Wear safety glasses whenever necessary.

13. Always read the label on a reagent bottle carefully to make sure it contains the
chemical you want. Put the bottle in its original place immediately after use.

14. Always handle flammable liquids with great care and keep them away from naked
flames.

15. Always handle concentrated acids and alkalis with great care.

7
16. Report all accidents and breakage to your teacher. If any chemicals get onto your
skin or clothing, wash the affected area with a large amount of water and then report
it to your teacher.

17. Always adjust the Bunsen burner to give a luminous flame when not using it (or
just simply turn it off)

18. Always tie up your tie or long hair.

19. Always wash hands after experiments.

20. Don't eat anything you find in the laboratory or in the laboratory freezer!

8
• The figure found below shows some safety signs which may be found in the lab.
They are called PICTOGRAMS.

1. Try to find these pictograms. Specify where you have seen them.
2. Find a pictogram which is not in the figure, draw it and find out what it
represents.

9
SCIENTIFIC DRAWINGS

Here are some points to bear in mind when you draw in a scientific way. You
must remember it is NOT ART!!!

RULES FOR SCIENTIFIC DRAWINGS :

• Use a sharp pencil.

• Ensure that the field of view covers at least half of your page.
• Use blank/ white paper.
• Draw ONLY what you see.
• Do not shade or colour.
• Use stippling to show darker areas.
• Title your drawing; the title should be centered
• Use a ruler to draw label lines.
• Do not use arrows for label lines.
• Ensure label lines point to the centre of the structure being labelled.
• Print all labels horizontally.
• Do not cross label lines
• Include magnification (if a microscopic drawing) or a scale (if a macroscopic
drawing).

10
MAGNIFICATION

The Magnification of a drawing tells us how many times bigger is our drawing from
the original one, i.e. than the real object or specimen.

If the magnification is x1, it means that the diagram is the same size as the original
object.

If the magnification is bigger than X1, for example, x3.2, it means that the drawing is
BIGGER than what has been drawn.

If the magnification is between x0.1 and x1, for example, x0.2, it means that the
drawing is smaller than what has been drawn. If you copy a human on a sheet of
paper, your drawing is smaller than the human. The magnification will be smaller
than x1.

HOW TO FIND THE MAGNIFICATION

• When measuring the drawing and the original specimen:

This formula should be followed:

size of drawing or IMAGE/ I (mm)

Magnification/ M= ----------------------------------------------
Original, real or ACTUAL/ A size (mm)

The measurement should be in millimetres. (mm)

REMEMBER: 1cm is 10 mm. So if you measure in cm, you must multiply the number
you obtain by 10.

Exampe: If my measurement is 2.2 cm, in millimetres it would be:

2.2 x 10 = 22 mm.

11
The magnification has to be written with the times sign (X) before the number, and
WITHOUT the units. The magnification tells us how many times bigger is the whole
drawing.

• When using a microscope or a binocular lens.

In this case, what you must do is multiply the number found in the eyepiece and the
one found in the objective.

Follow these links to clarify scientific drawings and magnification.

What are these videos about? Write your answer beneath each video.

1.
https://youtu.be/0ZQG_CcU64c

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

2.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPwhJ8FJ9LU

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

3.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FdaLMkoHF2o

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..

12
ACTIVITIES ON DRAWING AND MAGNIFICATION:
1.

13
2.

14
3

15
16
4.

Fig.2.2

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18
5.

19
6.

20
21
7.

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23
LABORATORY APPARATUS

24
Laboratory materials: Their Functions

Erlenmeyer Flask: used to hold liquids, has narrow neck to prevent splashes.

Test tube clamp/Wooden Peg: clamp used to hold hot test-tube.

Ring clamp: used with ring stand to hold a glass container

Filter Paper: special paper used to separate solids from liquids

Ring Stand: holds funnels, wire gauze above table

Beaker: Used to hold liquids

Thermometer: measures temperature (science uses degrees in Celsius)

Funnel: for pouring liquid or other substance through a small opening

Wire or Metal gauze: used to support a container (such as a beaker or flask) during
heating

Test tube rack: holds test-tubes in a row

Rubber stoppers: used to cover ends of test tubes and flasks

Dropper pipet or disposable pipet: for drawing in a liquid and expelling it in drops

Spatula: small scoop used to transfer powder and crystal chemicals

Forceps: used to pick up or hold small ítems

Pipet bulb or pipet filler: used to pull liquid up into a pipet

Pipet: measures small amounts of liquids accurately

Bunsen burner: used to heat substances

Grauduated cylinder or meausuring cylinder: accurately measures liquid volumes

Mortar and pestle: used to grind up materials

25
Wash bottle: Used to rinse various pieces of laboratory glassware

Test tube: open tube used to hold liquids

Safety goggles: protects eyes from chemical splashes

Utility clamp: Used to hold laboratory glassware

Stirring or Glass rod: Used for stirring

Watch glass: to hold solids while being weighed, or as a cover for a beaker

Buret: dispensing and transferring known volumes of liquid

Balance: an instrument used for determining weight (mass)

LAB WORK

1. Draw the laboratory equipment shown on a white page.

2. Find the magnification of each of the materials.

26
BUNSEN BURNER

Make a labelled drawing of a Bunsen burner.

Find the drawing’s magnification. Do not forget to show what you measure on the
drawing.
Show your working.

27
Types of flame:

Yi Zhe's Science E-portfolio - WordPress.com

To learn about the Bunsen burner, how to light it and the different types of flames,
watch:

https://slideplayer.com/slide/3920283/

28
When using the Bunsen Burner, you must do so safely.

1. Check if you have worked in a safe way. Next to each sentence mark with a tick
(√) if you have done it, or a cross (X) if you haven’t.

2. Name other ways in which you have worked safely in the lab.

29
OBSERVATION, WRITING AND READING SKILLS
Boyd Joe, Understanding Science 1, John Murray

OBSERVATION SKILLS 1:
In Biology OSERVATION is extremely important. Recording what is observed is also
essential.
Examine the picture below and find the small animals and birds which are hiding in it.

Make a list of what you find, clearly stating where they are found.

30
OBSERVATION SKILLS 2–EXAMINING
Boyd Joe, Understanding Science 1, John Murray

You can examine a picture by looking at it slowly.

Begin at the top and move your eyes slowly down to the bottom.

1. Examine the two drawings A and B.Write down the differences between them
in your folder. Do so in complete sentences.

2. Examine the two sets of apparatus C and D. Write the differences between
them in your book. In this case, name what you are going to differentiate, and
next to it write down the difference.
Example: Test tube: The diameter of test tube in A is bigger than in B.

31
OBSERVATIONS SKILLS 3- EXAMINING
Boyd Joe, Understanding Science 1, John Murray

List the differences between both images A and B.

32
WRITING SKILLS 1- COPYING TABLES Boyd Joe, Understanding Science 1, John Murray

In Biology tables are always used. You may have to copy a table or a drawing. Use a
ruler when doing so.
1. Copy the tables below.
Animal Number of Legs
Horse Four

Teacher Two

2. Copy the drawing below.

INFORMATION ON
BIRD BREEDING SIZE (cm)

Shelduck British Isles 61

Brent Goose East Coast 57

Greylag Goose NW Scotland 76-89

Eider North 58

3. Copy the Drawing below.

33
READNG SKILLS 1 - UNDERSTANDING TABLES

Read and answer the questions found below.

34
READING SKILLS 2- PICTURES INTO WORDS Boyd Joe, Understanding Science 1, John Murray

Diagrams are often used to make instructions clearer. Examine each diagram. Decide
what is happening in each of the diagrams.

1 Write an instruction for each diagram.

35
WRITING SKILLS 2- DRAWING SHAPES Boyd Joe, Understanding Science 1, John Murray

It is sometimes important to draw accurate shapes. To draw a shape look only at the
outside edge of the object. Do not think about the inside.

1. Draw the shape of each of the 6 shells found below in your folder.

36
WRITING SKILLS : DRAWING TABLES

Take into account the following rules when drawing tables.

37
38
WRITING SKILLS 3- RECORDING MEASUREMEMTS Boyd Joe, Understanding Science 1, John Murray

In many experiments you must measure accurately and record the measurements.

Look at the following seedlings:

1. Measure the length of each seedling.

2. Copy and complete the table below.

Seedling Height (mm)

Seedling 1

3. Give the table a title.

4. Draw another table for the length of each leaf.

39
WRITING SKILLS 4- MAKING TABLES

The table shows how heavy some animals are:

Weight of animals

ANIMAL WEIGHT (g)

Henry the Goldfish 160
Felix the cat 8004
Abby the bat 278
Slob the dog 13178
Pamela the wombat 4056
Karry the ant 60

Use the above table for doing the following activities:

40
WRITING SKILLS 5-MAKING TABLES

Use the information you have learnt to do the following activity.

41
WRITING SKILLS 6- MAKING TABLES

1. Make two tables which show the animals in each zoo. Each table should have two
columns.
2. Make a table including the animals in both zoos. The first column should be the
zoos.

42
3. The example below shows all the pond animals that were caughtin a net on one
night. Count the number of each type of animal. Make a table to show the results.

43
VARIABLES

Independent Variable

An independent variable is the variable you have control over, what you can choose
and manipulate. It is usually what you think will affect the dependent variable. In
some cases, you may not be able to manipulate the independent variable. It may be
something that is already there and is fixed, something you would like to evaluate
with respect to how it affects something else, the dependent variable like colour, kind,
time.

EXAMPLE 1

You are interested in how stress affects heart rate in humans. Your independent
variable would be the stress and the dependent variable would be the heart rate. You
can directly manipulate stress levels in your human subjects and measure how those
stress levels change heart rate.

EXAMPLE 2

If you are interested in finding out which fan is the best, the independent variable
would be the different fans you are comparing. And the dependent variable would be
how strong the generated air movement, ‘wind’, is.

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Dependent variable

A dependent variable in biology is an element that is being tested. It relies on the

independent variable, or that aspect of the experiment that the scientist has control
over and changes to observe the results on the dependent variable.

The dependent variable is an aspect in an experiment being tested by the scientist.

The independent variable is altered, which in turn changes the dependent variable.

EXAMPLE 1:

If a scientist wants to observe the effects of light on a moth, the intensity of the light
is changed. The light intensity is the independent variable; it is changed by the
scientist. The effect of the different light intensities on the moth is the dependent
variable. It depends on the light intensity or independent variable. When the
independent variable changes, so does the dependent variable.

EXAMPLE 2:

In an experiment bone flexibility wants to be tested. A chicken bone is placed in a jar

of vinegar. The independent variable is the vinegar. The dependent variable is what
happens to the bone when it is placed in vinegar. After three days, the bone is
removed and handled. Because of the vinegar, the calcium in the bone that makes it
hard is gone, resulting in a soft, flexible bone.

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Controlled variables

In a scientific experiment, the controlled variable is a factor that the experimenter

holds constant and does not allow to change. Other variables are changed by the
participants in the study, by the experimenter or by natural circumstances.

EXAMPLE 1:
In the fan experiment, a controlled variable would be the distance at which the wind
speed is tested. To compare the fans, the distance must be the same.
The fans should also have the same diameter.

EXAMPLE 2:

In the moth experiment, one controlled variable would be the time the moth is
exposed to the light.

1. Follow the links to clarify variables.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iaewZmc4TYQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0A55QRyJHPM

2. Design a simple experiment. For your experiment specify: the independent, the
dependent and three controlled variables.

46
EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SKILLS-SPOTTING THE VARIABLES 1
Boyd Joe, Understanding Science 2, John Murray

Spot the variables in the three situations given below.

47
b. More coins

Look for variables that stay the same and for variables that change.

Make a table as the one above to show five variables.

c. Comparing faces

Look for variables that stay the same and for variables that change. Make a table.

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EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SKILLS-SPOTTING THE VARIABLES 2
Boyd Joe, Understanding Science 2, John Murray

Solve exercises 1 and 2.

b Team strips

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EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN SKILLS- FAIR TESTS 1

50
Answer the questions on fair tests 1.

For each group write down:

a. The name of the pupil who set up the experiment up incorrectly.

b. Which variable has not been kept the same.

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WRITING SKILLS- LAB REPORTS

Laboratory reports tell us about what was done in the lab. They are written, and the
must include the following sections:

Title; Aim or objective; Variables; Materials; Method, Results, Conclusion ; Discussion.

Title: Must refer to the experiment

Aim/ Objective: What is the purpose of the experiment? What do you want to find
out?

Variables: Independent, dependent and at least three controlled variables should be

stated. The way these variables are measured should also be determined, including
the units when appropriate.

Materials: In this section everything which is needed for doing the experiment should
be written. This includes apparatus and reagents/solutions.

Method/ Procedure: It is the list of steps which must be followed when doing an
experiment. Methods should include labelled drawings. Another person should be
able to do your experiment by following your method.

Results: Answers to the question ’What happened?’ Includes your observations when
doing the experiment, the measurements/drawings/ tables / graphs.

Conclusion: Includes what you have found out. It refers to the aim.

Discussion: In this section all the necessary explanations are included. Explanations
related to the method and to the results.
Here it is also where safety precautions, problems, possible improvements and ethical
considerations are specified.

52
WRITING SKILLS- LAB REPORTS 1

Many times, methods are written with too many irrelevant words or opinions.

1. Read each report. Highlight what is important.

2. Write a lab report for a, b and c..

53
WRITING SKILLS- LAB REPORTS 2

Write an imaginary report about these experiments. Write down the variables and
the method.

54
MEASURING DEVICES

Instruments for determining various quantities such as temperature, mass, height,

length, voltage and mechanical force.

Measuring temperature

Temperature: physical quantity corresponding to the level of heat or cold, which is

measured by means of a thermometer.

Measuring time

Time: physical quantity corresponding to a phenomenon or an event that is measured

with devices such as watches and stopwatches.

stopwatch sundial digital watch mechanical

watch

55
Measuring distance

Measuring tape

Distance: interval separating two points in space.

Measuring weight

Mass: physical quantity that characterizes an amount of matter (mass) that is

measured by means of a scale or balance.

beam unequal-arm Roberval’s bathroom

balance balance balance scale

spring electronic analytical

balance scale balance

56
Measuring thickness

Thickness: dimension corresponding to the distance between two surfaces of the

same body.

vernier caliper micrometer

caliper [1]

Measure of length

Ruler

Length: the longer dimension of an object as opposed to its width.

57
Measuring angles

Angle: figure formed by two intersecting lines or planes; it is measured in degrees.

Protractor

These links will guide you to a links on measurements videos.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ypVQDZL18SQ

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FUPU9lo7s0

1. Name other measuring instruments you may know. Specify what they measure
and the units which are used.

2. Invent your own song, including as many measuring devices as possible, what
they measure and the units used.

58
UNITS USED WITH MEASUREMENTS

59
Solve the following activities on measurements.

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61
62
63
64
RULES FOR DRAWING BAR CHARTS

65
WRITING SKILLS – BAR CHARTS 1
Solve the following activities.

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67
Number of People

Hair colour

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3

69
RULES FOR DRAWING HISTOGRAMS

70
Solve
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72
1 Count the number of prickles on each leaf and write them down.
2 Calculate the mean (average) number of prickles on a holly leaf. Show your
working.
3 Draw a results table, and fill it in to show Pempho’s results. Organise the results so
that you can use them to draw a frequency diagram
4 Draw the histogram with the information in your table.

NUMBER SKILLS – AVERAGES 1

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Solve:

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NUMBER SKILLS- AVERAGES 2

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76
RULES FOR DRAWING LINE GRAPHS

77
LINE GRAPHS

78
Answer the questions in the following exercise:

79
80
READING SKILLS- READING LINE GRAPHS 1

81
READING SKILLS- READING LINE GRAPHS 2

82
READING SKILLS- READING LINE GRAPHS 3

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READING SKILLS – READING LINE GRAPHS 4

84
LIVING ORGANISMS

Characteristics Of Living Organisms

In order to identify living organisms, scientists listed 7 characteristics which all living
organisms have:

1. Nutrition:

Taking in nutrients which are organic substances and mineral ions, containing raw
materials and energy for growth and tissue repair, absorbing and assimilating them.

2. Excretion:

Removal from organisms of toxic substances produced by metabolism and of

substances in excess. (Metabolism: Chemical reactions taking place in cells. )

3. Respiration:

The obtention of energy from food.

4. Sensitivity:

The ability to detect or sense changes in the environment and to respond to them. It is
the response to stimuli. (Stimuli: Changes in the environment which organism respond
to.)

5. Reproduction:

The Progresses that make more of the same kind of organism.

6. Growth:

The permanent increase in size and dry mass by an increase in the number of cells,
cell size, or both.

7. Movement:

An action by an organism or part of an organism that changes position or place.

85
The seven characteristics could be memorized by the term “Mrs. Gren”, or
MERRING.

ALL LIVING ORGANISMS ARE ALSO MADE OF CELLS.

So, you can remember MRS. GRENC or MERRING +C.

Which characteristic is represented by which drawing?

86
BRANCHING AND NUMBER KEYS- DICHOTONOMOUS KEYS

A scientist can identify an unknown object, such as a rock or an animal, by using a

key.

Watch these videos on how dichotomous keys are used:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3x7tuIZd4Sw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFDuz92fzLE

Solve the following keys:

1. Use the key below to name these pond animals.

87
2

88
MORE ABOUT KEYS AND LIVING ORGANISMS
1

2
5

Large eyes small eyes

DAN Joy 89
Solve the following keys

90
91
2

92
3

93
4

94
95
5

96
6

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98
CLASSIFICATION

All living organisms have a name and belong to different groups according to their
characteristics.

The following videos show the way organisms are classified.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DVouQRAKxYo

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MBJp3CCqrxg&t=390s

BINOMIAL SYSTEM ON CLASSIFICATION

According what you have learnt from the video, look for FIVE names written in a
binomial way. Clearly state the kingdom they belong to, and their common name.
Bring an image representing them.

VERTEBRATES

This video shows clear differences between vertebrates

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NzeVwNnwwD4

Watch the video

Draw a comparison table between the vertebrate classes.

Prepare a Power Point Presentation on the class of vertebrates you are given. Do so in
groups.

99