MODULE 1
NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION
1. INERTIA – An object in motion will remain
in motion, and an object at rest will
remain at rest, unless acted upon by
force
2. ACCELERATION – Net force is equal to
mass times acceleration
3. REACTION – For every action, there’s an
equal but opposite reaction
PRINCIPLE OF JET PROPULSION
Newton’s 3rd law of motion
Newtons 2nd law of motion
2 TYPES OF JET PROPULSION
Air-breathing engines – use oxygen from the
atmosphere in the combustion of fuel. They
include the turbojet, turboprop, ramjet, and
pulse-jet. The term jet is generally used only in
reference to air-breathing engines.
Non air-breathing engines – carry an oxygen
supply. They can be used both in the atmosphere
and in outer space. They are commonly called
ROCKETS OR ROCKET ENGINE and are of two
kinds—liquid-propellant and solid propellant
TWO WAYS TO INCREASE JET ENGINE THRUST
– Increase the speed of exhaust gases.
– Increase the quantity of exhaust gases.
JET ENGINES BASIC OPERATION
• Air enters the trough the intake duct
(cowl)
• Air compressed by passage through the
compressor
• Mixed with fuel in the combustion
chamber
• Fuel is ignited. Pressure and temperature
raised
• Some of the pressure used to turn a
turbine
• Turbine shaft drives the compressor
• Hot, high pressure air forced through a
nozzle
• The reaction force is the engine thrust
TYPES OF AIR – BREATHING JET ENGINE
RAMJET
- An athodyd (aero-thermodynamic-duct) which
has no rotating parts and consists of a duct with
a divergent entry and a convergent or
convergent-divergent exit.
- With a forward motion imparted by an external
source, air is forced in the divergent inlet
(increasing its pressure) the total energy of air is
further increased by combustion of fuel and the
rapid expanding gases accelerate to the
atmosphere through the outlet duct
PULSE JET
- Can be run at static conditions unlike the ram
jet and is constructed with a robust construction
- Inlet duct has spring loaded inlet valves to the
open position.
- As air passes to the combustion chamber it
produces high pressures as to force the valves
close. As the exhaust gases exits, this creates a
low pressure allows the valves to open and
repeat the cycle
- Unstable as a powerplant due to high fuel
consumption and cannot match performance of
modern gas turbine engines
SCRAM JET
- A scramjet (supersonic combustion ramjet) is a
variant of a ramjet air breathing jet engine in
which combustion takes place in supersonic
airflow. As in ramjets, a scramjet relies on high
vehicle speed to compress the incoming air
forcefully before combustion (hence ramjet), but
whereas a ramjet decelerates the air to subsonic
velocities before combustion, the airflow in a
scramjet is supersonic throughout the entire
engine. That allows the scramjet to operate
efficiently at extremely high speeds.
ROCKET ENGINE
- A jet engine that does not use atmospheric air
as a propulsive fluid stream (non-air breathing)
- Uses propellants thus enabling outside
atmosphere operation
GAS TURBINE ENGINE
- The gas turbine engine is by far the most
practical form of jet engine in use today. In fact,
the turbine engine has become the standard on
nearly all transport category, business, and
military aircraft.
- Works in the same manner as a reciprocating
engine but all events happen simultaneously.
MODUEL 2 – TYPES OF GAS TURBINE ENGINE
– TURBOJET
– TURBOFAN
– TURBOPROP
– TURBOSHAFT
TURBOJET
- is a jet engine which produces all of its thrust by
ejecting a high energy gas stream from the
engine exhaust nozzle. In contrast to a turbofan
or bypass engine, 100% of the air entering the
intake of a turbojet engine goes through the
engine core.
- consists of four sections—compressor,
combustion chamber, turbine section, and
exhaust. The compressor section passes inlet air
at a high rate of speed to the combustion
chamber.
- The combustion chamber contains the fuel inlet
and igniter for combustion
TYPES OF TURBOJET
SINGLE-POOL ENGINE – the high-pressure turbine
drives the entire compressor.
DUAL-POOL ENGINE – the compressor and high-
pressure turbine are both split into two segments.
Each compressor segment is driven by its
corresponding turbine using two separate drive
shafts, with one inside the other
AFTERBURNER/REHEAT
– is an additional component present on some jet
engines, mostly military supersonic aircraft.
– Its purpose is to provide an increase in thrust,
usually for supersonic flight, takeoff and for
combat situations
In order for fighter planes to fly faster than sound
(supersonic), they have to overcome a sharp rise
in drag near the speed of sound.
HOW TO GET NECESSARY THRUST: add an
afterburner to a core turbojet.
CORE/GAS GENERATOR– composed of
compressor, burner and turbine
The output of the core is hot exhaust gas
TURBOFAN
- has a large fan that sucks in a lot of air, but only
part of it is used to fuel the engine's combustion,
the rest exiting as exhaust. This makes it less noisy
and more powerful.
- have no bypass
- Thrust on turbojets is produced by accelerating
a small amount of air at very high speeds.
- much quieter than turbojet engines.
LOW BYPASS RATIO – more thrust is produced via
the engine's core compared to bypass.
HIGH BYPASS RATIO – the fan produces more
thrust than the core. Larger bypass ratio , the
quieter it is.
Bypass Ratio – bypass air to engine air
Thrust Ratio – fan to engine core exhaust
Fan Pressure Ratio – pressure leaving the fan to
pressure entering the fan.
TURBOFAN
- commonly found in civilian commercial airline
aircraft
- development of the turbojet engine and has
many advantages over the turbojet.
- makes less noise, is more efficient at lower
airspeeds, uses less fuel, but requires more
maintenance than a turbojet engine.
FORWARD-FAN ENGINES – Engines that have the
fan mounted in front of the compressor
Advantages:
• Highly fuel-efficient
• As a result of producing more thrust for
the same quantity of fuel, the engine is
extremely fuel-efficient.
• Increased thrust
• More air is being drawn into the engine.
• Protection and control
• The fan is covered by the cowling, and
the aerodynamics of the fan may be
easily controlled because the cowling is
enclosed.
Disadvantages:
• Larger frontal area
• The frontal area of a forward-fan engine
is significantly bigger than that of a
reversefan engine since the engine
diameter is enlarged as a result of the
fan itself.
• Has greater complexity
• The engine has greater complexity due
to the addition of ducts and multiple
shafts.
• Not efficient in supersonic speed
• Forward-fan engines are most efficient
only at subsonic speeds. That is why most
commercial aircraft are equipped with
forward-fan engines
AFT-FAN ENGINES – Engines that have the fan
mounted to the turbine section
• Simple design and low-cost
• Aft-fan type engine, in 1956, relative to a
turbojet engine, is known to be
uncomplicated and low-cost
development since it was derived from
the aforementioned relative engine.
• Hot gas leakage
• It cannot contribute to air compression
at the inlet
4 STAGES OF TURBOFAN ENGINE
INTAKE STAGE - stage of the turbofan engine
feeds the compressor of the engine with cold air.
COMPRESSION STAGE - compression stage of the
engine is crucial to the efficient operation of any
type of gas turbine engine. The compression
stage ensures that the air is at the correct
pressure and temperature to be ignited in the
combustion stage.
COMBUSTION STAGE - combustion stage along
with the components in its chamber are
responsible for the creating and burning the air-
fuel mixture. The combustion chamber consists of
a fuel injector system to allow fuel to be ignited
and subsequently burned by the high
temperature and pressure air.
EXHAUST STAGE - he way the exhaust stage
produces thrust is a clear manifestation of
Newtons 3rd law. exhaust gases exit at high
velocity out of the rear of the engine, the
reaction force of the exhaust gases is in the
opposite direction of the exhaust thus it is called
thrust.
TURBOPOP
- a gas turbine engine that delivers power to a
propeller
- similar in design to turbojet engines except that
the power produced by a turboprop engine is
delivered to a reduction gear system that spins a
propeller.
- Reduction gearing is necessary in turboprop
engines because optimum propeller
performance is achieved at much slower speeds
than the engine's operating rpm.
• A propeller's efficiency decreases rapidly
as the speed of the blade tips nears the
speed of sound.
• An engine reduction gear enables the
engine to develop more torque while
reducing the propeller's revolutions per
minute (RPM).
WORKING PRINCIPLE: Turboprop engines are a
type of aircraft propulsion system that use a gas
turbine engine to drive a propeller.
KEY STEPS ON TURBOPROP ENGINE BASIC
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
1. Air Intake: Air is drawn into the engine through
an intake.
2. Compression: The incoming air is compressed
to increase its pressure.
3. Combustion: Fuel is injected and burned in a
combustion chamber, creating high-pressure,
high-velocity gases.
4. Expansion: The high-pressure gases are
expelled through a nozzle, creating thrust.
5. Power Transmission: In a turboprop, instead of
directly using the thrust to propel the aircraft, the
energy is used to turn a shaft connected to a
gearbox.
6. Propeller Operation: The gearbox converts the
high-speed, low-torque output of the turbine into
low speed, high-torque rotation of the propeller.
7. Thrust Production: The propeller blades, driven
by the shaft, generate thrust by accelerating a
large mass of air backwards.

TWO BASIC TYPES OF TURBOPROP ENGINE:

FIXED TURBINE – Has a mechanical connection

from the gas generator (gas-turbine engine) to
the reduction gear box and propeller.

FREE TURBINE – has only an air link from gas

generator to the power turbines. There is no
mechanical link from the propeller to the gas
turbine engine (gas generator)

TURBOSHAFT
- variant of a jet engine that has been optimized
to produce shaft power to drive machinery
instead of producing thrust.
- are most commonly used in applications that
require a small, but powerful, light weight engine,
inclusive of helicopters and auxiliary power units.

TWO MAJOR PARTS ASSEMBLY

GAS GENERATOR – consists of the compressor,

combustion chambers with ignitors and fuel
nozzles, and one or more stages of turbine.

POWER SECTION – consists of additional stages of

turbines, a gear reduction system, and the shaft
output