MODULE 1: GASTURBINE ENGINE PRINCPLES  JET ENGINES – BASIC OPERATION

 Air enters the trough the intake duct (cowl).

 FOUR FORCES OF FLIGHT
 Air compressed by passage through the
compressor.
 Mixed with fuel in the combustion chamber.
 Fuel is ignited, Pressure and Temperature
raised
 Some of the pressure used to turn a turbine;
 Turbine shaft drives the compressor.
 Hot, high pressure air forced through a nozzle.
 The reaction force is the engine thrust

 NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION

1. INERTIA
- “An object in motion will remain in motion
and an object at rest will remain at rest,
unless acted upon by a force”
2.
- “Net force is equal to mass times
acceleration”

3.
- “For every action, there’s an equal but
opposite reaction”
 PRINCIPLE OF JET PROPULSION

 2 TYPES OF JET PROPULSION

 There are two general types of jet propulsion—
air-breathing and non-air breathing engines
(see airplane)
- Air-breathing engines use oxygen from the
atmosphere in the combustion of fuel. They
include the turbojet, turboprop, ramjet,
and pulse-jet. The term jet is generally used
only in reference to air-breathing engines.
- Non air-breathing engines carry an oxygen
supply. They can be used both in the
atmosphere and in outer space. They are
commonly called ROCKETS OR ROCKET
ENGINE and are of two kinds—liquid-
propellant and solidpropellant.
 JET ENGINE THRUST CAN BE INCREASED
IN TWO WAYS
 Increase the speed of exhaust gases.
 Increase the quantity of exhaust gases
 TYPES OF AIR - BREATHING JET ENGINE
 RAMJET
- An athodyd (aero-thermodynamic-duct)
which has no rotating parts and consists of a
duct with a divergent entry and a convergent
or convergent-divergent exit.
- With a forward motion imparted by an
external source, air is forced in the divergent
inlet (increasing its pressure) the total energy
of air is further increased by combustion of
fuel and the rapid expanding gases
 accelerate to the atmosphere through the
outlet duct
 PULSE JET
- Can be run at static conditions unlike the ram
jet and is constructed with a robust
construction
- Inlet duct has spring loaded inlet valves to
the open position.
- As air passes to the combustion chamber it
produces high pressures as to force the
valves close. As the exhaust gases exits, this
creates a low pressure allows the valves to
open and repeat the cycle.
- Unstable as a powerplant due to high fuel
consumption and cannot match performance
of modern gas turbine engines
 SCRAM JET
- A scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet) is
a variant of a ramjet air breathing jet engine
in which combustion takes place in
supersonic airflow. As in ramjets, a scramjet
relies on high vehicle speed to compress the
incoming air forcefully before combustion
(hence ramjet), but whereas a ramjet
decelerates the air to subsonic velocities
before combustion, the airflow in a scramjet
is supersonic throughout the entire engine.
That allows the scramjet to operate efficiently
at extremely high speeds.
 ROCKET ENGINE
- A jet engine that does not use atmospheric
air as a propulsive fluid stream (non-air
breathing) • Uses propellants thus enabling
outside atmosphere operations
 GAS TURBINE ENGINE
- The gas turbine engine is by far the most
practical form of jet engine in use today. In
fact, the turbine engine has become the
standard on nearly all transport category,
business, and military aircraft.
- Works in the same manner as a
reciprocating engine but all events happen
simultaneously
MODULE 2: TYPES OF GAS TURBINE ENGINE
 TYPES OF GAS TURBINE ENGINE
 TURBOJET
- A turbojet engine is a jet engine which
produces all of its thrust by ejecting a high
energy gas stream from the engine exhaust
nozzle. In contrast to a turbofan or bypass
engine, 100% of the air entering the intake of
a turbojet engine goes through the engine
core. turbojet engine consists of four
sections—compressor, combustion chamber,
turbine section, and exhaust. The
compressor section passes inlet air at a high
rate of speed to the combustion chamber.
The combustion chamber contains the fuel
inlet and igniter for combustion.
- Types of turbojet:
o Single Spool
o Dual Spool
 In a single-spool engine, the high-pressure
turbine drives the entire compressor. In a
dual-spool engine, the compressor and
high-pressure turbine are both split into two
segments. Each compressor segment is
driven by its corresponding turbine using
 two separate drive shafts, with one inside
the other
 An afterburner (or a reheat) is an
additional component present on some jet
engines, mostly military supersonic aircraft.
Its purpose is to provide an increase in
thrust, usually for supersonic flight, takeoff
and for combat situations.
 In order for fighter planes to fly faster than
sound (supersonic), they have to overcome
a sharp rise in drag near the speed of
sound. A simple way to get the necessary
thrust is to add an afterburner to a core
turbojet. Every gas turbine engine has a
combustion section (red), a compressor
(cyan) and a turbine (magenta). The
compressor, burner, and turbine are
called the core of the engine, since all
gas turbines have these components. The
core is also referred to as the gas
generator since the output of the core is
hot exhaust gas.
 TURBOFAN
- While a turbojet sucks in air and compresses
it, creating combustion of fuel. A turbofan
has a large fan that sucks in a lot of air, but
only part of it is used to fuel the engine's
combustion, the rest exiting as exhaust. This
makes it less noisy and more powerful.
- Essentially, a low bypass ratio means more
thrust is produced via the engine's core
compared to bypass. On a high bypass
engine, the fan produces more thrust than
the core. Turbojets have no bypass. Thrust
on turbojets is produced by accelerating a
small amount of air at very high speeds.
- Turbofan engines are much quieter than
turbojet engines. The larger the bypass ratio
of the engine, typically, the quieter it is.
- Bypass Ratio (bypass air to engine air),
- Thrust Ratio (fan to engine core exhaust),
- Fan Pressure Ratio (pressure leaving the fan
to pressure entering the fan)
- Turbofan engines are commonly found in
civilian commercial airline aircraft.
- The turbofan engine is a development of the
turbojet engine and has many advantages
over the turbojet.
- A turbofan makes less noise, is more
efficient at lower airspeeds, uses less fuel,
but requires more maintenance than a
turbojet engine
- Engines that have the fan mounted in front of
the compressor are called forward-fan
engines, while turbofan engines that have
the fan mounted to the turbine section are
called aft-fan engines.
- Forward-Fan Engine
o Advantages
 Highly fuel-efficient – As a result of
producing more thrust for the same
quantity of fuel, the engine is extremely
fuel-efficient.
 Increased thrust – More air is being
drawn into the engine.
 Protection and control – The fan is
covered by the cowling, and the
aerodynamics of the fan may be easily
controlled because the cowling is
enclosed.
o Disadvantages
  Larger frontal area – The frontal area of a
forward-fan engine is significantly bigger
than that of a reversefan engine since the
engine diameter is enlarged as a result of
the fan itself.
 Has greater complexity – The engine has
greater complexity due to the addition of
ducts and multiple shafts.
 Not efficient in supersonic speed –
Forward-fan engines are most efficient only
at subsonic speeds. That is why most
commercial aircraft are equipped with
forward-fan engines
- Aft Fan Engine
o Advantages
 Simple design and low-cost – Aft-fan
type engine, in 1956, relative to a turbojet
engine, is known to be uncomplicated and
low-cost development since it was derived
from the aforementioned relative engine.
o Disadvantages
 Hot gas leakage
 It cannot contribute to air compression at
the inlet
- 4 Stages Of Turbofan Engine
o Intake Stage – stage of the turbofan engine
feeds the compressor of the engine with
cold air.
o Compression Stage - compression stage
of the engine is crucial to the efficient
operation of any type of gas turbine engine.
The compression stage ensures that the air
is at the correct pressure and temperature
to be ignited in the combustion stage.
o Combustion Stage - combustion stage
along with the components in its chamber
are responsible for the creating and burning
the air-fuel mixture. The combustion
chamber consists of a fuel injector system
to allow fuel to be ignited and subsequently
burned by the high temperature and
pressure air.
o Exhaust Stage - The way the exhaust
stage produces thrust is a clear
manifestation of Newtons 3rd law.
Exhaust gases exit at high velocity out of
the rear of the engine, the reaction force of
the exhaust gases is in the opposite
direction of the exhaust thus it is called
thrust.
 TURBOPROP
- A gas turbine engine that delivers power to a
propeller is referred to as a turboprop
engine. Turboprop engines are similar in
design to turbojet engines except that the
power produced by a turboprop engine is
delivered to a reduction gear system that
spins a propeller. Reduction gearing is
necessary in turboprop engines because
optimum propeller performance is achieved
at much slower speeds than the engine's
operating rpm.
- Reduction gears are very commonly used in
the automotive and aviation industries. A
propeller's efficiency decreases rapidly as
the speed of the blade tips nears the speed
of sound. An engine reduction gear enables
the engine to develop more torque while
reducing the propeller's revolutions per
minute (RPM)
- Turboprop Engines:
o Working Principle: Turboprop engines are
a type of aircraft propulsion system that use
a gas turbine engine to drive a propeller.
The basic working principle involves several
key steps:
1. Air Intake – Air is drawn into the engine
through an intake.
2. Compression – The incoming air is
compressed to increase its pressure.
3. Combustion – Fuel is injected and burned
in a combustion chamber, creating high-
pressure, high-velocity gases.
4. Expansion – The high-pressure gases are
expelled through a nozzle, creating thrust.
5. Power Transmission – In a turboprop,
instead of directly using the thrust to propel
the aircraft, the energy is used to turn a
shaft connected to a gearbox.
6. Propeller Operation – The gearbox
converts the high-speed, low-torque output
 of the turbine into lowspeed, high-torque
rotation of the propeller.
7. Thrust Production – The propeller blades,
driven by the shaft, generate thrust by
accelerating a large mass of air
backwards.
- Two basic types of turboprop engine are
in use: fixed turbine and free turbine.
o The FIXED TURBINE has a mechanical
connection from the gas generator (gas-
turbine engine) to the reduction gear box
and propeller.
o The FREE TURBINE has only an air link
from gas generator to the power turbines.
There is no mechanical link from the
propeller to the gas turbine engine (gas
generator)

 TURBOSHAFT
- A turboshaft engine is a variant of a jet
engine that has been optimised to produce
shaft power to drive machinery instead of
producing thrust. Turboshaft engines are
most commonly used in applications that
require a small, but powerful, light weight
engine, inclusive of helicopters and auxiliary
power units.
- A turboshaft engine may be made up of two
major parts assemblies: the 'gas generator'
and the 'power section'. The gas generator
consists of the compressor, combustion
chambers with ignitors and fuel nozzles, and
one or more stages of turbine. The power
section consists of additional stages of
turbines, a gear reduction system, and the
shaft output.