First Republic (1899-1901):

Emilio Aguinaldo: While better known as a revolutionary leader and the first president of the
Philippines, Aguinaldo also wrote literary works, including his memoirs.

Apolinario Mabini: A statesman and revolutionary, Mabini was also known for his writings, particularly
"El Verdadero Decálogo" (The True Decalogue) and "La Revolución Filipina" (The Philippine Revolution).

Jose Palma: He was a poet and one of the writers of the lyrics of the Philippine national anthem,
"Lupang Hinirang."

Second Republic (1943-1945):

Jose P. Laurel: Laurel was the president of the Second Philippine Republic. Apart from his political career,
he was also a prolific writer and scholar, having authored several books on law and politics.

Carlos P. Romulo: A diplomat, soldier, and statesman, Romulo served as a prominent figure during the
Second Republic. He was also a skilled writer and won the Pulitzer Prize for Journalism in 1942.

Fernando Maramag: Maramag was a poet and the editor of the Herald Midweek Magazine during the
Japanese occupation. His works include poems that reflect the wartime experiences.

Third Republic (1946-1972):

Carlos P. Romulo: Continuing from the Second Republic, Romulo remained a prominent figure during the
Third Republic and continued his diplomatic and writing career.

Nick Joaquin: A National Artist of the Philippines for Literature, Joaquin was a prolific writer during the
mid-20th century. His works include novels, short stories, and essays, contributing significantly to
Philippine literature.

F. Sionil Jose: An accomplished novelist, Jose is known for his Rosales Saga, a series of novels that
provides a panoramic view of Filipino society. His works tackle social issues and historical themes.
First Republic (1899-1901):

Agrarian Issues: The distribution of land was a significant concern, as the majority of the population
were farmers and the struggle for equitable land distribution was a central theme in the revolution.

National Identity: The forging of a national identity was crucial as the First Republic sought to establish a
sense of unity and nationhood among diverse ethnic and cultural groups.

Foreign Occupation and Resistance: The Philippine-American War and the resistance against foreign
occupation were dominant social issues, with many Filipinos actively opposing colonization by the
United States.

Second Republic (1943-1945):

Japanese Occupation and Collaboration: The Philippines faced the challenges of Japanese occupation
during World War II, and issues of collaboration and resistance emerged as Filipinos grappled with the
complexities of the situation.

War-Related Hardships: The war brought about significant hardships, including economic difficulties,
scarcity of resources, and the destruction of infrastructure, affecting the daily lives of Filipinos.

Nationalism and Patriotism: Despite the challenges, there was a surge of nationalism and patriotism as
Filipinos resisted both Japanese occupation and subsequent attempts at recolonization.

Third Republic (1946-1972):

Land Reform: Land distribution and agrarian issues continued to be a concern in the post-war period.
The Hukbalahap Rebellion, which had its roots in agrarian unrest, was a manifestation of these issues.

Economic Disparities: The Third Republic witnessed the persistence of economic disparities, with a
concentration of wealth among a few while a significant portion of the population remained
impoverished.

Political Instability: The Philippines experienced political instability with numerous changes in
leadership, which affected governance and the ability to address social issues effectively.

Social Injustice: Issues of social injustice, including human rights abuses and discrimination, were
prevalent. Movements for social equality gained traction during this period.