Introduction to Plumbing and Sanitary System
workmanship, designed and constructed by Registered
Plumbing – the art and technique of installing pipes, fixtures
and other apparatuses for bringing and removing liquids
and substances.
Plumbum - the word plumbing derives from the Latin word
“plumbum” (lead), as the first effective pipes used in the
Roman era were lead pipes.
John F. Hass – First Master Plumber
➢ Plumbing Practice in the Philippines
Walled city (Intramuros) – model community established by
the Spaniards; birth of the plumbing profession in the
Philippines is traced back to the 17th century.
Schistosomiasis and other contagious diseases engulfed the
Philippines. Alarmed, Governor General Harrison issued a
letter of instruction on proper waste disposal in all
municipalities.
Through the initiative of the Filipino Master Plumbers, a
plumbing code based on the Plumbing Code of the United
States was incorporated into the Building Code for the City
of Manila.
On June 18, 1955, R.A. 1378, otherwise known as the
"PLUMBING LAW OF THE PHILIPPINES" was signed by
President Ramon Magsaysay.
➢ Basic Principles of the Plumbing Code
Principle No. 1: Premises intended for human habitation,
occupancy or use shall be provided with a supply of pure
and wholesome water.
Principle No. 2: Plumbing fixtures, devices and
appurtenances shall be supplied with water in sufficient
volume and pressure.
Principle No.3: Plumbing shall be designed and adjusted to
use the minimum quantity of water consistent with proper
performance and cleaning.
Principle No. 4: Devices for heating and storing water shall
be so designed and installed as to prevent dangers from
explosion through overheating.
Principle No. 5: Every plumbing system must be connected
to a sewer system.
Principle No. 6: Each family dwelling unit must have one
water closet and sink.
Principle No.7: Plumbing fixtures shall be made of smooth
non-absorbent material.
Principle No. 8: The drainage system shall be designed and
constructed with adequate clean out.
Principle No. 9: All piping of plumbing systems shall be of
durable NAMPAP-APPROVED materials, free form defective
Master Plumbers to ensure satisfactory service.
Principle No. 10: Each fixture directly connected to the
drainage system shall be equipped with a water- sealed
trap.
Principle No. 11: The drainage piping system shall be
designed to provide adequate circulation of air free from
siphonage, aspiration or forcing of trap seals under ordinary
use.
Principle No. 12: Vent terminals shall extend to the outer air
and installed to preempt clogging and the return of foul air
to the building.
Principle No. 13: Plumbing systems shall be subjected to
such tests to effectively disclose all leaks and defects in the
workmanship.
Principle No. 14: No substance which will clog the pipes,
produce explosive mixture~ destroy the pipes or their joints
or interfere unduly with the sewage-disposal process shall
be allowed to enter the building drainage system.
Principle No. 15: Proper protection shall be provided to
prevent contamination of food, water, sterile goods and
similar materials by backflow of sewage. When necessary,
the fixture, device or appliance shall be connected
indirectly with the building drainage system.
Principle No. 16: No water closet shall be located in a room
or compartment which is not properly lighted and
ventilated.
Principle No. 17: If water closets or other plumbing fixtures
are installed in buildings where there is no sewer within a
reasonable distance, suitable provision shall be made for
disposing of the building sewage by some accepted
method of sewage treatment and disposal, such as a
septic tank.
Principle No. 18: Where a plumbing drainage system may
be subject to backflow of sewage, suitable provision shall
be made to prevent its overflow in the building.
Principle No. 19: Plumbing systems shall be maintained in
serviceable condition by Registered Master Plumbers.
Principle No. 20: All plumbing fixtures shall be installed
properly spaced, to be accessible for their intended use.
Principle No. 21: Plumbing shall be installed by Registered
Master Plumbers with due regard to the preservation of the
strength of structural members and the prevention of
damage to walls and other surfaces through fixture usage.
Principle No. 22: Sewage or other waste from a plumbing
system which may be deleterious to surface or sub- surface
waters shall not be discharged into the ground or into any
waterway, unless first rendered innocuous through
subjection to some acceptable form of treatment.
 ➢ Plumbing System Components

It consists of a supply pipe leading to a fixture and a

drainpipe taking the used water away from this fixture.

• Water Supply and Distribution System

- Cold Water System
- Hot Water System

• Plumbing Fixtures
• Sanitary Drainage System
- Waste Piping
- Ventilation System

• Storm Drainage System

• Fire Protection System
• Fuel Gas Piping System
Romanesque Architecture 6. Arches and Openings – semicircular; larger
windows are nearly always arched; a lunette is an
- Architectural style during the 9th to 12th century.
area in the plane of a wall framed by an arch or
- Italy and Western Europe.
vault.
- The term was first applied in French by the
7. Vaults and Roof – wooden roof;
archaeologist Charles de Gerville or his associate
• Barrel Vault – semicircular cross section
Arcisse de Caumont.
• Groin Vault- perpendicular intersection of
two vaults
➢ Dynasties and Period
8. Domes - typically octagonal in plan and use corner

1. Carolingian Architecture – France; antiquity squinches.

modified by ecclesiastical requirements.

➢ Romanesque Churches
2. Lombard Architecture – Italy; 7th and 8th centuries;
development of the ribbed vault and vaulting shaft
- Latin Cross plan
3. Anglo-Saxon Architecture – England;
characterized by the translation of timber 1. Nave - the principal or center part of a church
prototypes into stone. extending from the narthex to the choir or chancel.
4. Ottonian Architecture – German; characterized by 2. Aisle - any of the longitudinal divisions of a church
the development of forms derived from separated from the nave by row of columns or
Carolingian and Byzantine concepts. piers.
5. Norman Architecture – Normandy; characterized 3. Arcade - series of arches or piers.
by the two-tower façade supplementing a central 4. Chancel - the space about the altar of a church
tower over the crossing. for the clergy and choir.
5. Triforium - an arcaded story in a church.
➢ Influences 6. Ambulatory - the aisle encircling the end of the
choir or chancel of a church.
1. Feudalism - when peasants held tenure from local
7. Apse - the semicircular termination of a church
rulers over the land that they farmed in exchange
sanctuary.
for military service.
8. Chevet - the rounded east end of a cathedral
2. Monasteries functioned as cathedrals.
including the apse and ambulatory.
3. Period when the Christian church donned the role
9. Buttress - an external support built to stabilize a
of the militant leader.
structure by opposing its outward thrusts.
10. Clerestory - a portion of an interior rising above
➢ Characteristics
adjacent rooftops.

- Both ecclesiastical and secular buildings ➢ Facades

1. Walls - massive thickness with few and - Symmetrical

comparatively small openings - Towers; square, circular, and octagonal
2. Pires - vertical supporting structure; one supporting - Campanile (detached bell tower)
the end of an arch or lintel; were often employed - Rose windows (circular windows, stained glass
to support arches. decorated with tracery)
3. Columns - a great number of antique Roman - Arcading
columns were salvaged and reused in the interiors
and on the porticos of churches. ➢ Examples
4. Capitals - Corinthian style
5. Alteration - to have a column between each - Cathedrals

adjoining pier; columns are in multiples of two or - Baptistries

three. - Campaniles
Gothic Architecture 3. Dominicans
4. Franciscans
- France
- High and Late Medieval period ➢ Characteristics of Gothic Churches
- 12th century to middle 16th century
- Abbot Suger (Father of the Gothic style) 1. Emphasis on verticality and lightness
- Giorgio Vassari (describe gothic as rude and 2. Pointed arches
barbaric; goth – vandal) 3. Clustered columns
4. Pointed ribbed vaults
➢ Periods of Gothic Architecture 5. Flying buttresses - typically forming an arch with the
wall it supports
1. French Gothic Architecture
6. Towers
a. Early Ffrench Style - pointed arch and
7. Pinnacles - vertical ornament of pyramidal or
geometric tracery.
conical shape
b. Rayonnant Style - from the end of 13th through
8. Spires - steeply pointed pyramidal or conical
the late 14th century and characterized by
termination to a tower.
circular windows with radiating lines of tracery.
c. Flamboyant Style - from the 14th through the ➢ Plan of Gothic Churches
middle of the 16th century; characterized by
flame-like tracery, intricacy of detailing, and - Latin cross (Cruciform)
frequent complication of interior space. - Nave and aisle of similar height (Hallenkirche)

2. English Gothic Architecture ➢ Architectural Character of Gothic Church

a. Early English Style – late 12th to 13th century;
characterized by the lancet window and plate 1. Pointed Arch

tracery. 2. Vertical Emphasis - height proportion to width

b. Decorated Style – 13th to 14th century; rich 3. Light

tracery; 4. Majesty – west front façade; approaching God

• Geometric Style – late 13th to 14th

➢ Basic Shapes of Gothic Arches
century
• Curvilinear Style – second half of 14th 1. Lancet Arch – narrow and steeply pointed
century 2. Equilateral
c. Perpendicular Style - late 14th to 16th century; s 3. Flamboyant – flame like
characterized by perpendicular tracery, fine 4. Depressed - flattened under pressure
intricate stonework, and elaborate fan vaults;
also called Rectilinear Style. ➢ Gothic Window Tracery

➢ Materials 1. Plate – 13th century

2. Geometrical – 13th century
- Limestone 3. Intersecting – 13th to 14th century
- Red sandstone 4. Reticulated – early to mid 14th century
- Dark green Purbeck marble
- Backsteingotik (Brick Gothic) ➢ Gothic Elements

- Availability of timber
- Thinner walls
- Stone for fortification, brick for other buildings
- Pointed arch
➢ Religion - Monasticism; - Barrel vaulting
- Flying buttresses
1. Benedictines
2. Cistercians
Baroque Architecture traditions that had dominated Russian architecture
for almost a millennium.
- 1600s
7. Ukrainian Baroque
- Baroque from the noun ‘barroco’ which means
- Cossack Baroque; having more moderate
pearl; not round but unpredictable shape
ornamentation and simpler forms, and as such was
- Dramatic
considered more constructivist.
- Baroque art and architecture was often used to
8. Spanish Baroque
express emotion, and was very elaborate.
9. Earthquake Baroque
- Ponderous, massive, and overwhelming
- found in places which suffered earthquakes during
- Illusionism used in ceiling
the 17th century and 18th century y and where
- Most distinctive shape is oval
large public buildings, such as churches were

➢ Periods of Baroque Art and Architecture rebuilt in a Baroque style.

1. Early Baroque (1584-1625) ➢ Characteristics of Baroque Architecture

2. High Baroque (1625-1675)

1. Domes
3. Late Baroque (1675-1750) – ornate variant
- often painted with a sky filled with angels and
(Rocaille)
sculpted sunbeams, suggesting glory or a vision of

➢ Leading Architects of Baroque Period heaven.

2. Quadratura
1. Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini (1598-1680) – Baroque - illusionistic ceiling painting; trompe-l-’oeil ((an art
sculptor technique that uses realistic imagery to create the
2. Pietro da Cortona (1596-1669) - High Baroque optical illusion that the depicted objects exist in
architect; fresco ceilings; an effect of contrasted three)
light and shadow created by light falling unevenly 3. Grand Stairways
or from a particular direction on something - occupied a central place and were used for
(Dramatic Chiaroscuro) dramatic effect
3. Francesco Borromini (1599-1667) - Swiss Baroque 4. Cartouche
architect in Rome - add three-dimensional effects to the walls
4. Carlo Maderno (1556-1629) – one of the fathers of 5. Mirrors
Baroque architecture - to give the impression of depth and greater space
6. Chiaroscuro
➢ Baroque Architectural Style - use of strong contrasts of darkness and light for
dramatic effect
1. Dutch Baroque (17th century)
7. Overhead sculpture
- meant to reflect democratic values by quoting
- figures on or just below the ceiling, giving the
extensively from classical antiquity.
impression of floating in the air
2. Roman Baroque (1600 to late 18th century)
8. Solomonic columns
3. French Baroque
- gives an illusion of motion
– French Classicism; reigns of:
• Louis XIII (1610–43)
• Louis XIV (1643–1715)
• Louis XV (1715–74)
4. English Baroque
– English Architecture
5. Sicilian Baroque (17th to 18th century)
- Island of Sicily
6. Petrine Baroque
- represented a dramatic departure from Byzantine
Rococo Architecture Baroque does not:

- Late Baroque; 1730s; late 17th to 18th century
- Ornamental and theatrical style of architecture
- Combines asymmetry, scrolling curves, gilding,
white and pastel colors, sculpted molding, and
trompe-l'œil frescoes to create surprise and the
illusion of motion and drama.
- The word rococo was first used as a humorous
variation of the word rocaille.
- Rocaille (a method of decoration, using pebbles,
seashells, and cement); used to decorate grottoes
and fountains.
- 1826 (Rococo described as "out of style and old-
fashioned")
1. The partial abandonment of symmetry, everything
being composed of graceful lines and curves,
similar to Art Nouveau
2. The huge quantity of asymmetrical curves and C-
shaped volutes
3. The very wide use of flowers in ornamentation, an
example being festoons made of flowers
4. Chinese and Japanese motifs (Chinoiserie and
Japonism)
5. Warm pastel colors (whitish-yellow, cream-colored,
pearl greys, very light blues)
- Rococo is a secular adaptation of Baroque

- 1829 (Rococo as "the rocaille style of the 18th - Interlocking shapes of ‘C’ and ‘S’

century”) - Playful use of gilt-bronze and porcelain decoration.

➢ Characteristics of Rococo Style ➢ Rococo in France

➢ Rococo in Italy
- Exuberant decoration with abundance of cruves ➢ Rococo in Germany
- Highly theatrical ➢ Rococo in Britain
- Main ornaments of Rococo are: ➢ Rococo in Russia
• asymmetrical shells, ➢ Rococo in Austria
• acanthus and other leaves, ➢ Rococo in Spain
• birds,
• bouquets of flowers, ➢ Decline of Rococo
• fruits,
• musical instruments, - 1785, Rococo had passed out fashion in France
• angel, and - In late 18th century Rococo was ridiculed as Zopf
• Far Eastern elements (pagodas, dragons, und Perücke ("pigtail and periwig")
monkeys, bizarre flowers and Chinese - Until the second phase of neoclassicism, "Empire
people) style" swept Rococo away
- Quandratura (illusionist ceiling paintings)
- Materials: oak, beech, or walnut
- Regence (a time when the French government
was run by a "regent")

➢ Features of Rococo Style

- Elaborate curves and scrolls

- Ornaments shaped like shells and plants
- Colors were often light and pastel, but not without
a bold splash of brightness and light.
- Delicate, light, and charming (William Fleming,
n.d.)

➢ Differences Between Baroque and Rococo

The following are characteristics that Rococo has, and

Neo-classical Architecture 3. PLACE DE LA CONCORDE
Location: Paris, France
The neoclassical architecture reappeared on the 18th
century due to the following factors: Architect: JACQUES ANGE GABRIEL Occupancy
Type: Civic Building
- Model for the development of rationality and
philosophy. 4. ARC DE TRIOMPHE
- Regulatory of music, poetry and literature are Location: Paris, France
modeled from Greek and Latin Classics Architect: JEAN FRANÇOIS THÉRÈSE CHALGRIN
Occupancy Type: MONUMENT

It features rectilinear and transparent organization of space

5. EGLISE SAINTE-MADELEINE
which was also characteristic of the early classical
architecture. Location: Paris, France
Architect: PIERRE-ALEXANDRE VIGNON
➢ A structure can be considered Neoclassical in style Occupancy Type: Place of Worship
if:
6. RUE DE RIVOLI
1. Built in the 1800’s Location: Paris, France
2. Grandeur in scale Architect: PIERRE-ALEXANDRE VIGNON
3. Simplicity in geometric forms Occupancy Type: Place of Worship
4. Symmetrical in floor plans and or elevation
5. Usually has pediments or domes Neo-classical Movement in Italy
6. Dramatic use of columns
- Birthplace of neoclassical movement
7. Uncluttered appearance thus preference to blank
wall Neo-classical Movement in Italy
8. Clear interior spaces and creation of urban
landscapes ➢ Notable Structures in Italy

Neo-classical Movement in France 1. General Staff Headquarters, St. Petersburg

Location: St. Petersburg, Russia
➢ Notable Architects in France Architect: Karl Ivanovich Rossi
Occupancy Type: Military Building
1. Jacques-Germain Soufflot
- The Pantheon in Paris 2. ST. ISAAC’S CATHEDRAL
2. Etienne-Louis Boulle Location: St. Petersburg, Russia
- His works are abstraction of the geometrical forms Architect: AUGUSTE MONTFERRAND Occupancy
of the ancient works Type: PLACE OF WORSHIP
- Hôtel de Monville
3. Claud Nicolas Ledux 3. NEW ADMIRALTY
Location: St. Petersburg, Russia
➢ Notable Structures in France
Architect: ADRIAN DMITRIEVITCH ZAKHAROV

1. Panthéon, Paris Occupancy Type: Military Building

Location: Paris, France Architect: Jacques-

Germain Soufflo Neo-classical Movement in England
Occupancy Type: Civic Building
- Break away with Palladian Style
2. Barrière De La Villette
Location: Paris, France ➢ Notable Architects in France

Architect: Claude-Nicolas Ledoux

1. John Soane
Occupancy Type: Civic Building
- Linear molding ornamentation and by use of
 shallow domes and top lighting Architect: CIVIC BUILDING
Occupancy Type: UNIVERSITY
2. Robert Adam
- Characterized by the lightness and freedom use 3. TEMPLE OF SCOTTISH RITE

of classical elements of architecture Location: WASHINGTON, D.C.

- Such elements are classical roman decorative, Architect: JOHN RUSSELL POPE

flat grotesque panels, pilasters and framed Occupancy Type: CEREMONIAL BUILDING

Medallion
4. WASHINGTON MONUMENT
Location: WASHINGTON, D.C.
➢ Notable Structures in Englkand Architect: ROBERT MILLS
Occupancy Type: MONUMENT
1. CHISWICK HOUSE
Location: LONDON, ENGLAND Romantic Architecture
Architect: LORD BURLINGTON
- It rejects order, calm, harmony, balance,
Occupancy Type: RESIDENCE
idealization, and rationality from all those

2. COURT GARDENER’S HOUSE, CHARLOTTENHOF possessed by the Neoclassical Architecture.

Location: BERLIN, GERMANY

- Romanticism emphasizes the individual, the
Architect: KARL FRIEDRICH SCHINKEL Occupancy
subjective, the irrational, the imaginative, the
Type: Palace
personal, the spontaneous, the emotional and the

3. SCHAUSPIELHAUS, BERLIN transcendental.

Location: BERLIN, GERMANY

Architect: KARL FRIEDRICH SCHINKEL Occupancy - Romantic period are revivals: neo-gothic and neo-

Type: OPERA HOUSE baroque.

Neo-classical Movement in United Stated of America ➢ Notable Architects during this period

- Its architects turned to Neo- Classical forms to

1. Horace Walpole
reflect the spirit of ancient Athenian democracy
2. John Nash
and of republican Rome.
3. Charles Garnier

➢ Characteristic of Neo-classical architecture in the

United States

1. Reproduction of Roman facades

2. Influence of Palladio
3. Wrap-around Classical porticos
4. Neo-Classical city terrace
5. Giant obelisk

➢ Notable structures in the United States

1. WESTOVER
Location: CHARLES CITY COUNTY, VIRGINIA
Architect: WILLIAM BYRD II
Occupancy Type: RESIDENCE

2. UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA
Location: CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA