GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF BROILER (Gallus domesticus L.

)
SUPPLEMENTED WITH DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MICROBIAL INOCULANT

______________________

An Undergraduate Thesis Presented to the Faculty of

BATAAN PENINSULA STATE UNIVERSITY

_____________________

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science in Agriculture
(Animal Science)

By

CELSO R. BACILES III

2022
 APPROVAL SHEET

This undergraduate thesis outline entitled, “GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF

BROILER CHICKEN (Gallus domesticus L.) SUPPLEMENTED WITH
DIFFERENT LEVELS OF MICROBIAL INOCULANT” prepared and submitted by
CELSO R. BACILES III in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Bachelor of Science in Agriculture major in Animal Science.

ABIGAIL G. ABUAN, Ph. D.

Adviser
_____________
Date Signed

Approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of

Science in Agriculture major in Animal Science.

THE ADVISORY COMMITTEE

LARRY G. NONAN, JR., BSA PEDRO V. DUQUE, M.S.A

Member Member
__________________ _________________
Date Signed Date Signed

ABIGAIL G. ABUAN, Ph. D.

Chairman
_________________
Date Signed

ANNALYN II R. ESAGA, M.S.A.S HERREN DONNA M. DAAG, M.S.A.S

Program Head Program Research Coordinator
_____________________ ________________
Date Signed Date Signed

Accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Bachelor of

Science in Agriculture major in Animal Science.

CHERRILYN E. VENTURA, M.S.A

Dean of Instruction
_____________________
Date Signed
 INTRODUCTION

Importance of the Study

Poultry production is the most progressive animal enterprise in the Philippines today.

As of 01 January 2022, the total chicken inventory was estimated at 179.00 million birds.

This was 1.2 percent higher compared with the previous year’s same period population

of 176.82 million birds. Inventory of native/improved chicken and layer chicken grew by 1.1

percent and 4.2 percent, respectively. On the other hand, broiler chicken stocks declined

by -0.9 percent. Native/improved chicken recorded the biggest share of 45.2 percent to the

total chicken inventory. This was followed by broiler chicken with 29.8 percent share and

layer chicken with 25.0 percent share (PSA report 2021).

It is one of the world’s major and fastest producers of meat. In the Philippines it has

been a significant contributor to the country’s agricultural sector. Poultry is one of the fastest

growing businesses consisting large scale commercial and backyard poultry raiser because it

generates profit in a short period of time. Poultry has become one of the fastest growing

segments of the agriculture sector in terms of production. The growth of poultry industry in

the country has been impressive but one of the problems include common health issues

associated are nutritional deficiencies. Feed is the biggest contributor and accounts for more

than half of the total production cost. The major aim of this industry is to produce the

maximum, with minimum input, like other agriculture sector. Therefore, the best way to

overcome this problem is the use of feed additives such as probiotics or prebiotics for better

and safe production (Bidarkar, et al., 2014).

Microbial inoculation techniques tend to be inexpensive biological methods in waste

management, but low efficiency and controlling issues may be observed during full-scale
 2

composting. The microbial inoculant used in this study, known as EM Effective

Microorganisms, is a mixed culture of beneficial microorganisms containing about 80

different species such as antibiotic and animal growth promoting. Furthermore, microbial

additives, especially those containing non-sporulating bacteria, are highly sensitive to storage

conditions and storage time. An inadequately chosen formulation technology can reduce

microbial viability and adaptability to composting substrates (Berninger, et al., 2018; Faure

and Deschamps, 1991).

Objective of the study

The general objective of the study will be to evaluate the growth performance of

broiler chicken supplemented with different levels of microbial inoculant.

Specifically, it aims to determine the growth performance of broiler chicken using

microbial inoculant based on average initial weight, average final average feed consumption,

average gain weight, average daily gain (ADG), average feed conversion ratio (FCR),

average feed cost per kilogram of broiler produced, average income over feed and chick cost;

average dressing percentage, average skin color, average morbidity rate, average mortality

rate and cost and return analysis.

 3

Time and place of the Study

The study will be conducted in the experimental broiler house outside the campus at

Sitio Duhat Saysain, Bagac, Bataan from November 2022 to December 2022. The study

conducted outside the campus due to accessibility and availability of materials and

equipment to be used in the study.

Definition of Terms

Ad libitum. Continuous giving of feeds and drinking water in broiler to attain the

recommended amount of feeds and water for the performance of broiler growth (PCAARRD,

2011).

Broiler. A meat type chicken like Cobb 500 broiler strain to be used in this study.

Feed. Edible materials which are consumed by the experimental broiler chicken that will

contribute energy and /or nutrients to the animal diet. This term is usually referring to

animals rather than man (PCAARRD, 2011).

Flock. A number of birds of one kind feeding, resting, or traveling together.

Inoculation. An introduction of a pathogen or antigen into a living organism to stimulate the

production of antibodies

Morbidity. Refers to the rate at which a disease or illness occurs in a population and can be

used to determine the health of a population and its healthcare needs. Illnesses can range

from acute to chronic, long-lasting conditions.

Mortality. The number of dead birds in the flock during the course of the study.

Probiotics. A microorganism such as lactobacillus that when consumed (as in a food or a

dietary supplement) maintains or restores beneficial bacteria to the digestive tract.

Prebiotics. Prebiotics are a group of nutrients that are degraded by gut microbiota.
 4

Prophylactic. Acting to defend against or prevent something disease especially protective to

birds.

Ration. The amount of the total feed that will be provided to each experimental bird over a

24-hour period.

Stress. A symptom that affects the bird’s well-being and lowers its resistance to diseases.

Examples are extreme noise during transports of the chicks (PCAARRD, 2011).

Medication. The administration of veterinary drugs via drinking water feeds for prophylactic

and therapeutic purposes (PCAARRD, 2011).

Microbial Inoculant. A powders, suspensions, granules, liquids, and gels, while the final

product is affected by factors such as the genetics and physiology of microorganisms, the

composition of the medium used for multiplication, the growth phase, the material used as

carrier (nature, particle size, and presence of contaminating microorganisms or viability of

the bacteria), and the technology used for drying and preservation of bacteria (addition of

nutrients and preservatives) in the substrates (Moreno-Gómez et al., 2012).

 5

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies of broiler growth

production and microbial inoculant that was used in this study.

Related Literature and Studies on Broiler Chicken

However, some researchers suggested that other inoculation strategies should also be

considered. Found that inoculation during the cooling stage of composting could avoid the

damaging effect of high temperatures on inoculants. (Bernal-Vicente, et al., 2012) observed

that inoculation with the biological control agent (BCA) Trichoderma harzianum was ideally

done at the maturation phase because this compost suppressed Fusarium wilt more efficiently

compared to composts inoculated with the same BCA at the start of the composting process.

Microorganisms are important contributors to the composting process (Holman, et al., 2016).

They are responsible for heat generation, transformation of plant nutrients,

and depolymerization of larger compounds by producing extracellular hydrolytic

enzymes (Bernardi, et al., 2018; Holman, et al., 2016).

The chicken is the most exploited species of poultry, to utilized the microbial

inoculant to increase growth among growers at the backyard level or beginners where most

of the time they purchased class A category of day-old chicks and with the utilization of

growth promoter like the available microbial inoculant farmers may opt to ensure an increase

income from broiler production.

 5

Scientific researchers have been done on this species for past centuries and it is still

the focus of the present and future experimentation. In the Philippines chicken rank first,

while ducks rank second in economic importance as source of meat and eggs. The chicken

broiler and egg production are the most progressive in the Philippines today. The poultry

industry is in fact begun as the backyard enterprise but has shifted to the formation of very

large integrated contract farming operations (Anonymous 2009a).

Animals need adequate amounts of all the necessary nutrients in order for them to

stay healthy and productive and basically these required nutrients vary in the quantity

depending on its species, age productive state, environmental condition and lastly to its

disease status (Anonymous 2011). Aviagen (2009) stated that successful broiler production

dependents upon supplying the birds with feed of the highest achievable quality, in terms of

ingredients used, processing procedures applied and finally the form in which the feed is

presented to the birds.

The two major factors for a successful and economic broiler production are fast

growth rate and efficient feed conversion. These can be achieved through efficient

management practices that ensure effective disease prevention and control, coupled with the

availability of high-quality feed, fed ad libitum and the flock maintained under continuous

illumination.

Previous works done on the effect of different durations of photoperiods on the

growth rate and feed conversion efficiency have shown contrasting results, that birds grown

under continuous lighting consistently exhibited depressed body weight; while those on

restricted light of 6 hours per day treatment had increased body weight and feed conversion

compared to 14 hours of light per day. In contrast, numerous investigations have

 6

demonstrated that meat type chickens exposed to continuous light are heavier at broiler age

than those given period of light and darkness (Anne Amakiri and Onyema Owen 2011).

The physical form of feed (mash, pellet and crumble) is a crucial factor in meat yield

of broiler. Different types of feed forms have been evolved in broiler production at the

present time. Various feed forms pellet, mash or crumble that to be supplied to broiler are the

most important factor which directly influence the cost of mixed feed and production

performance of broiler. The major objective of poultry feeding is the conversion of feedstuff

into human food. Mash is a form of a complete feed that is finely ground and mixed so that

birds cannot easily separate out ingredients; each mouthful provides a well-balanced diet.

However, ground feed is not so palatable and does not retain their nutritive value so well as

ungrounded feed. [Mendes et al., 1995] showed that birds fed mash diets had a better feed

conversion efficiency than those given the pellet. [Proudfoot and Hulan, 1982] observed that

the incidence of sudden death syndrome (SDS) was significantly higher for broilers fed on

crumble-pellet or ground crumble-pellet form diet than for birds fed on mash.

Pellet system of feeding is really a modification of the mash system. It consists of

mechanically pressing the mash into hard dry pellets or "artificial grains". Pellet is a form of

complete feed that is compacted and extruded to about 1/8 inch in diameter and 1/4 inch in

long [Banerjee, 1988]. The greatest advantage in using pellets is that there is little waste in

feeding. The disadvantage is that pellets are expensive-about 10 percent more expensive than

that of feeds not pelleted. [Asha Rajini et al., 1998a, b] reported that pellets had better-feed

efficiency up to six-week age of birds. On the other had [Moran ,1990] observed that

pelleting of feed improves the body weight of poultry. [Bolton and Blair ,1977] reported that

feed intake of broilers could be up to 10 per cent greater with crumble or pellets compared

with mash.
 7

Related Literature and Studies on Microbial Inoculant

Microbial inoculants for chicken are prepared through powdering, and its probiotic

function is exploitable to prophylactic and accelerates body growth. Fermented feed could be

beneficial to poultry practice (Chen, et al. 2009). Powder is able to convert less available

nutrient into digestible nutrient which is advantageous to chicken growth and their health.

Introducing microbial probiotics into feed is also favorable even though bird have short

gastrointestinal tract because of microbial producing digestive enzymes for retention in the

intestines. The role of chicken intestinal microbiota has effects on nutrient intake (Rinttilä &

Apajalahti, 2013). Microbial inoculants augmented into feed addition result efficient nutrient

absorption. However, it is possible that microbial profile is also a reflection of feed digestion.

In addition to energy yielding activity, SCFA formation in chicken cecum reduces pH

of the intestinal environment, which may inhibit pathogenic bacteria such as the family

Enterobacteriaceae, by dissipating the proton motive force across the bacterial cell membrane

(van Der Wielen, et al. 2000). The mechanism of probiotic action had been suggested to

reduce metabolic reactions of toxicant, stimulate indigenous enzymes, produced vitamins,

and serves as antimicrobial substances. In sanitary affect, probiotic competition in gut surface

adhesion caused to immune response of chicken to ailment (Guillot, 2003). Kabir, et al.
 8

(2004) for instance, conducted a six weeks growth performance had weight gain significantly

higher in broilers fed probiotic supplementation.

According to Samanta, et al., in 2008 addition of yeast in chicken feeds had almost

constant weight value along 15 days kept in pens but body mass variation become increase

within 35 and 45 days of age as well to the body weight gain. It also affects the nutrient

intake and could make highest daily growth acceleration to reach 45 days old.

In addition, the decomposition process takes place in nature, as the naturally

occurring microbes break down the complex organic materials into simpler constituents; it is

a relatively lengthy process. Human intervention is attempted to improve the efficiency of

this natural process through composting. Composting is a relatively low-cost and

environmentally friendly method for solid waste disposal (Kamyab, et al., 2015). The

utilization of microbial inoculant (MI) in composting aims to increase the microbial

population to enhance the degradation rate. The population of the naturally occurring

microbial has been compromised due to chemical pollution in the modern life. MI is

sometimes referred as activators (Awopetu, et al., 2015) and accelerator (Marousek, et al.,

2016). A wide range of commercial MI is available to enhance soil fertility and composting.

The scientific evidence to quantify the effectiveness of MIs on composting is still lacking.

Microbial inoculants, regarded as a new type of soil amendment, have been focused

on, mediating the structure and function of microbial communities in the soil. Previous

studies have paid attention to the abilities of individual bacterial strain, such as growth

promotion, disease resistance, and improvement of fertilizer use efficiency. Different

application forms of bacterial inoculants, including solid and liquid formations, were

researched in order to apply to different conditions. Furthermore, some studies explored the

effects of inoculants on plant growth at different working concentrations of the bacterial

 9

inoculants. In addition, some pioneers have explored the mixed applications of bacterial

inoculants combined with organic fertilizers and micro- or medium-nutrient fertilizers.

Different application effects have resulted from the diverse bacterial types (different phylum,

genus, and species) contained in the microbial inoculants applied to the agricultural soil.

Generally, one bacterial inoculant is considered viable if its positive effects are greater than

negative. The development of microbial inoculants with more beneficial effects and as little

negative effect as possible, or even with no manifest negative effects.

Microbial inoculants that can be classified either as biocontrol agents or biofertilizers.

The main action of biofertilizers is the plant growth promotion by increasing the availability

of nutrients, the root biomass and area and the uptake of nutrients after their application on

the seed, the surface of the plant or even into the soil. There are three main categories of

microbial inoculants which have been extensively studied the livestock and poultry

production in the U.S. has changed significantly since the 1960’s, transitioning towards larger

operations separated from the land base that produces their feed (Graham and Nachman,

2010). Also, large operations now typically specialize in production of one animal type, often

at one stage of its lifecycle (MacDonald and McBride 2009). For example, in swine

production, hogs may be transferred from a farrow to-feeder farm during the initial life

stages, to a feeder-to-finish farm and finally to a slaughter plant, rather than being raised at

one facility (MacDonald and McBride, 2009). The majority of animals are also now raised in

confinement where feed is brought to the animal rather than the animals seeking feed in a

pasture or on the range (Ribaudo and Gollehon, 2006).

 10

MATERIALS AND METHOD

This chapter includes the experimental birds, experimental design, experimental

treatments, experimental house and equipment, supplementation of microbial inoculant

powder, feeding management, data gathered and statistical analysis.

Experimental House

Brooder house should be ready for the chicks before they are put in house. First the

brooder house should be scrubbed and cleaned at least one week before the chicks arrive in

brooder house. If old litter present in brooder house than first removed and clean all the

required equipment with disinfected solution. When house and equipment are properly

cleaned, the house should be allowed to dry out thoroughly. If house is air tight than better to

fumigate brooder house and equipment using a three times higher concentration of

formaldehyde gas. Normally for the fumigation take two parts of Formalin and one part of

potassium permanganate. When two compound mixed together the fume will be generated

and that fume will destroy the microbes present in brooder house 35 ml of formalin and 17.5

gm potassium permanganate is sufficient to disinfect 2.83m3 space which is known as 1X

fumigation, but for fumigation we have to remember one thing in our mind that always add

potassium permanganate in formalin.

 9

Experimental Birds

A total of 150 days old chicks Cobb 500 of will be purchased and grow 14 days

before the feeding experiment of supplementing different levels of microbial inoculant. The

Cobb 500 will purchase in poultry and agricultural supply in Bataan.

Experimental Design

A total of 150 heads of 16 days old broiler will be randomly distributed in five

treatments following a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Each treatment will be

replicated three times with ten birds per replicate.

Experimental Treatments

Treatment 1 - control - (100% commercial feeds)

Treatment 2 - 5% microbial inoculant powder (MIP) + 95% commercial feeds

Treatment 3 - 10% microbial inoculant powder (MIP) + 90 % commercial feeds

Treatment 4 - 15% microbial inoculant powder (MIP) + 85% commercial feeds

Treatment 5 - 20% microbial inoculant powder (MIP) + 80% commercial feeds

Experimental House and Equipment

The experimental house with 150 heads capacity will be used in the study. The cage is

made of locally available materials such as bamboo, lumber, plastic screen, cut sack, blue

sack. The cage width 4.8feet, length is 5 feet, and height is 5 feet with five (5) division in one

rectangular cage. The poultry equipment such as 3 kg-capacity linear feeder, 3 liters linear

plastic drinker, pails and feed scoop will be made available before the start of the study.
 10

Microbial Inoculant Powder Supplementation

1. The Arisetech Multi-purpose microbial inoculant will be obtained from a poultry or

agricultural supply company. Arisetech Multi-purpose microbial inoculant products, their

presentation includes powders, suspensions, granules, liquids, and gels, while the final

product is affected by factors such as the genetics and physiology of microorganisms, the

composition of the medium used for multiplication, the growth phase, the material used as

carrier nature, particle size, and presence of contaminating microorganisms or viability of the

bacteria, and the technology used for drying and preservation of bacteria addition of nutrients

and preservatives in the substrates.

2. Weighing and properly mixing the feeds and microbial inoculant.

3. Microbial inoculant powder is labeled in kilograms per container.

4. Feeds for the following week will be prepared and added prior to feeding.

Feeding Management

Ad libitum feeding will be used in this study. The addition of the experimental

supplement (Microbial Inoculant powder) to broiler feeds will be done from day 16 to 35

days. Pre-weighed ration will be given daily. Digital weighing scale of 10kg capacity with

0.5, 1.0, 2.0 gram above will be used in the study. The amount of feed needs to weigh the

supplement feeds and stocks as calculated based on the standard feed consumption per
 11

bird/day. Gradual shifting of ration will be observed to prevent possible effects on normal

physiological activity of the digestive tract.

Light Management Based on the Broiler

Continues lighting at night will be observed using incandescent bulb from starter to

finisher periods to enable the broiler to eat and drink. One 25-watt bulb will adequately light

about 10 square feet. To help chicks find feed and water, light the brooder continuously for

the first 48 hours.

If the brooder gets natural daylight, after the first 2 days you can turn the light off

during the day. Light affects the growth rate of chicks, so never keep them in the dark. Even

if you have to dim the lights to control cannibalism, the light should still be bright enough for

you to see what’s going on in the brooder. Even if the light is also your source of heat, turn it

off for half an hour during each 24-hour period but obviously not during the coolest hours so

the chicks learn not to panic later when the lights go out at night or in the event of a power

failure.

Data to be Gathered

The following data will be gathered and analyzed to determine the effect of microbial

inoculants on the growth performance of the experimental broiler chicken.

Average initial weight (AIW). This will be taken by weighing the birds using digital

weighing scale prior to the conduct of the study.

 12

𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡−𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝐴𝐷𝐺 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑛

Average final weight (AFW). This will be taken by weighing the birds using digital

weighing scale at the end of the study.

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡−𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝐴𝐷𝐺 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑛

Average feed consumption (AFC). It will be calculated by dividing the balance of the

total feed allotment per replication and any left- over by the total number of chickens.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛−𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑒𝑓𝑡

𝐴𝐹𝐶 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑛

Average water consumption – This will be taken from the amount of water consumed

and determined by subtracting the amount of water refusal from the amount of water offered.

AWC = water offered – water left

Average gain in weight (AGW). This will be taken by subtracting the initial weight

from the final weight divided by the total number of experimental chickens.

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡−𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝐴𝐺𝑊 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑛

Average daily gain (ADG). This will be calculated by getting the difference between

the final body weight minus the initial body weight divided by the total number of feeding

days.

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡−𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡

𝐴𝐷𝐺 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠

Feed conversion ratio (FCR). It will be calculated by taking the total feed intake of

the experimental broiler chicken during the growing period divided by total gain in weight.

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑

𝐹𝐶𝑅 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
 13

Feed cost per kilogram of chicken produced (FCKCP). This will be computed by

multiplying the feed conversion ratio on the cost of feed per kilogram.

FCKCP = FCR x Cost of feeds

Income over feed cost (IOFC). This will be computed by deducting the cost of feed

from the gross sale of chicken.

𝐼𝑂𝐹𝐶 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 − 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑠

Average dressing percentage (DP). The dressing percentage will be obtained using

the formula below:

𝐷𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝐷𝑃(%) = 𝐿𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡
𝑥 100

Average skin color. The skin color will be determine using color fan. To the

determine if the Microbial inoculants affects the skin complexion.

SC = Depth Complexion

Morbidity rate. This will be measured by dividing the number of chickens infected

with disease/s over the total number of chickens multiplied by 100.

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑

𝑀𝑅 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝑥 100

Mortality rate. This will be measured by dividing the number of chickens died over

the total number of chickens multiplied by 100.

𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑑

𝑀𝑅 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑐𝑘𝑒𝑛
𝑥 100

Cost and return analysis. This will be computed by subtracting the expenses from the

gross income to get the net income. The return on investment will be computed by dividing

the net income by the total expenses multiplied by 100.

 14

NI=Gross Income-Total Expenses

𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
ROI= 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑠
x 100

Statistical Analysis

All the data gathered will be analyzed following the analysis of variance (ANOVA)

for factorial experiment in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD). Comparison among

means was obtained using the Least Significant Difference (LSD).

 15

Figure 1. Experimental lay out of the study

 16

LITERATURE CITED

AGUSTINA BERNAL-VICENTE MARGARITA ROS. Inoculation of Trichoderma

harzianum during maturation of vineyard waste compost to control muskmelon
Fusarium wilt. Available:
https://bioresources.cnr.ncsu.edu/wpcontent/uploads/2016/06/BioRes_07_2_1948_Be
rnalVicente_RP_Inoc_Trichoderma_Vineyard_Compost_2340.pdf

ANNIE AMAKIRI AND ONYEMA OWEN (2011). Broiler Chicken’s Growth Rate in
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