Part I

a) limestone hand specimen H

Textures

organic grains ( Allo ahem s )

-

Vastu with non -

skeletal
,
calcite cement ( interstitial material which
, n sparry makes the matrix )
time mud and

Sediment composition . non

-

skeletal organic
grains

Oo id :

1) 807 . with concentric lamellae around quartz Pneii deus .

2) 209 ooid that mich tired

e is which don't
display
and lack internal structure
concentric laminations
,

( pet ads )

-
Matrix
composition
:
lime mud niet wite 409 e

( : sub translucent
grayish
with
extremely small
'

carbonate
particles )

sparry calcite cement 609 .

Carbonate :
composition
mud
: presence of mi critic lime calcite cement
-

also
sparry
contains abundant carbonate
,

there is more than 507 carbonate

'
.
c .
Structures

sedimentary structures depositional environment info

-
:

carbonate found the coast but not

Is
usually near in

deep sea

Maybe lagoons tidal flats due to

-

quieter waters like or

presence
ofooids

Biogenic traces : the concentric laminations

coating
-

the
quartz nuclei can be an evidence
that bacterial action
Cavity structures :
-

1) grow structure
→ Spaces beneath the odds have shown calcite cement
some
sparry
growing
close up
diagram of limestone
0.7 0.8mm
-
specimen
H

sparry
calcite cement
odds or peloid that nqo*•aqD Tp beneath

%oBoqqogH÷.higqq.;g%%gF%a9-om.toBaggy#%aBm.wf.iqat#q*FEBsafoqor*sofhaaaa.
WBBg⑧¥⑧qq%⑧h
.ir#g@AdgogbQ*qoq.
yTEqqpaog--
BE
a grow ooids space
njea¥er7'await'd they
'
between

use:its
calcite can be

diamine: ::
no " "
.

.IO#aaasEBaEj
maaaEq¥•mi
•afoot

.
009mbar
E Bo÷DE# E
Hoi
EhEofgnE 7m .a 7e *.

&g;.@oae0.o
.is:3?E.*o.0sE.
BkBEfBka go.mg#.BnBoBo9.
BOB addthis.BA
@seEaowo.moaoegqy
ABE
a og .g Fo98q.o
BENASSI
original quartz
B.
nucleus

lime mud
microcrystalline
translucent
as sub
substance is
grayish
seen
 quartz nucleus

pore space
ooid
Diagenesis of limestone
'
iii.nations produced
"

÷
bacterial
neither
action or
evaporites from :
supersaturated water form concentrically ,
O

which fills the

up pore space .
n

carbonate laminations

sntgrfeuform.mg coating
the
,

hats
K¥4
'

a) Cementation
I

t.ae#sia:nntainm:eiienieaaeiifiais
"

* I'
are
aragonite X£¥I¥a④4*¥
early granular
which is
marine

cement aragonite pore space .

3) Neo
morphism
#O II'T
'
Her '

O
.

⑥
'

t
This involves recrystallization
"

processes
-

animation

Aragonite which less stable

ET
is 's
ON
recrystallize into calcite DID Q
'

er,

aragonite recrystallized into

Coarsening of carbonate calcite of
some 'the carbonate
-

into small
,
content is coarsened

Altering them fine limestone mud

crystal of Sparre
to small
crystals of spar te
>
4
in
;÷i÷÷÷:÷i÷÷÷:iii.iii. nineteen
att
'

If⑧
i.
Kla '

7- ⑧ act

.
filled with nice rite
-
some ooids michtired
by bacteria 7¥47
O O
,
O
II
don't
display concentric laminations .

microbial mi vitiation
takes place which cause
some o olds don't have

concentric laminations

From Dunham textural classification this

grain supported
-

!
specimen ,
is -

and lacks mud original components are not bound

, together during
deposition .

'
This is an ooid stone
grain
.
. .
 Dolostone hand SK 168
specimen
.

part 1

Texture :

with dolomite minerals and

C last to some
heavy minerals
-

Sediment composition :

Mineral c last
→ Dolomite in hite and pink translucent to
,
nearly opaque )
Dolomite is
probably formed when the bio blast like foraminifera
which
may
contains high Mg and later replaced by calcite ,

then
undergo dole initiation that
changes from calcite te dolomite .

→ mineral black dots between the small

Heavy showing
,
in

grains of dolomite

Matrix :
composition
"

Dolomite 1009 l : this Is dolostone it contains

'

o a thus no
,

calotte cement tune mud )

sparry
or

Contents of dolomite =
100%

Structures
the do let ionized bio dast like foraminifera can be found , which shows
- -

this dolostone -

is
previously hurried with bio dust .
After de lo mi that ion
,

major bio dust features like skeletal

fragments or non
-

skeletal

grains
cannot be found directly .
 hand specimen SK -168
Closeup of dolostone
Eggett?Eg

.iq?BaEgY
÷i÷¥
.si
÷¥÷÷÷÷¥¥÷÷¥¥÷.÷÷÷
:g÷÷:÷÷÷÷÷a•÷÷÷÷÷÷:
:iE÷÷÷÷÷i÷:i÷i÷ ÷ ÷q
.gs?-aaBAe-
'
⇐*
I

÷i÷
: e ÷i m ÷¥¥
. i s # q g f M Yp g a m
:*
÷¥÷ii÷¥±÷÷÷÷÷ :c :*::c:*:* :*

. F M?. . & .a
E7xr z #
i i
g E
gii o
j i Esof Ei * I sY N }
.

÷÷÷÷
'÷ii÷.in#om..n
.i÷÷÷ ÷ i:÷÷÷÷i÷÷÷÷
'÷i÷÷÷÷÷÷*
÷ ÷ ÷ ÷* .÷÷÷÷÷÷÷
: * o¥÷nf ¥ ÷
' . become dolomite

:*'÷÷÷÷i:÷÷÷÷÷÷*÷÷÷i÷i.io
÷÷÷÷i÷
÷÷÷÷÷¥÷s :*.÷ .

1cm
the blank dots are
heavy
minerals

94942 nucleus

pore space or ;D
of dolostone
Di'agenesis
"

nneievaporites
msinnimscauseangwganiuaii m
'

or from supersaturated water "

form aragonite or calcite which fill up

the pore space n

eye shaped
.
-

carbonate laminations
foraminifera
star-forming coating the
nucleus
,

ooids

2) Cementation rustles Aft

¥:* .in#emiiaaiiii:e:T
it
"

materials are
aragonite .

early granular
which 's
marine LC

cement aragonite pore space .

foraminifera
3) Neo O th
'
1741
morphism €7
This involves
recrystallization processes 'o
-

o
.

it:S't:#e' iii. " " s. . .

recrystallize into calcite Mi

aragonite recrystallized into
-

Coarsening of carbonate calcite

content
,

is
some of'the carbonate
coarsened into small
Altering from fine limestone mud to
crystal of Sparre
small
crystals of Sparke

4) Dolomitisatation IH
'

If Htt
"
It is the
major alteration J l l
A

:*
. anemia
err:c :*:* : :* .. ..
foraminifera
KID .
'

tar
TET
dolomite do Ionized
cementation ooids

i. From Dunham textual classification this specimen shows

,
that original components net
This
organically2mm
bound
during
deposition is
.
also supported by >
components .

i. This is dolostone with rud stone texture

probably a .
Part 2

a) Thin sectioned limestone under microscope

-

0.2M
cephalopods
calcite

BMBMFpqpqMB.in#nmbriretimgen
. ÷ ¥f ? j h BEqgqg
-

;ga÷ragetggq¥gf.fi#t fhfi÷qfm .Bs.g t.az # iqY .ao s.m .

Ei:÷gi ner÷ if¥i¥÷j ÷m÷ ÷*:o÷÷¥s÷mg.
E÷ a .s*÷¥ a.;÷÷÷¥¥¥
bivalve

÷÷ig÷÷÷÷ .%at.•.
.M
gaa
r # ooa*. . r E i . E : . n . *
.im.in
man .

:*:*

bB%tHbsBaaaog÷÷÷ib•a%af÷÷ nqga g.fpi.E #r*g.*F

. .

÷÷¥÷÷÷: Bath gig offed .

bivalves enclosed bivalves
,

i :*:*
:*:* .

..

.io#f:f*qit Shaping
mud :*
.

Xfl squid -

like creature PTL

b) Thin sectioned limestone

-

ooidsorpisoids
.FI#onsMBO0FFOTF3Fffpf-biralvesi
ED÷j÷%
"
Yanam :
symmetrical shape )

cephalopods
Is::Yd%9%Y:'m:* ..
Textures
clastic with skeletal and skeletal and
organic grains
-

non
-

lime mud

Sediment composition
-

skeletal
non
grains
-

→ Ooids ( concent riv laminations )

→ of voids and other carbonate fragments
aggregates

skeletal
grains
-

→ bivalves (
symmetricalit in shape altered from calcite
aragonite
,
te
shells)
→ cephalopods ( aragon into calcite shells )
forums Hive eye shaped calcite )
→ in sea bottom -

, ,

Matrix composition : lime mud mic rite ( not observable in

naked eyes )

C. arbon ate composition

:

and fossils with abundant

1.
presence of mi wit tu time
,
carbonate
! There Is
, more than 50% carbonate
Structures
-

Sedimentary structures : depositional environment info

coast but not in deep
carbonate is
usually found near the sea .

tidal flats due to presence

Maybe quieter waters like lagoons
-

or

of ooids te presence of trams

probably in marine due
,
.

Biogenic traces :
presence of skeletal and non skeletal fossils
-

Cavity structures
-

→ intra skeletal :
space in enclosed fossils contains spa rite
bivalves shells convex up
'
→ umbrella structures : in some -

shells can be seen .

Diagenesis of limestone ( detailed diagram can be seen

in
previous limestone specimen )

1) Auth genesis
carbonate laminations produced by either
organic action or

evaporites from supersaturated water from concentrically ,

which fills
up the pore space between grains .

At the same time , the skeletal

grains like bivalves ,
foraminifera
also deposit here under
, compaction .

2) Cementation
Early and granular marine cement fills the The cement
pore space .

materials ate
are
aragon
.
3) Neo morphism
This involves recrystallization process .

Cal cites alien .

and it
Aragonite
is
is less
mud
stable
recrystallizes into calcite which
,
lime mic rite
→ Yet of carbonate from limestone mud to small
coarsening te as absent
,

crystals of span .

4) Microbial mi critic at ion

anti ons caused bacteria creates small

Organic maybe by hole
-

bales to the skeletal

grains e.
g .
bivalves ,
foraminifera .
The
mi wite in the bore holes form envelope and erode the
skeletal surface .

! From Dunham textural classification this

-

is
, specimen
with lime mud as matrix
grain supported .

i This limestone with

.
is a
parkstone structure .
 Thin sectioned dolostone under microscope
-

"
You:*
¥#¥E¥¥÷.÷nµ o÷ o#EEFrBx: i i i i n re ermsen
-

..

÷ ÷ ÷:÷÷÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷ ÷
.

perfect rhombohedral
colours

:÷ i÷ ÷ ÷ E.m9 e#iBi ima i m ea :nm we

cleavages
mail.nee-ura.com

.in#.i:nat.aEei:tinessinpx
mi FFI 't
⇐¥¥ ¥E÷÷÷.io:9 ""
order
grey
and cleavage net
observable
¥y⇐E¥l interference colour

ppl X 'll

Camaro
-
convex contacts
→ intense pressure
causing quartz and
dolomite dissolve at their contact points
→ compaction solution
pressure
-

b) Thin sectioned dolostone

-

↳.im#iEii
÷÷÷÷÷wi ÷÷÷ : dolomite
 Part 2
-

Textures
-

Clastic mineral Hast

,
-

sediment composition :

→ Mineral a last
-

dolomite 907 .

→ with perfect rhombohedral cleavages

→
high birefringence
altered from
colour
mud
microcrystalline
→ lime or

from calcite

quartz lool o

→ with but conchoidal fracture

→ low
no
cleavage
birefringence colour
have

Matrix composition : not observable

Dia texture
genetic
:
-

anhedral ) be due to that

xenetopiu ( ,
this
may high pressure
cause quartz and dolomite dissolve at their contact points ,

particles pressing
i. e.
against each other this creates con car o convex
-

contacts l compaction pressure solution ) !

-

4 also known as fitted fabric texture with minerals '

boundaries ( sutured
merged together .

grains )
 ??
l knife composition
- :

It is a dolostone
.

! It contains 90% of dolomite

. .

Structures
←
much dolomite is contained in the quartz grains For example .

,
on some

first order of dolomite

grey quartz high
,
birefringence colours is seen .

small sheet cracks (

cavity structures ) is formed This be
.

may
formed when the dolostone undergo mass movements ,
cracks
formed , cracks may be filled up by quartz .

of dolostone ( detailed diagram

Diagenesis can be see in

previous part of dolostone

specimen )

1) Auth genesis
New minerals caused
by organic action or evaporites from
supersaturated water to form aragonite or calcite which fill
up the pore space .

2) Cementation
cement fills the pore space
Early and
granular marine .

The cement materials are

aragonite .
3) Neo
morphism
This involves
-
Calcite satin
recrystallization process

and it inte calcite

Aragonite is less stable
recrystallizes .

Coarsening of carbonate
-

Altering from fine limestone mud te small

crystals of spa rite .

4) Do to mitigation
It is the alteration process from calcite to dolomite
major
→
recrystallization .

'

! From Dunham textural classification ,

this specimen is
with non
recognizable depositional texture with dolomite
-

crystals
This dolostone with
crystalline
'

c .
is a texture .