Gas turbine engine summary

Newton's Laws of Motion:

- 1st Law a body at rest tends to stay at rest and a body in motion tends to stay in
motion in a straight line unless caused to change its state by an external force.
- 2nd Law the acceleration of a body is directly proportional to the force causing it and
inversely proportional to the mass of the body.
- 3rd Law for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Behaviour of a gas as it flows through ducts of non-constant cross section.

- Convergent Duct:
Subsonic:
Velocity + , Pressure –.
Supersonic:
Velocity - , Pressure +.
- Divergent Duct:
Subsonic:
Velocity - , Pressure +.
Supersonic:
Velocity + , Pressure-.

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Gas turbine engine main parts:

- Inlet Purpose: to deliver the air to the compressor with the minimum loss of
energy.
- Compressor purpose: to recover as much of the total air pressure from the free
air streem as possiple and delever it to the compressor.
- Turbine Purpose: to drive the compressor.
- Combustion champer: the place where air and fuel mixed and burned.
- Exhaust section: to safely direct the exhaust gases rearwards to atmosphere at
a velocity and density necessary to produce the required thrust.

Types of intake can be seen on modern aircraft:-

1. Pitot.

2. Divided Entrance.

3. Variable Geometry.

4. External/Internal Compression.

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 Types of compressors are in use in modern gas turbine engines:

- Centrifugal compressors (Main parts: rotating impeller, Stationary diffuser,

Casing or manifold).
- Axial flow compressors (Main parts: rotor & stator).
- Combination of both (Hybrid).

Compressor stall: a compressor stall occurs when there is an imbalance between the
air flow supply and the airflow demand; in other words, a pressure ratio that is
incompatible with the engine RPM. When this occurs, smooth airflow is interrupted and
turbulence and pressure fluctuations are created within the turbine.

Combustion Chamber Types:

- Annular.
- Multiple can.
- Can annular.

Types of turbine:

The turbine section consist of: stator (nozzle guide vanes) and rotor (disc and blade)

The following types of turbine blades may be used in a gas turbine engine:

- Impulse Turbines.

- Reaction Turbines.

- Impulse/Reaction Turbines.

- Radial Inflow Turbines.

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Types of exhaust section:

- Subsonic nozzle: subsonic aircraft it will be CONVERGENT in shape.

- Supersonic Nozzles: To maximise the effect of pressure thrust a convergent/

divergent nozzle is utilised.

The exhaust system consists of the following components:

- Exhaust casing, inner cone and its supports

- Exhaust duct (tail pipe or jet pipe and by-pass duct)
- Nozzle

Types of gas turbine engine:-

- Turbo jet.

- Turbo fan. (low by bass, intermideat by bass, high & hyper by bass)

- Turbo prop.

- Turbo shaft.

Engine construction:

-Single Spool Engine.

- Twin Spool Engine.

- Triple Spool Engine.

prepared by:

Eng. Khaled Al Fawaeer

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