Sustainable Cities and Society 96 (2023) 104720

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Sustainable Cities and Society

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/scs

Future of energy management systems in smart cities: A systematic

literature review
Ubaid ur Rehman, Pedro Faria, Luis Gomes, Zita Vale *
GECAD - Research Group on Intelligent Engineering and Computing for Advanced Innovation and Development; LASI - Intelligent Systems Associate Laboratory;
Polytechnic of Porto, R. Dr. Antonio Bernardino Almeida, 431, 4249-015 Porto, Portugal

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Massive advancements have been noticed on the Internet of Things (IoT) integrating smart Homes Energy
Smart cities Management Systems (HEMSs). In the literature, many reviews have been carried out regarding the technological
Internet of things upgrades in the HEMSs. However, a comprehensive review of energy management technologies at the smart
Bi-directional energy flow
cities scale is lacking in the literature. In this paper, a detailed quantitative and Systematic Literature Review
Distributed generation
(SLR) has been carried out regarding energy management technologies which have been particularly developed
for smart cities. With this SLR we have identified research gaps that are restricting the large-scale deployment of
robust energy management models in smart cities. Accordingly, this paper presents a discussion about the
implementation of state-of-the-art energy management techniques in smart cities. Finally, it is suggested possible
next steps for the HEMSs research.

across the world to impose lockdowns. Most of the official meetings

1. Introduction
Since last century population in large cities and metropolitan areas is
constantly increasing, as of the United Nations (UN) population survey
till 2021 over 60% of the world’s population was living in large cities
(Karim et al., 2022). According to the world population index survey,
large cities only occupy less than 6% of earth’s land area but consume
over 75% of the total world’s fuel. This ratio is continuously increasing,
rising major concerns about growing fossil fuel consumption (Amjadi­
pour et al., 2022). In addition, it is also reckoned that by 2050 about
70% of the total world population will be living in large cities. It will
impose a huge burden on conventional electricity generation plants to
produce more energy to meet the growing energy demands. Hence,
greenhouse gas emissions will also increase (Pan et al.; Shi et al., 2021).
Particularly in large cities, about 40% of fossil fuel is used for electricity
generation to fulfill the energy demands of buildings. Residential
buildings and homes consume about 27% of the total energy. Hence, it
will be beneficial to develop and integrate new and efficient energy
generation and distribution technologies. Specifically for residential
buildings which may save the massive amount of fossil fuel and green­
house gas emissions worldwide (Ding and Lee, 2016).
Moreover, because of the pandemic situation at the start of 2020, the
quick and massive scale spread of Covid-19 had compelled governments
were carried out through the internet by using IoT devices i.e., by
smartphones or laptops (Cavallaro et al., 2021). This said, residential
buildings are purposely being constructed to fulfill the residential re­
quirements, as well as these places should be comfortable to be used for
performing professional duties (Kamble et al., 2021; Grassia et al.,
2022). According to the environmental survey reports, in the year
2020–2021 about 17% reduction in global CO2 emission is noticed due
to the lower consumption of fossil fuels by the transportation sector.
However, despite that due to the dwellers spending most of their time in
their homes, CO2 emission in residential areas has increased by about
2.9% (Darmawan et al., 2020). To counter these issues, new and efficient
technologies and policies need to be developed to efficiently optimize
energy generation and consumption, particularly in residential areas i.
e., for smart homes (Glukhov and Derevitskii, 2021).
The starting point of this SLR is the 10 state-of-the-art review papers
(Glukhov and Derevitskii, 2021; Al-Ghaili et al., 2021; Xie et al., 2022;
Ma et al., 2022; Siang Fui & Chee Wei Tan, 2013; Al-Ghaili et al., 2020;
Mahela et al., 2022; Reem Al Sharif & Shaligram Pokharel, 2022; Ete­
dadi Aliabadi et al., 2021; Vahidinasab et al., 2021; Ahmed et al., 2020)
published between 2020 and 2022. The research focus of these studies
are given in Table 1. In our review, we analyzed that, all of these pre­
viously published review papers have citied huge numbers of articles
proposing solutions to integrated electric vehicles (EVs) in smart grid

* Corresponding author.
E-mail address: zav@isep.ipp.pt (Z. Vale).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2023.104720
Received 18 July 2022; Received in revised form 23 January 2023; Accepted 6 June 2023
Available online 10 June 2023
2210-6707/© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
U. ur Rehman et al. Sustainable Cities and Society 96 (2023) 104720

Nomenclature EMS Energy management system

GHGs Greenhouse gasses
List of Acronyms HEMS Home energy management system
AI Artificial intelligence IoT Internet of things
AMI Advance Metering Infrastructure PV Photovoltaic
DSM Demand side management RE Renewable energy
DGC Distributed grid control P2P Peer-to-peer
DG Distributed generation SLR Systematic literature review
DA Day-ahead SDN Software-defined networking
EV Electric Vehicle V2G Vehicle-to-grid
EM Energy management V2H Vehicle-to-home
ESS Energy storage system V2B Vehicle-to-building

through V2G technology (Glukhov and Derevitskii, 2021; Al-Ghaili
et al., 2021; Xie et al., 2022; Ma et al., 2022; Ma et al., 2022; Al-Ghaili
et al., 2020; Mahela et al., 2022; Mahela et al., 2022; Etedadi Aliabadi
et al., 2021; Vahidinasab et al., 2021; Ahmed et al., 2020). Similarly,
most of the articles reviewed in these studies are focusing on developing
distributed renewable power plants proposing DSM techniques for the
smart grids. On the other hand, research on the DGC, local level energy
trading, bi-directional energy trading, data security AI/ML based energy
management models are still confined. We reckon due to this confined
research focus, practical implementation of the EMSs on a local con­
sumer scale still does not exists. It showed us the path to explore the
novel research topics by which we can successfully implement EMS on
the smart cities scale and it is the main focus of this SLR.
In recent years, due to the vast scale use of the IoT devices and
integration of Home Energy Management Systems (HEMS), common
homes are being upgraded to smart homes and this trend is rapidly
expanding (Al-Ghaili et al., 2021; Vašak et al., 2021). Primarily in the
year 1992, Lutolf presented smart homes definition as “a building where
several intelligent devises are monitored and controlled through
advance communication modes”. Several researchers and scholars have
proposed numerous methods to enhance the quality of power systems to
make residential buildings more energy efficient. Focusing on 4.0 in­
dustrial technologies, such methods include Artificial intelligence (AI),
communication technologies, IoT and information technologies (Reh­
man et al., 2021; Nunez Forestieri and Farasat, 2020). Moreover, due to
the recent technological boom in IoT technologies, all households inte­
grated with IoT can comparatively consume less energy in smart homes
and could also provide higher comfort and controlling options. Ac­
cording to Strezoski et al., (2022), IoT devices consume significantly less
energy (i.e., 13–25%) than conventional home appliances because these
can be controlled intelligently.
In several previous research articles, numerous HEMS models are
proposed and practically implemented to minimize energy consumption
in smart homes (Mahela et al., 2022; Mahela et al., 2022; Etedadi
Aliabadi et al., 2021; Vahidinasab et al., 2021; Ahmed et al., 2020;
Al-Ghaili et al., 2021; Vašak et al., 2021; Rehman et al., 2021; Nunez
Forestieri and Farasat, 2020; Strezoski et al., 2022). In Hodorog et al.,
(2022), authors have presented a brief classification of pre-established
smart homes management models being used in U.S. and character­
ized each HEMS considering its features and the nature of operation it
provides. In Foroozandeh et al., (2022) and (Xia et al., 2022), authors
have briefly analyzed the optimum collaboration of different compo­
nents merged and used in HEMSs. It also introduces diversity in the DG
resources to follow the energy generation in accordance with the de­
mand of all markets connected to this system (Adali et al., 2022; Gomes
et al., 2022; Hussain et al., 2021; Sharif and Pokharel, 2022; Imran et al.,
2020).
Previously, most of the review articles were written on the smart
homes regulation methods have classified HEMS models according to
the technical specifications. For instance, they only focus on the type of
technology used in the proposed models (Kutty et al., 2022; Gang­
atharan et al., 2020). In addition, the research directions which were
recommended in these articles are limited and only focus on the tech­
nical capabilities of the EMSs.

Table 1
Major research focus of the review papers on energy management systems (2020–2022).
Ref # Main Renewables Basic ESS V2G AMI DSM/ AI/ML Data Dara Bi-Directional Local DGC year
Focus Integration System DR..... Model clouds Security Energy trade Trade
upgrade

(Al-Ghaili et al., EMS ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 2021

2021)
(Xie et al., 2022) EMS ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 2022
(Ma et al., 2022) EMS ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 2022
(Siang Fui & Chee BEMS ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 2022
Wei Tan, 2013)
(Al-Ghaili et al., SG ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 2020
2020)
(Mahela et al., SG ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 2022
2022)
(Reem Al Sharif & SG ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 2022
Shaligram
Pokharel, 2022)
(Etedadi Aliabadi EMS ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 2021
et al., 2021)
(Vahidinasab SC ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 2021
et al., 2021)
(Ahmed et al., SG ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ 2020
2020)

2
U. ur Rehman et al.
In Chavez et al., (2022); K. Zhang et al., (2021) authors propose that,
for better power regulation and for large scale integration of renewable
resources in future smart cities, smart meters’ integration in smart
homes can be a very big milestone. By the development of smart electric
vehicles (EVs) parking lots can also be enabled which can be used for
gird regulation by merging IoT devices. These include voltage/fre­
quency sensors, smart inverters, Remote Terminal Units (RTUs), and
actuators with EV chargers. Moreover, they propose an intelligent big
data based management framework to facilitate the processing and
handling of the large amount of data that will be produced by the mil­
lions of IoT devices in future smart cities. In Ahmed et al., (2022);
Rafique et al., (2021), authors have briefly studied the projected im­
plications of numerous smart technologies on both public and utility
services which might be used by both industrial and smart home users
within smart cities.
The literature proposes that, in order to enable smart homes to grid
power delivery on commercial level, primarily technical difficulties
must be comprehended and solved. A smart building is comprised of
various IoT devices and the usage pattern of each device is different and
these are governed by the central HEMS. In contrast, a smart city is
regulated by adopting decentralized management frameworks in which
different techniques such as Demand Response (DR.....) are vigorously
used. In future smart cities most of the power will be generated by
renewable resources which are intermittent because their power gen­
eration proportion directly depends on the environmental conditions.
Any sudden change in the environmental condition can affect their total
generation. In this case, to successfully integrate renewables to provide
stable power both in smart homes and smart cities, robust optimization
methods will be required. The main contributions of this paper are the
following:
• A detailed quantitative and systematic literature review (SLR) is
conducted on the state-of-the-art energy management technologies
for smart cities by adopting the review steps defined in Fig. 1.
Fig. 1. Adopted roadmap layout used for this systematic literature review (SLR).
3
Sustainable Cities and Society 96 (2023) 104720
• Primarily, most relevant research articles have been identified
through a quantitative literature review using PRISMA protocol
(Gomes et al., 2022).
• To find out a roadmap for the implementation of these technologies
on large scale in future smart cities, technological advancement steps
have been proposed considering the findings of previously published
research articles.
• This paper presents the state-of-the-art solutions to cope the major
constraints faced by the currently in use methods which are identi­
fied as the major obstacles to the implementation of large-scale smart
cities.
• On the basis of this SLR results, numerous advance solutions are
suggested and several technologies are highlighted for the smart
cities energy management.
• This SLR concludes that in the near future self-sustainable smart
homes and smart buildings will have a major contribution to the
smart cities and these are also considered the biggest stakeholder of
the energy markets.
• To intelligently regulate the energy procurement of smart buildings,
ICT and IoT can play an identical role in future smart cities. Using
Software-defined networking (SDN) and block chain based security
models will increase the energy system security and reliability.
In this research paper by using PRISMA protocol (PRISMA), a
detailed systematic literature review (SLR) has been carried out. The
obtained findings by this review are then employed to precisely evaluate
the feasible potential of energy management technologies in future
smart cities (Rajaei et al., 2021; Sami, 2020). In Rajaei et al., (2021), the
authors have adopted the systematic literature review (SLR) method to
analyze the research trends and technological achievements linked with
the HEMS and analyzed the contemporary on-ground conditions. It also
highlights the energy systems limitations, effectivity, reliability, and
households’ usage regulation capabilities. In Sami, (2020); Sorour et al.,
(2021), a different SLR framework has been used in order to evaluate the
U. ur Rehman et al. Sustainable Cities and Society 96 (2023) 104720

reasoning of applying power regulation, monitoring and controlling 2.1. Planning phase
techniques in the smart homes energy management systems. It covers
technological breakthroughs within the smart cities. In the planning phase, databases have been selected, as identified in
Table 2. The following keywords have been searched: Energy”. “Internet
2. Adopted literature review methodology of things”, “Energy management systems”, “smart city”, sustainable cities.
In Table 2, the initial research queries list is given which has been used
Generally, while conducting SLR studies, researchers use PRISMA to to explore the articles related to smart cities’ energy management.
determine the most suitable solutions for the defined RQs (Rijo-García Articles published between 2017 and 2022 were searched. Conse­
et al.). The main focus of the SLR conducted in this paper circles around quently, the total number of searched articles under the upper stated
obtaining the answers of the hypothesis which has been put forward searching criteria resulted in 2474 research articles. After that, these
here as the RQs. Therefore, in order to conduct SLR for this paper, articles are further filtered in the straining phase by following the
following six research questions (RQs) have been defined: defined including/excluding criteria. The statistics of the explored ar­
ticles in all three databases under initial queries are given in Table 3.
■ RQ1: What are currently the major focuses of research in the energy
management systems? 2.2. Straining phase
■ RQ2: What are the main focuses of research for the optimal power
management of smart cities & smart grids? In the straining phase, research scope of these articles on the energy
■ RQ3: Why current advancements in smart energy systems are still management systems is further analyzed by carefully straining the ar­
unable to counter major constraints restricting large scale smart ticles by following the including/excluding criteria defined in the
EMSs deployment in smart cities?
■ RQ4: Are the proposed solutions related to renewable integration in Table 2
previous studies facilitating large scale implementation of sustain­ Articles searching mechanism adopted in the planning phase.
able cities? Focused Terms Searched Content
■ RQ5: What might be the key research fields in the renewable energy
Searched Databases Web of Science (Web of science artilces database)
integration to support the transition of conventional grids to smart
ACM Digital Library (ACM digitial dabase)
grids? Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) (DOAJ: Directory
■ RQ6: What are the key research requirements in the future to of Open Access Journals database)
implement large scale self-energy sustainable cities? Applied searching PRISMA Rule (PRISMA)
method
Keywords Searched “Titles”, “Keywords”, “Abstracts”
By adopting PRISMA (PRISMA) we have conducted this SLR and within
particularly proposed four literature reviewing phases referred to as 1) Main Research (Smart city” or “Sustainable Cities)” and “Energy”
planning phase, 2) straining phase, 3) classifying phase and 4) dissem­ Queries: “Internet of things” and “Energy management system” and
ination phase. The proposed SLR process is presented in Fig. 2. Further “smart city”
Searched Time 2017–2022
detail of the processes adopted in these phases is given as follows.
Period
Type of Articles Journal/conference research papers, review papers/paper
in-press

Fig. 2. Stages adopted for this SLR.

4
U. ur Rehman et al. Sustainable Cities and Society 96 (2023) 104720

Table 3 Table 4
Core queries outcomes in searched databases. Including/excluding criteria for SLR.
Research Queries (SLR definition) Searched Databases (2017–2022) Including criteria Excluding criteria
WoS DOAJ ACM Total
“smart energy systems”, “smart city” and Papers not written and published in
(Smart city” or “Sustainable Cities)” and “Energy” 219 17 1938 2174 “sustainable smart city” in the title, the English language.
“Energy management system” and “smart city 36 0 264 300 abstract and keywords are included.
Total 255 17 2202 2474 “Energy”, “Demand side management” and Duplicate research articles (papers
“Smart living” in the title, abstract and that were repeating excluded, only one
keywords are included. manuscript is counted).
Table 3. In this process, those articles which were not directly linked “Smart-Technologies”, “Sustainable Articles which were mainly focusing
technologies used in the smart on the robotics, small electronics
with the topics of the defined research domains were excluded. More­
cities”,”Home automation”, gadgets i.e.,
over, as this SLR has been carried out on a major scale, thus in some “Smartphones”, “Smart Lightening
cases due to the vague titles, abstracts, and keywords of the articles it Systems”
was very difficult to choose each article by strictly following the inclu­ novel communication technologies peak Articles which were not covering the
sion/exclusion criteria defined in Table 3. To cope this issue, those ar­ energy demand regulation, IoT devices, smart buildings and smart power
decentralized electricity production, regulation networks, only focusing on
ticles having vague content were excluded after conducting the quick
energy storage systems, electric vehicles non-residential buildings are
full text skimming. As a result of straining, by applying including/ etc. excluded.
excluding criteria defined in table 3, out of 2474 research articles we
have 135 articles particularly dealing with smart city energy manage­
ment domains. The detailed inclusion/exclusion strategy adopted in this 2.3. Classifying phase
SLR is presented in Fig. 3 and Table 4.
In this step, co-occurrence technique has been applied to conduct the
relationship analysis between different keywords of the selected
research articles. To systemically analyze this co-occurrence and to
visualize the results Bibliometrix tool is used (K-means clustering using
bibliometrix R tool; de Amorim, 2008). Biblometrix is an open-source
scientific tool used for conducting a systematic literature review (SLR)
(Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny tool in R software). Two methods are
employed: 1) k-means classification algorithm; and 2)
multiple-correspondence algorithm.

1. k-means classification algorithm: This classification algorithm

enables the cauterization of several keywords into multiple sets to
properly understand the current research trends in the targeted
research domains and to also highlight the other relative research
trends under the same theme (Bashar et al., 2021; K-means clustering
using bibliometrix R tool). Note, k-means algorithm is commonly
defined as the un-supervised learning framework through which the
similar meaning keywords can be collectively placed in the “k”
numbers of sets where all primarily defined keywords sets having “k”
numbers of fundamental central arguments.
2. Multiple Correspondence Analysis: This analysis is referred as the
statistical framework used to determine repetition (co-occurrence) of
the keywords defined within the basic research field (i.e., in this
paper the basic research field for review is “energy management
system in smart cities”. This framework is also used to visualize the
results of the SLR carried out under this framework on the co­
ordinates graph. If the distance among the searched keywords is low
on the coordinate graphs (Murtagh, 2007,53), then it means the
possibility that these words will simultaneously appear in the
strained research articles is high. The first coordinate on these graphs
depicts the “mean-average-location” of each searched similar mean­
ing keywords set and the central domain of the targeted research
field, (means it shows the similar and relatively linked research
topics to the targeted field).

2.4. Dissemination phase

To properly narrate the obtained SLR statistics in this phase results

Fig. 3. Articles including/excluding criteria (Information flow diagram).
on the strategic graphs are plotted and explained. By these graphs, the
importance of any sub research fields within each basic research domain
is evaluated considering its cluster size and position on the strategic
graph (53). In this particular case, the SLR results are presented on the
⌈2 × 2⌉ matrix strategic graphs, having four quadrants where each
quadrant shows the importance of the sub-fields research clusters under
the basic research domain, as narrated in Fig. 4. Note that, in this graph

5
U. ur Rehman et al.
Fig. 4. Biblioshiny 2 × 2 Strategic Matrix Graph Layout and meaning of
each quadrant.
the x-axis shows “centrality” of the research fields, while y-axis presents
the “density” and depth of any particular sub-research field cluster
within a specific research domain.
In addition, the “Centrality” also depicts the broadness and
connection level among two slightly similar research domain clusters.
Hence, for this SLR it is employed as the scaling parameter to determine
the relevance and future research potential of any sub-research field
cluster within the entire research domain de Amorim, (2008).
Conversely, as “density” represents the rationality and inner weight of
any sub-research field cluster, thus it might also be employed as the
scaling parameter to check the current advancements within any basic
research domain and its overall impact (Murtagh, 2007).
As presented in Fig. 4, the worth of “centrality” and “density” of each
research domain cluster depends on its position on the strategic quad­
rant graph which also depicts its technological as well as research and
development potential worth inside the basic research field. For
instance, in this paper, the “energy management system” is the main
research domains in the “smart city” research domain. However, IoT,
demand side management, and optimal power control are the sub-
research fields and the importance of these research fields within the
main research area. The purpose of each quadrant is briefly explained in
Fig. 4.
• Frist Quadrant (Basic research domains): This quadrant exhibits
very high “density” and “centrality”. It can also be described as the
main research topic having higher importance in this research field
and considered the basic topic of research. The research domain
clusters included in this quadrant have a very strong ground impact
and technological achievements and might be declared as the main
achievements. However, these research domain clusters provide
basic support to the other relatively similar but under-developing
sub-research areas.
• Second Quadrant (Broader research fields): In this quadrant the
penetrating research domain cluster exhibits very high “centrality”
but very low “density”. These can be narrated as the more common
and wider research domain cluster which is extremely popular
among researchers. Any research domain cluster that comes on this
quadrant is comprised on the combination of several interlinked
research topics. The gradual progression of these research topics can
eventually provide basic directions for exploring a new research field
that would need more research in the future and has not touched its
maturity level.
• Third Quadrant (New emerging research topics): This quadrant
shows those research domain clusters which are being recognized as
new topics of research and exhibits very low “density” and “cen­
trality”. As it is clear by the name of this quadrant, it only deals with
the under developed technologies and currently un-structured
research fields. Results on these clusters also indicate a lack of
6
Sustainable Cities and Society 96 (2023) 104720
continuous research on such topics because such research areas have
not touched their maturity levels.
• Fourth Quadrants (Mature but confined research domains): This
quadrant shows those research areas having higher “density” but
very low “centrality”. The penetrating technologies in this quadrant
are considered fully developed. Therefore, these are not being
further explored and even researchers are not further doing any work
on such technologies to introduce any sort of innovations. While
exploring about such technologies, in this SLR very less popular
keywords are found as compared to the other research domains. The
main reason that extremely different and complex keywords are
explored in this analysis is due to the core value of such research
domains is low and the used keywords to indicate such research
domains are very difficult to understand and are not commonly used
by the research communities.
3. State-of-the-art advancements review in the smart energy
systems
This section briefly presents the results of this SLR which have been
carried out by using the Biblioshiny quadrant analysis applied on the
finally selected 135 research articles. Primarily, in this section the
answer of the first RQ1 is explored.
3.1. RQ1: what are currently the major focuses of research in the energy
management systems?
To better understand the findings, it must be noted that, the brief
overview of each quadrant is given in previous section. Any research
cluster which lies in this quadrant shows its worth in the research field.
Besides, it also provides future exploration dynamics under the energy
management topic which is directly related to the smart cities & smart
grid research domains. Moreover, statistics presented on the strategic
graphs and search results obtained by the co-occurrence analysis carried
out by using the main 30 keywords in the Biblioshiny tool are also
presented in this section.
3.1.1. Main research fields overview under strategic graph (Fig. 4)
In this analysis, primarily those keywords which were directly
related to the smart cities energy management systems are selected and
searched (review Table. 2) which has indicated additional five sub-
research domains: 1) “smart grid”, 2) “bi-directional energy trading”,
3) “big data analytics” 4) “energy system handling” and 5) cloud
computing. Further key specifications of these sub-research domains are
highlighted in Fig. 5.
The result of this analysis is presented in Fig. 6. Five research clusters
have been analyzed on all four quadrants of the strategic graph. The
keywords which were found under cluster 1 are the following: smart grid
(134), renewable (89), energy utilization (45), cloud storage (78),
electricity cost (39), power optimization (51), electricity transmission
networks (178), power regulation (115), distributed energy means (48),
demand side management (38), electric vehicles (88), energy storage
systems (31). These keywords indicate that this cluster covers all basic
technologies which are extremely important for power regulation of the
smart cities. The position of cluster 1 is in the first quadrant on the
strategic graph which further depict that the research in these areas is
still at the initial stage because it is far from centrality and density. These
keywords mainly represent basic infrastructural, electric transportation
and communication technologies used for the optimal management of
the energy systems in smart cities.
Cluster 2 is mainly comprised of the following keywords set: sus­
tainability (61), smart conservation systems (64), and optimal decision
tacking (42). A deep review of these keywords indicates that these
remained a hot topic of research since the beginning of 19th century
(Blasi et al., 2022). These keywords were also the popular research areas
under the conventional city research domains and have provided basic
U. ur Rehman et al. Sustainable Cities and Society 96 (2023) 104720

Fig. 5. Main sub-research fields under the smart cities research domain.

potential on the strategic graph. These keywords are: load scheduling

(4), commerce (75) and block-chain technologies (36). The Group of
these keywords shows the contribution of those consumers in the smart
cities electricity markets who trade their domestically generated energy
with the grid using distribution generation and bidirectional energy
trading frameworks. As proved by the key terms this cluster deals with
the new energy trading technologies having huge research potential of
developing new robust techniques to enhance the consumers’ partici­
pation in the future smart cities.
In last, the indicated keywords in cluster-5 and their position on the
strategic graph point towards currently under-developing research areas
on the strategic figure which includes: artificial intelligence (32) and
renewables generation forecasts (36). The group of keywords included
in this cluster shows the importance of artificial intelligence data pro­
cessing techniques in big data technologies majorly artificial intelli­
gence techniques might be used in load forecasting and load scheduling.
Fig. 6. Research feasibility analysis under the smart cities energy management
research domains.
From the upper discussion we can clearly analyze that, in most of the
previous research studies, smart grid, demand side management models,
renewables integration in smart grid, and multi-agent based load regu­
knowledge about electric mobility, renewable resources integration and
lation techniques for the smart grids remained the main topic of
greenhouse gasses emission controlling. As the position of this cluster is
research. Huge literature has been published previously on these topics.
close to centrality and density on the first quadrant it indicates minor
Conversely, research on the ML and AI-based energy trading models,
research potential. Therefore, it may be classified as a very narrow
IoT-integrated smart homes, data security and day-ahead renewable
active area of research within the smart cities domain.
power generation forecasting are not much explored topic of research.
Moreover, in the third cluster, these keywords show completely
Thus, future research need to explore new methods to enhance the data
different research trends on the strategic graph. The following keywords
security of consumers. Moreover, massive research on IoT integrated
are found under this cluster: energy consumption (118), autonomous
smart homes is required. Moreover, these analyses have helped us to
control (78), internet of things (89), data processing (52), data collection
understand the depth of the energy management. It has also enabled us
(72), data handling (44), efficient energy systems (110), sensors (45)
to answer the RQ2 which is explained in the next section.
and cloud computing (29). The detailed review of these keywords under
this cluster show that it deals with the data management and processing
technologies used to manage the operations of millions of IoT devices
3.2. RQ2: what are the main focuses of research for the optimal power
under the smart city. Precisely, this cluster can be defined as the com­
management of smart cities & smart grids?
bination of those technologies which are used to manage the vigorous
amount of data produced by the scattered IoT devices which are mainly
This subsection provides the in-depth analysis of the current research
used to ensure the reliability and quality of the large-scale smart energy
trends in the smart cities EMSs. The coherent and broad scale imple­
systems.
mentation of state-of-the-art technologies i.e., novel information and
Cluster 4 indicates new research areas having huge research
communication technologies (ICT) and artificial intelligence (AI)

7
U. ur Rehman et al.
technologies have opened new research doors for the implementation of
future smart cities (Liu et al., 2022; Ramu et al., 2022; Beştepe and
Yildirim, 2022). New and efficient networking and communication
protocols have motivated common consumers to also contribute to the
demand response (DR.....) (Shah and Mahajan, 2017; Khan et al., 2022;
Kermani et al., 2022). The novel data transmission and processing
technologies have enabled easy and robust management of smart energy
systems and also made fault tracking and fixing easy. 5 G communica­
tion technology has also made data handling and processing easy and
also provided support for the abrupt information exchange between
different stockholders and IoT devices in the power systems (Kermani
et al., 2022; Siokas et al., 2022; Lyu et al., 2020; Li et al., 2020; Xu et al.,
2022). In Fig. 6, the strategic positions of all five essential sub-research
fields clusters related to the smart cities EMS research domain are
shown. The necessary stages of this technological transition are pre­
sented in Fig. 7.
Further detail of these technologies is given next.
3.2.1. Smart-Grid
In conventional power systems, most of the power was generated by
the large, centralized power plants and then it was transmitted through
transmission and distribution lines (Leitão et al., 2020). In contrast, in
modern power systems, renewable resources contribute in a major part
to power generation which are regarded as the distributed energy
means. In recent years, the trend of integrating ESSs in power systems is
also gaining huge popularity to increase the reliability of the power
systems.
In addition, with the help of advanced level ICT integration in the
power systems, common consumers can trade their domestically pro­
duced electricity with the grid (Kwon et al., 2022; Aksanli and Rosing,
2020). A smart grid under a smart city environment can also be defined
as a smart energy network which welcomes the integration of newly
distributed resources. Such resources are recognized as a compulsory
part of sustainable smart cities (Singh et al., 2022; Ullah and Park, 2021;
Y. Chen et al., 2019). Large scale deployment of smart grids has also
opened new windows for managing smart energy systems and also
increased bilateral communication between different stakeholders
acting as the new social platform. Overall, the smart grid has upgraded
the energy network into an open energy trading platform, that increased
economic interest of the common consumers and opened new business
prospects (Haghighat et al., 2020; ur Rehman and Riaz, 2017; Wilson
et al., 2020; Hashimoto et al., 2021).
Fig. 7. Technological transition steps from smart homes to smart cities.
8
Sustainable Cities and Society 96 (2023) 104720
3.2.2. Bidirectional energy trading
With the expansion of smart grids, more and more renewable power
plants are connecting with the power networks which has increased the
energy generation and transmission flexibility (Rehman et al., 2022; Shi
et al., 2019; Wang et al., 2020). As compared to the conventional energy
markets, this type of renewable energy trading should be dealt with by
more sophisticated marketing techniques so consumers can get higher
economic benefits by contributing to the grid stabilization under smart
cities (Zeng et al., 2020; Osman, 2019). The new energy markets con­
trolling and regulating energy trading can eventually fulfill each con­
sumer’s requirement separately by evaluating the amount of power
traded by this individual customer during different hours of the day
(Allam and Dhunny, 2019; Kim et al., 2021; Lim et al., 2018; Arif et al.,
2022). Furthermore, by contributing to smart grid energy markets
backed by the ICTs, the consumer may also check the electricity prices in
real-time, hence they can intelligently trade energy to make more profit
(Dong et al., 2020; Chaudhry et al., 2022). Huge research is necessary
for this area to make such trading models more refined, fast, and scam
free.
3.2.3. Big data analytics
The contribution of information and communication technologies
has also rapidly emerged in power systems. Now smart meters and
similar smart sensing devices produce vigorous data, and its manage­
ment has become a very big issue (W. Chen et al., 2019; Ferdous et al.,
2020; Teh and Lai, 2019; Cirillo et al., 2020; Jove et al., 2021). To
overcome this challenge new data management techniques for secure
and reliable data handling should be developed. With the help of ma­
chine learning (ML) and AI technologies several new data management
techniques are developed in the literature (Al-Badi and Islam Khan,
2022; Chang, 2021; Zhang et al., 2022; Yongchang Zhang et al., 2021).
AI-based big data algorithms are gaining much popularity and are eager
to improve optimal energy generation and demand regulation plans for
smart energy systems (Chen et al., 2021). Intelligent handling of the
in-house heating and cooling systems based on the historic weather data
is the key feature of these real-time load forecasting and power opti­
mization techniques (Xiao and Xie, 2021). However, still research in this
field is required to develop optimal temperature management tech­
niques for both domestic and commercial buildings (Balasaraswathi
et al., 2020; Fugini et al., 2021).
3.2.4. Cloud computing
It is projected that large cities would essentially need advanced cloud
U. ur Rehman et al.
computing-based data storage and processing network for reliable in­
formation exchange in real-time. However, a feasible solution to counter
this problem is the construction of new large data management centers,
with high primal installation cost (Kandt and Batty, 2021). The opera­
tional and air-conditioning costs to maintain the internal temperature of
these centers are also very high. To cope with these constraints, a reli­
able solution: is the widening of the cloud computing infrastructure
which may provide the opportunity to store data in the shared data
servers. Instead of developing a centralized big data center, several small
data centers can be virtually joined together to obtain large data storage.
By integrating ICTs it is now possible to conduct data transmission and
handling automatically through intelligent algorithms virtually working
without (Zeng et al., 2020). In addition, the data center interlinked
cloud computing can automatically perform several tasks related to data
management. Hence the labor cost can also be reduced (Osman, 2019).
3.2.5. Energy system handling
Smart energy systems are mostly regulated using a decentralized
controlling strategy. At some stages where human input is involved,
more transparent and secure data transmission and processing system is
required. Transitioning towards state-of-the-art ICTs can further
improve the data collection/ management/processing in smart cities
which may further enhance the management of the whole energy system
(Allam and Dhunny, 2019). As a smart grid under a smart city is the
collection of several technologies and several stockholders collectively
work for the reliable execution of all tasks, decision-making is a very big
challenge in such systems (Kim et al., 2021). For future smart cities in
the presence of many stockholders, a transparent AI and big
data-enabled system should be developed which should assist the
decision-making process with mutual consensus (Lim et al., 2018).
4. Technological limitations review restricting large scale
deployment of smart energy technologies in smart cities
This chapter briefly explains the limitations of the currently in use
smart energy management technologies and highlights the key tech­
nologies that are necessary to be implemented in the future smart cities.
4.1. RQ3: why current advancements in smart energy systems are still
unable to counter major constraints which are restricting the large-scale
smart EMSs deployment in smart cities?
This subsection provides a brief answer of the RQ3. It explains the
major communication and data transmission limitations of the currently
developed energy management systems. This SLR identifies that IoT
devices will play a major role in increasing grid regulation and power
quality in future smart cities. Further detail of the constraint faced while
connecting the state-of-the-art IoT devices with smart cities EMSs is
given next as follows:
4.1.1. Reciprocity
It must be efficient enough to support real-time monitoring of the
energy systems and the data processing should also be carried out in
real-time for optimal decision rendering. A major issue that has been
faced during the connectivity of the IoT devices with the smart cities
networks is the manufactural difference between different smart devices
due to which reciprocity is not fully ensured yet. To cope with this
problem a standardized ICT infrastructure is required which needs huge
financial resources (Arif et al., 2022).
Reciprocity means a standard network that must be compatible with
all types of IoT devices. Such network must support the inter­
connectivity of all devices despite manufacturing and software differ­
ences (Hashem et al., 2016; Gohar et al., 2018; Silva et al., 2020;
Mazhar Rathore et al., 2018; Sameti and Haghighat, 2019; Leeuwen
et al., 2020). This is the biggest problem highlighted in the literature. In
numerous previously published research articles mainly dealing with
9
Sustainable Cities and Society 96 (2023) 104720
smart energy systems the conventional power network limitations are
highlighted. Majorly, in many smart homes related studies, the impor­
tance of reciprocity in a communication system is highlighted. Similarly,
in such studies, many solutions to counter such limitations are proposed.
For instance, by implementing a standardized communication system,
many connectivity problems can be solved. In addition, open source
based big data and cloud computing can impressively contribute to
vigorous data management in smart cities. In Zhang et al., (2018);
Hansen et al., (2020); Takewaki et al., (2011), researchers say that
although many advance and efficient algorithms have been previously
proposed for optimal load regulation in smart homes, due to the lack of
standardization, reciprocity is absent between them.
To counter this problem, they have proposed that there must be a
standardized research sharing platform and some basic rules should be
pre-defined for the energy management systems intra-communication.
In Lacinák, (2021) and (Pérez del Hoyo et al., 2021), authors have
also indicated towards lack of standardization between temperature
sensing devices and smart meters, which is the major reason for un­
certainly increasing power demands during both normal and adverse
weather conditions. In Sebastián Cañavera-Herrera et al., (2022); Cao
et al., (2022); Garcia-Font, (2020); Lyu et al., (2021); Walker et al.,
(2021); Omar et al., (2021); Pournaras et al., (2019); Calvillo et al.,
(2017), authors have proposed that the rapidly expanding use of IoT
devices can encourage manufacturers to follow standardized protocols
in product development so that the dream of fully integrated smart cities
can be fulfilled. Moreover, this standardization will also lead towards
interoperability and reciprocity of future IoT devices with smart energy
management systems.
4.1.2. Resilience
A recent report prepared by the International Energy Statistics
Analysis Agency (Kavousi-Fard et al., 2021), states that resilience of the
smart energy systems means a network that can respond in real-time in
response to the sudden change in the generation and demand profiles. A
resilient energy system can also be explained as a system having the
capability of maintaining a continuous energy supply under similar cost
despite the variations in the energy demand or it can also reduce further
costs (Zhang, 2020). Due to the recent breakthroughs in the smart grid
management technology, many state-of-the-art methods are practically
being used for power regulation.
As now, instead of using conventional power plants, most energy
companies around the world are mainly focusing on constructing more
and more renewable energy generation plants which has also increased
the power generation uncertainty (Zahmatkesh and Al-Turjman, 2020;
Bhardwaj et al., 2022; Cen et al., 2022; Ortiz et al., 2022; Kang et al.,
2022). Introduction of ESSs is necessary as instant backup energy
sources.
In addition, a proper mechanism for the ESSs installation and sizing
should be developed for higher efficiency of the power systems (Lam­
natou et al., 2022; Colmenar-Santos et al., 2018; Abu-Rayash and
Dincer, 2021; Kasturi et al., 2022). As the smart metering infrastructure
is comprised of many elements, similarly smart cities also have a very
large infrastructure and almost all big sectors are linked with it (i.e.,
industrial and electrified-transportation sectors) (Maeyaert et al., 2020).
In addition, with the massive increase in IoT device usage and ad­
vancements in the ICT sector, the overall reliability of the power system
has increased. It is projected that both stockholders i.e., consumers and
energy companies can take advantage of this in near future. Although,
currently despite technological advancements it is difficult to claim that
each linked sector under a smart city will work reliably. However, with
an enhanced level of monitoring and controlling the overall operational
standards can be improved because a fully reliable power system still
does not exist. Therefore, much more research in this sector is needed to
enhance the resilience of the whole power system (He et al., 2021;
Georgakarakos et al., 2018; Guo et al., 2021; Logeswaran et al., 2022;
Khafaf et al., 2022; Li et al., 2019; Ferraro et al., 2020).
U. ur Rehman et al.
4.2. RQ4: are the proposed solutions related to renewable integration in
previous studies facilitating large scale implementation of sustainable
cities?
This subsection will provide the answers of RQ4.
4.2.1. Decentralized control of EMSs
In centralized networks a big company is responsible of managing all
operations, it exhibits all rights of making necessary authoritarian and
administrative decisions and all other affiliated small components must
follow these decisions. In energy systems, the common consumers are
only considered as the energy purchasers (Toosi et al., 2022; Tan et al.,
2021). Conversely, in a decentralized system, a big network is divided
into many small units and these are considered independent adminis­
tratively governed systems in which decisions can be made on the local
level. In this type of network every component i.e., all stakeholders have
equal powers and they collectively work to obtain the same goals by
equally sharing the decision-making responsibility (Nge et al., 2019).
In the conventional grids due to the centralized controlling frame­
works following major problems are faced during day-to-day operations:
Primarily, the currently in use cloud computing approaches are mainly
governed through the conventional centralized techniques, and because
of the limited data sharing capabilities, information exchange in real-
time is sometimes impossible. This constraint leads power systems to
failure and such systems are extremely vulnerable to hacking attacks in
contrast to the decentralized cloud computing methods (Salehpour and
Moghaddas Tafreshi, 2020). Moreover, as previously stated, the data
sharing speed of such networks is low as compared to the decentralized
networks, which restricts the real-time data transmission/receiving
volume from the scattered energy systems components in real-time, and
only a few global major companies are responsible for managing whole
data (Zhou et al., 2019; Sivanandam et al., 2020; Palanca et al., 2020;
Heinisch et al., 2021; Aung et al., 2021). In addition, in the centrally
govern energy markets, the number of associated consumers is low. A
major issue that most of the consumers in the centralized energy systems
face is, during major faults or power blackouts they cannot solely solve
this issue or nor even can take any sort of action during any disastrous
situation. For the centrally administrative energy markets, it becomes
very difficult to equally accommodate the growing number of con­
sumers, particularly the implementation of the appropriate centralized
demand response strategy for all consumers (Lotfi et al., 2022; Marino
and Marufuzzaman, 2020).
In many prospects, a smart city is analogous to conventional cities.
For instance, in the adaptation of novel technologies, conventional cities
show higher interest. However, the role of city dwellers is completely
opposite in smart cities. In common cities, the governments adopt a
hierarchical framework to perform necessary operations. They define
policies and it is necessary for each citizen to follow them and their role
is very limited. In contrast, in a smart city, each citizen contributes to
managerial tasks. In the future, all smart cities will be controlled
through the distributed bottom up framework where all prosumers can
even supply and consume energy using the same service (Zheng et al.,
2022; Vacca, 2022). In order to widely implement smart cities, decen­
tralized energy generation, consumption and administrative approaches
should be implemented using advanced cloud computing.
5. Feasible technological solutions for the large scale smart
cities implementation
This section will provide the state-of-the-art technological solutions
for the successful implementation of the state-of-the-art energy man­
agement technologies. Answer to RQ5 and RQ6 is given.
10
Sustainable Cities and Society 96 (2023) 104720
5.1. RQ5: what might be the key research fields in the renewable energy
integration to support the transition of conventional grids to smart grids?
To implement EMS systems in smart cities on a broader scale pri­
marily some basic structural changes are required in the conventional
energy systems (Omar et al., 2021). Research to develop artificial in­
telligence (AI) based novel load scheduling algorithms to enable bidi­
rectional energy trading of prosumers is needed. Currently, no such
system is practically implemented (Galvin, 2022; Shi-Cong Zhang et al.,
2021; Zahedi et al., 2022). In addition, it is compulsory to consider
renewable generation variations, uncertain EVs charging, unpredicted
consumers’ energy consumption and energy generation and trading on
the local level.
Fig. 8 briefly presents an overview of a future smart city. This figure
is prepared on the basis of this SLR results, and it is comprised of IoT-
enabled several elements. For instance, virtual energy markets, big
data, and cloud computing-based data storage centers are included.
Particularly, by this graphical overview, the complex and sub-classified
energy consumers and prosumers characteristics are presented (Shicong
Zhang et al., 2021). By highlighting the smart homes and smart build­
ings controlling and monitoring applications based on the bottom-up
managerial framework to concurrently satisfy energy users’ needs and
to stabilize the smart grid a brief conceptual structure for a future smart
city is prepared (Chegari et al., 2022). For better outcomes, the smart
city research domain might be further classified into three
sub-categorize: 1) intra-smart home robust technologies are required for
the optimal energy consumption management, 2) AI based optimal
bi-directional energy trading supported by IoT technologies are needed,
3) at the large city scale, a complete smart power transmission and
distribution system integrated with advance ICT and IoT technologies
are compulsorily needed (Lu et al., 2021; Singh Aujla et al., 2019).
Preliminarily, for load regulation in a room, less expensive energy
management techniques capable of visualizing users’ and IoT devices’
behavior should be developed (Hoang et al., 2021; Kashanizadeh et al.,
2022; Shreenidhi and Ramaiah, 2022). To monitor users’ behavior in
real-time smart motion detection sensors capable of exchanging data in
real-time with HEMS should be integrated in each room (Ahammed and
Khan, 2022; Janhunen et al., 2022; Praveen and Rao, 2020; Narajewski
and Ziel, 2022; Zhu et al., 2021). Based on the energy procurement and
user behavioral data collected by the different sensors, a complete sys­
tematic analysis of the HEMS households’ regulation capability should
be carried out (Cao et al., 2020; Nizami et al., 2020; Chen et al., 2022;
Anees et al., 2019). Moreover, this data should also be used to contin­
uously train the HEMS to further enhance the users’ comfort under
minimum energy consumption within a room (Yazdani and Pirpour,
2020; Yi et al., 2021). By using IoT technologies, each user in a smart
home can leniently analyze, diagnose, and regulate the energy con­
sumption pattern of different households even on room level (Wu et al.,
2021; Finnah et al., 2022).
5.2. RQ6: what are the key research requirements in the future to
implement large scale self-energy sustainable cities?
This subsection will provide a brief rebuttal of the RQ6. In near
future, the concept of smart energy communities will play a major role in
the vast scale deployment of smart cities. From this perspective, the role
of smart homes and smart buildings will increase. The overview of future
smart cities is presented in Fig. 8.
5.2.1. IoT integrated smart homes and smart buildings
Soon, self-sustainable smart homes and smart buildings will have a
major contribution to smart cities, and these are also considered the
biggest stakeholder of the energy markets. Thus, for their proper inte­
gration into the smart cities’ energy networks, optimal energy regula­
tion techniques are still underdeveloped (Zhu et al., 2022). To
intelligently regulate the energy procurement of smart buildings, ICT
U. ur Rehman et al.
Fig. 8. Novel step by step technological transition paradigms of the EMSs for smart cities.
and IoT-based state-of-the-art techniques can be listed: DSM enabled
renewable power generation forecasting methods, machine
learning-based Day-ahead forecasting methods, and real-time fault
tracing and informing systems using different sensors (Sriyakul and
Jermsittiparsert, 2021). More robust data security and integrity
ensuring methods should also be proposed. These include using
Software-defined networking (SDN) and blockchain-based security
models to increase energy system security and reliability.
In addition, to counter any transient or instability that may interrupt
energy management system operation, both real-time and historic
weather forecasts data must be obtained by different sensors to timely
control the power system (Razmjoo et al., 2022). In order to minimize
the energy bills in smart buildings, smart meters should be installed so
that a consumer can stay informed about the electricity prices in
real-time and can make changes in power consumption patterns. By
11
Sustainable Cities and Society 96 (2023) 104720
using multi-agent techniques, robust power management algorithms can
be developed for smart buildings. Further, with the collaborative
implementation of ICT, IoT and mathematical algorithms higher yields
from renewable resources with minimum cost can be obtained. To
improve the power quality within a smart building, ESS can be inte­
grated and operated in response to price changes.
Furthermore, all upper-stated technologies will be integrated
together to develop a robust energy system for a smart city. Majorly, ICT,
IoT, distributed generation and real-time smart monitoring and con­
trolling technologies should be combined in such manners that they can
concurrently ensure a better lifestyle for the city dwellers (Lasemi et al.,
2022). A highly sophisticated solution referred to as the “IoT-enabled
power system” can help the integration of new smart IoT-enabled
monitoring and controlling technologies in conventional power net­
works for reliable operation. It is concluded that by the deployment of
U. ur Rehman et al.
IoT and ICT-based integrated distribution generation networks, several
new state-of-the-art techniques to ensure the reliable management of the
smart metering infrastructure can be implemented in future smart cities
(Meenaakshi Sundhari and Jaikumar, 2020). Moreover, before practical
implementation of the upper-stated IoT, pilot testing projects should be
carried out for reviewing the performance of the developed
technologies.
6. Discussion of the analyzed research gaps
The systematic literature review (SLR) conducted in this paper has
highlighted the correct research gaps and suggested state-of-the-art so­
lutions for the practical implementation of the energy management
models in future smart cities. In this section, we present a summary of
the solutions which we have suggested in this SLR. It has to be noted
that, all the review papers referenced here mainly (Nge et al., 2019;
Salehpour and Moghaddas Tafreshi, 2020; Zhou et al., 2019; Siva­
nandam et al., 2020; Palanca et al., 2020; Heinisch et al., 2021; Aung
et al., 2021; Lotfi et al., 2022; Marino and Marufuzzaman, 2020; Zheng
et al., 2022; Vacca, 2022; Galvin, 2022; Shi-Cong Zhang et al., 2021;
Zahedi et al., 2022; Shicong Zhang et al., 2021; Chegari et al., 2022; Lu
et al., 2021; Singh Aujla et al., 2019; Hoang et al., 2021; Kashanizadeh
et al., 2022; Shreenidhi and Ramaiah, 2022; Ahammed and Khan, 2022;
Janhunen et al., 2022; Praveen and Rao, 2020; Narajewski and Ziel,
2022; Zhu et al., 2021; Cao et al., 2020; Nizami et al., 2020; Chen et al.,
2022; Anees et al., 2019; Yazdani and Pirpour, 2020; Yi et al., 2021; Wu
et al., 2021; Finnah et al., 2022; Zhu et al., 2022; Sriyakul and Jerm­
sittiparsert, 2021; Razmjoo et al., 2022; Lasemi et al., 2022; Meenaakshi
Sundhari and Jaikumar, 2020) have particularly reviewed the research
on the state-of-the-art Energy Management (EM) and demand-side
management models. In this SLR, it has to be noted that the current
research on energy management systems is mainly divided between
three research streams. In stream 1, those technological solutions which
have been unanimously declared as the “Basic solutions” in all previ­
ously published papers are included, such as basic power system up­
grade and renewable integration (Lu et al., 2021; Singh Aujla et al.,
2019; Hoang et al., 2021; Kashanizadeh et al., 2022). This is previously a
very highly explored research stream. In stream 2, the energy storage
systems (ESS), Vehicle to Grid (V2G), and Advance Metering Infra­
structure (AMI) are the main topic of research (Shreenidhi and Ram­
aiah, 2022; Ahammed and Khan, 2022; Janhunen et al., 2022). It has
been found that although massive research has been carried out on this
topic, the practical implementation of these technologies is still
confined. In stream 3 state-of-the-art technologies based solution such as
Machine Learning (ML), Artificial Intelligent (AI) based day-ahead
renewable power generation forecasting, Bi-directional energy trading
(BET), and Decentralized Grid Controlling (DGC) are included which are
not largely explored topics yet.
The main distinguishing feature of our study from the previously
published papers is, instead of adopting conventional literature survey
methodologies, we used Bibliometric software and applied K-means
classification algorithm, and used multiple correspondence algorithms
to check out the majorly focused research topics in the past. This anal­
ysis systematically helped us to analyze which topics researchers are
mainly focusing on within the smart energy management domain, and a
holistic survey report has been prepared to check out whether either
outcome of these papers can lead to the successful implementation of
future sustainable smart cities. As a result of this study, in Section III,
Fig. 5 has emphasized developing novel Machine Learning (ML) and
Artificial Intelligence (AI) algorithms for optimal management of energy
management systems. Besides, Fig. 5 also shows that huge research is
still required to develop the practically implementable bi-directional
energy trading models supported by the domestic renewable power
plants on both smart homes and smart buildings community scale. So
that a conventional energy community can be declared a smart and self-
sustainable energy community.
12
Sustainable Cities and Society 96 (2023) 104720
However, in contrast to the result of our SLR study, the previous
studies are majorly focused on developing smart grid aggregation
models, multi-agent based grid-to-grid energy trading models, Demand
Side Management (DSM), and Demand Response (DR.....) based energy
regulation models which according to Fig. 5 have already been explored
in the literature under “smart grid” cluster. Moreover, in all of the
referenced previous review studies, to improve the quality of energy
management systems the development of new vast scale renewable
energy power plants with the assistance of AMI and ESS to minimize
greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions is suggested. Although, in our SLR we
analyzed that still huge research is needed to develop new and high-
yielding renewable power plants. However, to successfully integrate
them in the grid-primarily, advanced metering infrastructure and new
machine learning-based Day-ahead (DA) generation forecasting algo­
rithms need to be developed to support the broader scale deployment of
renewables.
In addition, in this SLR it was found that Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G)
technology has been proposed as the solution of compensating for the
energy fluctuations caused by renewable power plants. To an extent, this
solution is correct and feasible. However, our SLR shows that this
technology has been under exploration for a long time and the keywords
“V2G” and “Vehicle to Grid” are tremendously used in literature. It
shows that several V2G integration models have been proposed in
literature but, to practically implement these technologies feasible so­
lutions are not defined. Our SLR clearly shows that these models are
good and can be implemented in the future in real-life testing. However,
to turn this testing into reality some basic system upgrades such as the
development of new ML/AI algorithms for AMI assistance are required
with the integration of IoT sensors and IoT devices to handle the
tremendous amount of data that will be generated in result of practical
implementation of these technologies. To make it possible our SLR
suggests that: a complete basic infrastructure upgrade is required of the
conventional power grids to successfully implement the V2G technol­
ogy, as proposed in Fig. 7. According to the proposed solution, the first
leap which must be achieved is the development of a prosumers com­
munity. Considering that only the connected Electric Vehicles (EVs)
with chargers might be utilized for the V2G is not the right approach.
Currently, millions of EVs are already running on roads and each of one
cannot be utilized in the V2G mode only by developing the smart
charging infrastructure. Therefore, this SLR suggests that primarily,
robust smart metering infrastructure is needed to be deployed on smart
homes scale in which both ESS and EVs can be used as the backup energy
source.
Furthermore, from the comparative analysis, it can be analyzed that
in He et al., (2021); Georgakarakos et al., (2018); Guo et al., (2021);
Logeswaran et al., (2022); Khafaf et al., (2022); Li et al., (2019); Ferraro
et al., (2020); Toosi et al., (2022); Tan et al., (2021), the main focus of
the literature review was on the EMS. In these papers, authors suggested
that in order to minimize the energy costs in future energy grids, massive
scale renewable integration is required. For this purpose, the authors
suggested developing new efficient inverters capable of handling the
power generation fluctuations and suggested DSM and DR.....-based load
scheduling models. These research solutions are also the common out­
comes (Ortiz et al., 2022; Kang et al., 2022; Lamnatou et al., 2022;
Colmenar-Santos et al., 2018; Abu-Rayash and Dincer, 2021; Kasturi
et al., 2022; Maeyaert et al., 2020). Moreover, the V2G technology is
also suggested as a backup and feasible solution to integrate renewable
resources on large scale. In contrast to these solutions, the results of this
SLR suggest that AMI supported with ESS might be the feasible solution.
Our analysis of the above-mentioned review papers shows that very
confined research on AMI and ESS has been carried out in the literature.
This analysis proves that the solutions suggested by our SLR are feasible
and the indicated research gaps on these topics should be properly
explored.
Moreover, in this comparative study, we found out that in previously
published papers no proper weight to the state-of-the-art IoT devices and
U. ur Rehman et al.
sensors’ role in the EMS has been given. Smart sensors integrated sys­
tems supported by ML/AI based weather forecasting methods, data se­
curity, bi-directional energy trading, local energy trading, and
decentralized grid controlling (DGC) are found the key technologies
which are still not fully developed. Our SLR study shows that as these are
new topics of research therefore no such notable mature models have
been proposed in the literature (Web of science artilces database; ACM
digitial dabase; DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals database;
Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny tool in R software; Bashar et al., 2021;
K-means clustering using bibliometrix R tool; de Amorim, 2008). It is
analyzed that, in the reviewed papers, only in Shah and Mahajan, (2017)
and in Lim et al., (2018) authors have suggested local-level energy
trading and decentralized grid control (DGC), which shows the least
priority has been given to these topics in the literature previously. The
result of our SLR proves that a dream of fully sustainable smart cities
cannot be accomplished until local level energy trading would not be
implemented successfully. This is the basic need of any smart city. The
major requirement for enabling local-level energy trading is, each smart
home should be integrated with a smart meter, renewable power plant
and energy storage system, but very few homes have been upgraded
with such energy models till now. The main research gaps which are
found in this paper are listed here as follows:
1. To enable the real-time information exchange of energy production
and consumption as well as to deploy the decentralized grid con­
trolling methodologies major research in the advance metering
infrastructure (AMI) is required.
2. To obtain the maximum benefit from renewable resources, ESS needs
to be integrated on a commercial scale and should be managed in
such manners that, despite of renewable generation fluctuations
these should be charged enough to provide backup support to the
grid in any uncertain situation. Thus, we suggest that researchers
should work on developing new decentralized load regulation
algorithms.
3. It is recommended that novel ML/AI based load regulation and
weather forecasting algorithms are needed to be developed so that
ESS could be preferably charged in off-peak hours or during lower
energy price hours to provide cheap energy to the consumers to
replace the peaking plants.
4. To reduce the computational complexity of the local level bi-
directional energy trading enabling grids, decentralized manage­
ment algorithms should be developed.
5. As sudden changes are very complex to anticipate, and it is the
biggest limitation which is restricting the large-scale deployment of
renewable power plants. To cope with this issue ML-based weather
forecasting algorithms need to be developed. These algorithms
should be primarily trained through historical weather data for a
better outcome.
6. As data security and privacy have become the biggest concern with
the large scale integration of data clouds. Therefore, by using block-
chain, SDN, multi-layer data protection systems need to be
developed.
7. In order to protect the consumers’ privacy data classification algo­
rithms such as k-mean-clustering, logistic regression and support
vector machines, new models should be developed.
7. Conclusion
This paper presents a qualitative and Systematic Literature Review
(SLR) and suggests solutions for the successful implementation of IoT
technologies in smart cities to improve energy management. 2474
research articles have been identified mainly covering the recent ad­
vancements in smart energy systems. Its results show that the current
research on smart energy systems is mainly focused on enhancing the
integration of renewable resources on a local level.
In this paper, limitations of the grid regulation have been explored
13
Sustainable Cities and Society 96 (2023) 104720
which are restricting broader scale deployment of smart energy net­
works in smart cities. It has been found out that lack of reciprocity,
distributed generation, and resilience are the major issues restricting the
large scale implementation of EMSs in smart cities.
The following suggestions have been identified:
- Develop new IoT and ICT-integrated smart metering system.
- Enable bi-directional energy trading by using innovative DSM
techniques.
- Enhance power generation by renewable resources.
- Install ESSs as backup power plants on a city scale to increase service
quality and resilience of the grid.
- Use AI-based user behavior tracking techniques to ensure the con­
sumers’ comfort.
- Define bottom-up regulation methods to enable distributed man­
agement for the smart city energy regulation systems.
Funding
This work has received funding from the EU Horizon 2020 research
and innovation program under project IoTalentum (grant agreement No
953442). The authors acknowledge the work facilities and equipment
provided by GECAD research center (UIDB/00760/2020) to the project
team. Pedro Faria received funding from FCT, grant CEECIND/01423/
2021.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial
interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.
Data availability
Data will be made available on request.
References
Multiple correspondence analysis as a tool for examining research data using biblioshiny
online link; https://rpubs.com/gaston/MCA.
Abu-Rayash, Azzam, & Dincer, Ibrahim (2021). Development and analysis of an
integrated solar energy system for smart cities. Sustainable Energy Technologies and
Assessments, 46, Article 101170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101170. ISSN
2213-1388.
ACM digitial dabase, Online Link: Https://dl.acm.org/.
Adali, Esra Aytaç, Öztaş, Gülin Zeynep, Öztaş, Tayfun, & Tuş, Ayşegül (2022).
Assessment of European cities from a smartness perspective: An integrated grey
MCDM approach. Sustainable Cities and Society, 84, Article 104021. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.scs.2022.104021. ISSN 2210-6707.
Ahammed, Md. Tanvir, & Khan, Imran (2022). Ensuring power quality and demand-side
management through IoT-based smart meters in a developing country. Energy, 250,
Article 123747. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123747. ISSN 0360-5442.
Ahmed, M., Meegahapola, L., Vahidnia, A., & Datta, M. (2020). Stability and control
aspects of microgrid architectures–a comprehensive review. IEEE Access : Practical
Innovations, Open Solutions, 8, 144730–144766. https://doi.org/10.1109/
ACCESS.2020.3014977
Ahmed, H. M. A., Ahmed, M. H., & Salama, M. M. A. (2022). A linearized multiobjective
energy management framework for reconfigurable smart distribution systems
considering BESSs. IEEE Systems Journal, 16(1), 1258–1269. https://doi.org/
10.1109/JSYST.2021.3062491
Aksanli, B., & Rosing, T. S. (2020). Human behavior aware energy management in
residential cyber-physical systems. IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing,
8(1), 45–57. https://doi.org/10.1109/TETC.2017.2680322
Al-Badi, Ali, & Islam Khan, Asharul (2022). A sustainable development neural network
model for big data in smart cities. Procedia Computer Science, 202, 408–413. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2022.04.057. ISSN 1877-0509.
Al-Ghaili, A. M., Kasim, H., Al-Hada, N. M., Othman, M., & Saleh, M. A. (2020). A review:
Buildings energy savings - lighting systems performance. IEEE Access : Practical
Innovations, Open Solutions, 8, 76108–76119. https://doi.org/10.1109/
ACCESS.2020.2989237
Al-Ghaili, A. M., Kasim, H., Al-Hada, N. M., Jørgensen, B. N., Othman, M., & Wang, J.
(2021). Energy management systems and strategies in buildings sector: A scoping
U. ur Rehman et al.
review. IEEE access : practical innovations, open solutions, 9, 63790–63813. https://
doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3075485
Allam, Zaheer, & Dhunny, Zaynah A. (2019). On big data, artificial intelligence and
smart cities. Cities (London, England), 89, 80–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
cities.2019.01.032. ISSN 0264-2751.
Amjadipour, F., Ghassemian, H., & Imani, M. (2022). Building detection using very high
resolution SAR images with multi-direction based on weighted-morphological
indexes. In Proceedings of the 2022 International Conference on Machine Vision and
Image Processing (MVIP) (pp. 1–6). https://doi.org/10.1109/
MVIP53647.2022.9738776
Anees, Amir, Dillon, Tharam, & Chen, Yi-Ping Phoebe (2019). A novel decision strategy
for a bilateral energy contract. Applied Energy, 253, Article 113571. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.113571. ISSN 0306-2619.
Arif, Arooj, Ali Alghamdi, Turki, Khan, Zahoor Ali, & Javaid, Nadeem (2022). Towards
efficient energy utilization using big data analytics in smart cities for electricity theft
detection. Big Data Research, 27, Article 100285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
bdr.2021.100285. ISSN 2214-5796.
Aung, Nyothiri, Zhang, Weidong, Sultan, Kashif, Dhelim, Sahraoui, & Ai, Yibo (2021).
Dynamic traffic congestion pricing and electric vehicle charging management system
for the internet of vehicles in smart cities. Digital Communications and Networks, 7(4),
492–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dcan.2021.01.002. ISSN 2352-8648.
Balasaraswathi, M., Srinivasan, K., Udayakumar, L., Sivasakthiselvan, S., &
Sumithra, M. G. (2020). Big data analytic of contexts and cascading tourism for
smart city. Materials Today: Proceedings. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
matpr.2020.10.132. ISSN 2214-7853.
Bashar, A., Rabbani, M. R., Khan, S., & Ali, M. A. M. (2021). Data driven finance: A
bibliometric review and scientific mapping. In Proceedings of the 2021 International
Conference on Data Analytics for Business and Industry (ICDABI) (pp. 161–166).
https://doi.org/10.1109/ICDABI53623.2021.9655898
Beştepe, Fırat, & Yildirim, Sevgi Özkan (2022). Acceptance of IoT-based and
sustainability-oriented smart city services: A mixed methods study. Sustainable Cities
and Society, 80, Article 103794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.103794. ISSN
2210-6707.
Bhardwaj, Kartik Krishna, Banyal, Siddhant, Sharma, Deepak Kumar, & Al-
Numay, Waleed (2022). Internet of things based smart city design using fog
computing and fuzzy logic. Sustainable Cities and Society, 79, Article 103712. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.103712. ISSN 2210-6707.
Bibliometrix and Biblioshiny tool in R software. Online Link: Https://www.bibliometrix.
org/home/.
Blasi, S., Ganzaroli, A., & De Noni, I. (2022). Smartening sustainable development in
cities: Strengthening the theoretical linkage between smart cities and SDGs.
Sustainable Cities and Society, 80, Article 103793. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
scs.2022.103793. ISSN 2210-6707.
Calvillo, C. F., Sánchez-Miralles, A., Villar, J., & Martín, F. (2017). Impact of EV
penetration in the interconnected urban environment of a smart city. Energy, 141,
2218–2233. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.12.006. ISSN 0360-5442.
Cao, Di, Hu, Weihao, Xu, Xiao, Dragičević, Tomislav, Huang, Qi, Liu, Zhou, et al. (2020).
Bidding strategy for trading wind energy and purchasing reserve of wind power
producer – A DRL based approach. International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy
Systems, 117, Article 105648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2019.105648. ISSN
0142-0615.
Cao, Yan, Dhahad, Hayder A., Togun, Hussein, El-Shafay, A. S., Alamri, Sagr, Rajhi, Ali
A., et al. (2022). Development and transient performance analysis of a decentralized
grid-connected smart energy system based on hybrid solar-geothermal resources;
Techno-economic evaluation. Sustainable Cities and Society, 76, Article 103425.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103425. ISSN 2210-6707.
Cavallaro, C., Bujari, A., Foschini, L., Di Modica, G., & Bellavista, P. (2021). Measuring
the impact of COVID-19 restrictions on mobility: A real case study from Italy. Journal
of Communications and Networks, 23(5), 340–349. https://doi.org/10.23919/
JCN.2021.000034
Cen, Bowei, Hu, Chunchao, Cai, Zexiang, Wu, Zhigang, Zhang, Yanxu, Liu, Jianing, et al.
(2022). A configuration method of computing resources for microservice-based edge
computing apparatus in smart distribution transformer area. International Journal of
Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 138, Article 107935. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijepes.2021.107935. ISSN 0142-0615.
Chang, Victor (2021). An ethical framework for big data and smart cities. Technological
Forecasting and Social Change, 165, Article 120559. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
techfore.2020.120559. ISSN 0040-1625.
Chaudhry, S. A., Nebhan, J., Yahya, K., & Al-Turjman, F. (2022). A privacy enhanced
authentication scheme for securing smart grid infrastructure. IEEE Transactions on
Industrial Informatics, 18(7), 5000–5006. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2021.3119685
Chavez, J., Soares, J., Vale, Z., Canizes, B., & Ramos, S. (2022). A review of unpredictable
renewable energy sources through electric vehicles on islands. In et al. innovations in
bio-inspired computing and applications. ibica 2021. lecture notes in networks and
systems, 419. Cham: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96299-9_71
Chegari, Badr, Tabaa, Mohamed, Simeu, Emmanuel, Moutaouakkil, Fouad, &
Medromi, Hicham (2022). An optimal surrogate-model-based approach to support
comfortable and nearly zero energy buildings design. Energy, 248, Article 123584.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123584. ISSN 0360-5442.
Chen, Y., Martínez-Ortega, J., Castillejo, P., & López, L. (2019a). A homomorphic-based
multiple data aggregation scheme for smart grid. IEEE Sensors Journal, 19(10),
3921–3929. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2019.2895769
Chen, W., Zhou, A., Zhou, P., Gao, L., Ji, S., & Wu, D. (2019b). A privacy-preserving
online learning approach for incentive-based demand response in smart grid. IEEE
Systems Journal, 13(4), 4208–4218. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2018.2883448
14
Sustainable Cities and Society 96 (2023) 104720
Chen, Jie, Ramanathan, L., & Alazab, Mamoun (2021). Holistic big data integrated
artificial intelligent modeling to improve privacy and security in data management
of smart cities. Microprocessors and Microsystems, 81, Article 103722. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.micpro.2020.103722. ISSN 0141-9331.
Chen, Jiandong, Xie, Qiaoli, Shahbaz, Muhammad, Song, Malin, & Li, Li (2022). Impact
of bilateral trade on fossil energy consumption in BRICS: An extended decomposition
analysis. Economic Modelling, 106, Article 105698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
econmod.2021.105698. ISSN 0264-9993.
Cirillo, F., Gómez, D., Diez, L., Maestro, I. Elicegui, Gilbert, T. B. J., & Akhavan, R.
(2020). Smart city IoT services creation through large-scale collaboration. IEEE
Internet of Things Journal, 7(6), 5267–5275. https://doi.org/10.1109/
JIOT.2020.2978770
Colmenar-Santos, Antonio, Molina-Ibáñez, Enrique-Luis, Rosales-Asensio, Enrique, &
López-Rey, África (2018). Technical approach for the inclusion of superconducting
magnetic energy storage in a smart city. Energy, 158, 1080–1091. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.energy.2018.06.109. ISSN 0360-5442.
Darmawan, A., Setyaningrum, N., Riisyani, I. Fauziyah Cahyaningtyas, & Putra
Perdana, A. (2020). Impact of the COVID-19 large-scale social restrictions on NO2
and CO concentrations in the most populated cities in Java Island, Indonesia. In
Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Asia-Pacific Conference on Geoscience, Electronics and
Remote Sensing Technology (AGERS) (pp. 1–10). https://doi.org/10.1109/
AGERS51788.2020.9452784
de Amorim, R. C. (2008). Constrained intelligent K-means: Improving results with
limited previous knowledge. In Proceedings of the 2008 The Second International
Conference on Advanced Engineering Computing and Applications in Sciences (pp.
176–180). https://doi.org/10.1109/ADVCOMP.2008.30
Ding, Z., & Lee, W. (2016). A stochastic microgrid operation scheme to balance between
system reliability and greenhouse gas emission. IEEE Transactions on Industry
Applications, 52(2), 1157–1166. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2015.2490619
DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals database, Online Link: Https://doaj.org/.
Dong, Y., Hossain, M. J., Cheng, J., & Leung, V. C. M. (2020). Cross-Layer scheduling and
beamforming in smart-grid powered cellular networks with heterogeneous energy
coordination. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 68(5), 2711–2725. https://doi.
org/10.1109/TCOMM.2020.2971699
Etedadi Aliabadi, F., Agbossou, K., Kelouwani, S., Henao, N., & Hosseini, S. S. (2021).
Coordination of smart home energy management systems in neighborhood areas: A
systematic review. IEEE Access : Practical Innovations, Open Solutions, 9,
36417–36443. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3061995
Ferdous, J., et al. (2020). Optimal dynamic pricing for trading-off user utility and
operator profit in smart grid. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics:
Systems, 50(2), 455–467. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSMC.2017.2764442
Ferraro, M., Brunaccini, G., Sergi, F., Aloisio, D., Randazzo, N., & Antonucci, V. (2020).
From Uninterruptible Power Supply to resilient smart micro grid: The case of a
battery storage at telecommunication station. Journal of Energy Storage, 28, Article
101207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101207. ISSN 2352-152X.
Finnah, Benedikt, Gönsch, Jochen, & Ziel, Florian (2022). Integrated day-ahead and
intraday self-schedule bidding for energy storage systems using approximate
dynamic programming. European Journal of Operational Research, 301(2), 726–746.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejor.2021.11.010. ISSN 0377-2217.
Foroozandeh, Z., Ramos, S., Soares, J., & Vale, Z. (2022). Goal programming approach
for energy management of smart building. IEEE access : practical innovations, open
solutions, 10, 25341–25348. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3153341
Fugini, Mariagrazia, Finocchi, Jacopo, & Locatelli, Paolo (2021). A big data analytics
architecture for smart cities and smart companies. Big Data Research, 24, Article
100192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bdr.2021.100192. ISSN 2214-5796.
Galvin, Ray (2022). Net-zero-energy buildings or zero-carbon energy systems? How best
to decarbonize Germany’s thermally inefficient 1950s-1970s-era apartments. Journal
of Building Engineering, 54, Article 104671. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jobe.2022.104671. ISSN 2352-7102.
Gangatharan, S., Rengasamy, M., Elavarasan, R. M., Das, N., Hossain, E., &
Sundaram, V. M. (2020). A novel battery supported energy management system for
the effective handling of feeble power in hybrid microgrid environment. IEEE access :
practical innovations, open solutions, 8, 217391–217415. https://doi.org/10.1109/
ACCESS.2020.3039403
Garcia-Font, Victor (2020). SocialBlock: An architecture for decentralized user-centric
data management applications for communications in smart cities. Journal of Parallel
and Distributed Computing, 145, 13–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2020.06.004.
ISSN 0743-7315.
Georgakarakos, Andreas D., Mayfield, Martin, & Hathway, Elizabeth Abigail (2018).
Battery storage systems in smart grid optimised buildings. Energy Procedia, 151,
23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.09.022. ISSN 1876-6102.
Glukhov, G., & Derevitskii, I. (2021). Points-of-Interest recommendation algorithms for a
COVID-19 restrictions scenario in the catering industry. In Proceedings of the 2021
IEEE 15th International Conference on Application of Information and Communication
Technologies (AICT) (pp. 1–6). https://doi.org/10.1109/AICT52784.2021.9620251
Gohar, Moneeb, Muzammal, Muhammad, Rahman, Arif Ur, & SMART, TSS (2018).
Defining transportation system behavior using big data analytics in smart cities.
Sustainable Cities and Society, 41, 114–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
scs.2018.05.008. ISSN 2210-6707.
Gomes, Luis, Morais, Hugo, Gonçalves, Calvin, Gomes, Eduardo, Pereira, Lucas, &
Vale, Zita (2022). Impact of forecasting models errors in a peer-to-peer energy
sharing market. Energies, 15(10), 3543. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15103543
Grassia, M., Mangioni, G., Schiavo, S., Traverso, S., & Gomez-Gardenes, J. (2022).
(Unintended) Consequences of export restrictions on medical goods during the
Covid-19 pandemic. Journal of Complex Networks, 10(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/
10.1093/comnet/cnab045
U. ur Rehman et al.
Guo, Caishan, Luo, Fengji, Cai, Zexiang, Dong, Zhao Yang, & Zhang, Rui (2021).
Integrated planning of internet data centers and battery energy storage systems in
smart grids. Applied Energy, 281, Article 116093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apenergy.2020.116093. ISSN 0306-2619.
Haghighat, H., Karimianfard, H., & Zeng, B. (2020). Integrating energy management of
autonomous smart grids in electricity market operation. IEEE Transactions on Smart
Grid, 11(5), 4044–4055. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2020.2992570
Hansen, Paula, Morrison, Gregory M., Zaman, Atiq, & Liu, Xin (2020). Smart technology
needs smarter management: Disentangling the dynamics of digitalism in the
governance of shared solar energy in Australia. Energy Research & Social Science, 60,
Article 101322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2019.101322. ISSN 2214-6296.
Hashem, Ibrahim Abaker Targio, Chang, Victor, Badrul Anuar, Nor, Adewole, Kayode,
Yaqoob, Ibrar, Gani, Abdullah, et al. (2016). The role of big data in smart city.
International Journal of Information Management, 36(5), 748–758. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2016.05.002. ISSN 0268-4012.
Hashimoto, J., Ustun, T. S., Suzuki, M., Sugahara, S., Hasegawa, M., & Otani, K. (2021).
Advanced grid integration test platform for increased distributed renewable energy
penetration in smart grids. IEEE access : practical innovations, open solutions, 9,
34040–34053. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3061731
He, Li, Liu, Yuanzhi, & Zhang, Jie (2021). Peer-to-peer energy sharing with battery
storage: Energy pawn in the smart grid. Applied Energy, 297, Article 117129. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.117129. ISSN 0306-2619.
Heinisch, Verena, Göransson, Lisa, Erlandsson, Rasmus, Hodel, Henrik, Johnsson, Filip,
& Odenberger, Mikael (2021). Smart electric vehicle charging strategies for sectoral
coupling in a city energy system. Applied Energy, 288, Article 116640. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.116640. ISSN 0306-2619.
Hoang, Anh Tuan, Pham, Van Viet, & Nguyen, Xuan Phuong (2021). Integrating
renewable sources into energy system for smart city as a sagacious strategy towards
clean and sustainable process. Journal of Cleaner Production, 305, Article 127161.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127161. ISSN 0959-6526.
Hodorog, Andrei, Petri, Ioan, & Rezgui, Yacine (2022). Machine learning and natural
language processing of social media data for event detection in smart cities.
Sustainable Cities and Society. , Article 104026. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
scs.2022.104026. ISSN 2210-6707.
Hussain, S., El-Bayeh, C. Z., Lai, C., & Eicker, U. (2021). Multi-Level energy management
systems toward a smarter grid: A review. IEEE access : practical innovations, open
solutions, 9, 71994–72016. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3078082
Imran, A., et al. (2020). Heuristic-Based programable controller for efficient energy
management under renewable energy sources and energy storage system in smart
grid. IEEE access : practical innovations, open solutions, 8, 139587–139608. https://
doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3012735
Janhunen, Eerika, Vimpari, Jussi, & Junnila, Seppo (2022). Evaluation of the financial
benefits of a ground-source heat pump pool with demand side management: Is smart
profitable for real estate? Sustainable Cities and Society, 78, Article 103604. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103604. ISSN 2210-6707.
Jove, Esteban, Casado-Vara, Roberto, Casteleiro-Roca, José-Luis, Pérez, Juan Albino
Méndez, Vale, Zita, & Calvo-Rolle, José Luis (2021). A hybrid intelligent classifier for
anomaly detection. Neurocomputing, 452, 498–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
neucom.2019.12.138. ISSN 0925-2312.
K-means clustering using bibliometrix R tool Online Link: Https://www.jscires.org/arti
cle/326.
Kamble, S., Bandagale, D., & Kanakia, H. (2021). Analysis of mental health during
COVID-19 pandemic. In Proceedings of the 2021 5th International Conference on
Information Systems and Computer Networks (ISCON) (pp. 1–5). https://doi.org/
10.1109/ISCON52037.2021.9702414
Kandt, Jens, & Batty, Michael (2021). Smart cities, big data and urban policy: Towards
urban analytics for the long run. Cities (London, England), 109, Article 102992.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2020.102992. ISSN 0264-2751.
Kang, Hyuna, Jung, Seunghoon, Lee, Minhyun, & Hong, Taehoon (2022). How to better
share energy towards a carbon-neutral city? A review on application strategies of
battery energy storage system in city. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 157,
Article 112113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112113. ISSN 1364-0321.
Karim, M. R., et al. (2022). Convolutional embedded networks for population scale
clustering and bio-ancestry inferencing. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Computational
Biology and Bioinformatics, 19(1), 369–382. https://doi.org/10.1109/
TCBB.2020.2994649
Kashanizadeh, Babak, Shourkaei, Hosein Mohammadnezhad, & Fotuhi-
Firuzabad, Mahmud (2022). Short-term resilience-oriented enhancement in smart
multiple residential energy system using local electrical storage system, demand side
management and mobile generators. Journal of Energy Storage, 52(Part B), Article
104825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2022.104825. ISSN 2352-152X.
Kasturi, Kumari, Kumar Nayak, Chinmay, Patnaik, Samarjit, & Nayak, Manas Ranjan
(2022). Strategic integration of photovoltaic, battery energy storage and switchable
capacitor for multi-objective optimization of low voltage electricity grid: Assessing
grid benefits. Renewable Energy Focus, 41, 104–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ref.2022.02.006. ISSN 1755-0084.
Kavousi-Fard, Abdollah, Almutairi, Abdulaziz, Al-Sumaiti, Ameena, Farughian, Amir, &
Alyami, Saeed (2021). An effective secured peer-to-peer energy market based on
blockchain architecture for the interconnected microgrid and smart grid.
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 132, Article 107171.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107171. ISSN 0142-0615.
Kermani, M., Shirdare, E., Parise, G., Bongiorno, M., & Martirano, L. (2022).
A comprehensive technoeconomic solution for demand control in ports: energy
storage systems integration. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 58(2),
1592–1601. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2022.3145769
15
Sustainable Cities and Society 96 (2023) 104720
Khafaf, Nameer Al, Rezaei, Ahmad Asgharian, Amani, Ali Moradi, Jalili, Mahdi,
McGrath, Brendan, Meegahapola, Lasantha, et al. (2022). Impact of battery storage
on residential energy consumption: An Australian case study based on smart meter
data. Renewable Energy, 182, 390–400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
renene.2021.10.005. ISSN 0960-1481.
Khan, Asif, Aslam, Sheraz, Aurangzeb, Khursheed, Alhussein, Musaed, & Javaid, Nadeem
(2022). Multiscale modeling in smart cities: A survey on applications, current trends,
and challenges. Sustainable Cities and Society, 78, Article 103517. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.scs.2021.103517. ISSN 2210-6707.
Kim, Byungjun, Yoo, Minjoo, Park, Keon Chul, Lee, Kyeo Re, & Kim, Jang Hyun (2021).
A value of civic voices for smart city: A big data analysis of civic queries posed by
Seoul citizens. Cities (London, England), 108, Article 102941. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.cities.2020.102941. ISSN 0264-2751.
Kutty, Adeeb A., Kucukvar, Murat, Abdella, Galal M., Bulak, Muhammet Enis, &
Onat, Nuri Cihat (2022). Sustainability performance of european smart cities: A
novel DEA approach with double frontiers. Sustainable Cities and Society, 81, Article
103777. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.103777. ISSN 2210-6707.
Kwon, K., Lee, S., & Kim, S. (2022). AI-Based Home Energy Management System
Considering Energy Efficiency and Resident Satisfaction. IEEE Internet of Things
Journal, 9(2), 1608–1621. https://doi.org/10.1109/JIOT.2021.3104830
Lacinák, Maroš (2021). Resilience of the Smart Transport System – Risks and Aims.
Transportation Research Procedia, 55, 1635–1640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
trpro.2021.07.153. ISSN 2352-1465.
Lamnatou, Chr., Chemisana, D., & Cristofari, C. (2022). Smart grids and smart
technologies in relation to photovoltaics, storage systems, buildings and the
environment. Renewable Energy, 185, 1376–1391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
renene.2021.11.019. ISSN 0960-1481.
Lasemi, Mohammad Ali, Arabkoohsar, Ahmad, Hajizadeh, Amin, & Mohammadi-
ivatloo, Behnam (2022). A comprehensive review on optimization challenges of
smart energy hubs under uncertainty factors. Renewable and Sustainable Energy
Reviews, 160, Article 112320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112320. ISSN
1364-0321.
Leeuwen, Gijs van, AlSkaif, Tarek, Gibescu, Madeleine, & van Sark, Wilfried (2020). An
integrated blockchain-based energy management platform with bilateral trading for
microgrid communities. Applied Energy, 263, Article 114613. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114613. ISSN 0306-2619.
Leitão, J., Gil, P., Ribeiro, B., & Cardoso, A. (2020). A survey on home energy
management. IEEE access : practical innovations, open solutions, 8, 5699–5722.
https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2963502
Li, Hong Xian, Horan, Peter, Luther, Mark B., & Ahmed, Tarek M. F. (2019). Informed
decision making of battery storage for solar-PV homes using smart meter data.
Energy and Buildings, 198, 491–502. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2019.06.036.
ISSN 0378-7788.
Li, P., Sheng, W., Duan, Q., Li, Z., Zhu, C., & Zhang, X. (2020). A lyapunov optimization-
based energy management strategy for energy hub with energy router. IEEE
Transactions on Smart Grid, 11(6), 4860–4870. https://doi.org/10.1109/
TSG.2020.2968747
Lim, Chiehyeon, Kim, Kwang-Jae, & Maglio, Paul P. (2018). Smart cities with big data:
Reference models, challenges, and considerations. Cities (London, England), 82,
86–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cities.2018.04.011. ISSN 0264-2751.
Liu, N., Tan, L., Sun, H., Zhou, Z., & Guo, B. (2022). Bilevel heat–electricity energy
sharing for integrated energy systems with energy hubs and prosumers. IEEE
Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 18(6), 3754–3765. https://doi.org/10.1109/
TII.2021.3112095
Logeswaran, T., Senthil Raja, M., Hameed, Jennathu Beevi Sahul, &
Abdulrahim, Mahabuba (2022). Power flow management of hybrid system in smart
grid requirements using ITSA-MOAT approach. Applied Energy, 319, Article 119228.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2022.119228. ISSN 0306-2619.
Lotfi, Mohamed, Almeida, Tiago, Javadi, Mohammad S., Osório, Gerardo J.,
Monteiro, Cláudio, & Catalão, João P. S. (2022). Coordinating energy management
systems in smart cities with electric vehicles. Applied Energy, 307, Article 118241.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2021.118241. ISSN 0306-2619.
Lu, Yuehong, Khan, Zafar A., Gunduz, Hasan, Wang, Changlong, Imran, Muhammad, &
Qureshi, Imran (2021). Comparison of two strategies of reward-penalty mechanism
for promoting net zero energy buildings. Sustainable Energy Technologies and
Assessments, 47, Article 101347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101347. ISSN
2213-1388.
Lyu, Z., Wei, H., Bai, X., & Lian, C. (2020). Microservice-Based architecture for an energy
management system. IEEE Systems Journal, 14(4), 5061–5072. https://doi.org/
10.1109/JSYST.2020.2981095
Lyu, Cheng, Jia, Youwei, & Xu, Zhao (2021). Fully decentralized peer-to-peer energy
sharing framework for smart buildings with local battery system and aggregated
electric vehicles. Applied Energy, 299, Article 117243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
apenergy.2021.117243. ISSN 0306-2619.
Ma, G., Li, J., & Zhang, X.-P. (2022). A review on optimal energy management of
multimicrogrid system considering uncertainties. IEEE Access : Practical Innovations,
Open Solutions, 10, 77081–77098. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3192638
Maeyaert, Louis, Vandevelde, Lieven, & Döring, Thomas (2020). Battery storage for
ancillary services in smart distribution grids. Journal of Energy Storage, 30, Article
101524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.101524. ISSN 2352-152X.
Mahela, O. P., et al. (2022). Comprehensive overview of multi-agent systems for
controlling smart grids. CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, 8(1), 115–131.
https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2020.03390
Marino, Carlos Antonio, & Marufuzzaman, Mohammad (2020). Unsupervised learning
for deploying smart charging public infrastructure for electric vehicles in sprawling
U. ur Rehman et al.
cities. Journal of Cleaner Production, 266, Article 121926. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
jclepro.2020.121926. ISSN 0959-6526.
Mazhar Rathore, M., Paul, Anand, Hong, Won-Hwa, Seo, HyunCheol, Awan, Imtiaz, &
Saeed, Sharjil (2018). Exploiting IoT and big data analytics: Defining smart digital
city using real-time urban data. Sustainable Cities and Society, 40, 600–610. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2017.12.022. ISSN 2210-6707.
Meenaakshi Sundhari, R. P., & Jaikumar, K. (2020). IoT assisted Hierarchical
Computation Strategic Making (HCSM) and Dynamic Stochastic Optimization
Technique (DSOT) for energy optimization in wireless sensor networks for smart city
monitoring. Computer Communications, 150, 226–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
comcom.2019.11.032. ISSN 0140-3664.
Murtagh, F. (2007). Multiple correspondence analysis and related methods.
Psychometrika, 72, 275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-006-1579-x
Narajewski, Michał, & Ziel, Florian (2022). Optimal bidding in hourly and quarter-hourly
electricity price auctions: Trading large volumes of power with market impact and
transaction costs. Energy Economics, 110, Article 105974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
eneco.2022.105974. ISSN 0140-9883.
Nge, Chee Lim, Ranaweera, Iromi U., Midtgård, Ole-Morten, & Norum, Lars (2019).
A real-time energy management system for smart grid integrated photovoltaic
generation with battery storage. Renewable Energy, 130, 774–785. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.renene.2018.06.073. ISSN 0960-1481.
Nizami, M. S. H., Hossain, M. J., Ruhul Amin, B. M., & Fernandez, Edstan (2020).
A residential energy management system with bi-level optimization-based bidding
strategy for day-ahead bi-directional electricity trading. Applied Energy, 261, Article
114322. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2019.114322. ISSN 0306-2619.
Nunez Forestieri, J., & Farasat, M. (2020). Integrative sizing/real-time energy
management of a hybrid supercapacitor/undersea energy storage system for grid
integration of wave energy conversion systems. IEEE Journal of Emerging and Selected
Topics in Power Electronics, 8(4), 3798–3810. https://doi.org/10.1109/
JESTPE.2019.2926061
Omar, Ilhaam A., Hasan, Haya R., Jayaraman, Raja, Salah, Khaled, & Omar, Mohammed
(2021). Implementing decentralized auctions using blockchain smart contracts.
Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 168, Article 120786. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.techfore.2021.120786. ISSN 0040-1625.
Ortiz, Guadalupe, Boubeta-Puig, Juan, Criado, Javier, Corral-Plaza, David, Garcia-de-
Prado, Alfonso, Medina-Bulo, Inmaculada, et al. (2022). A microservice architecture
for real-time IoT data processing: A reusable Web of things approach for smart ports.
Computer Standards & Interfaces, 81, Article 103604. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
csi.2021.103604. ISSN 0920-5489.
Osman, Ahmed M. Shahat (2019). A novel big data analytics framework for smart cities.
Future Generation Computer Systems, 91, 620–633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
future.2018.06.046. ISSN 0167-739X.
Pérez del Hoyo, Raquel, Visvizi, Anna, & Mora, Higinio (2021). Chapter 2 - Inclusiveness,
safety, resilience, and sustainability in the smart city context. In Anna Visvizi, &
Raquel Pérez del Hoyo (Eds.), Smart cities and the un SDGs (pp. 15–28). Elsevier.
https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85151-0.00002-6. ISBN 9780323851510.
Palanca, Javier, Jordán, Jaume, Bajo, Javier, & Botti, Vicent (2020). An energy-aware
algorithm for electric vehicle infrastructures in smart cities. Future Generation
Computer Systems, 108, 454–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2020.03.001.
ISSN 0167-739X.
Y. Pan, K. Gao, Z. Li and N. Wu, "Improved Meta-Heuristics for Solving Distributed Lot-
Streaming Permutation Flow Shop Scheduling Problems," in IEEE Transactions on
Automation Science and Engineering, 10.1109/TASE.2022.3151648.
Pournaras, Evangelos, Jung, Seoho, Yadhunathan, Srivatsan, Zhang, Huiting, &
Fang, Xingliang (2019). Socio-technical smart grid optimization via decentralized
charge control of electric vehicles. Applied Soft Computing, 82, Article 105573.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.asoc.2019.105573. ISSN 1568-4946.
Praveen, Mande, & Rao, G. V. Sivakrishna (2020). Ensuring the reduction in peak load
demands based on load shifting DSM strategy for smart grid applications. Procedia
Computer Science, 167, 2599–2605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.03.319.
ISSN 1877-0509.
PRISMA systematic literature review analysis Online link: Http://www.prisma-statement
.org/.
Rafique, S., Hossain, M. J., Nizami, M. S. H., Irshad, U. B., & Mukhopadhyay, S. C.
(2021). Energy management systems for residential buildings with electric vehicles
and distributed energy resources. IEEE access : practical innovations, open solutions, 9,
46997–47007. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3067950
Rajaei, A., Fattaheian-Dehkordi, S., Fotuhi-Firuzabad, M., Moeini-Aghtaie, M., &
Lehtonen, M. (2021). Developing a distributed robust energy management
framework for active distribution systems. IEEE Transactions on Sustainable Energy,
12(4), 1891–1902. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSTE.2021.3070316
Ramu, Swarna Priya, Boopalan, Parimala, Pham, Quoc-Viet, Maddikunta, Praveen
Kumar Reddy, Huynh-The, Thien, Alazab, Mamoun, et al. (2022). Federated learning
enabled digital twins for smart cities: Concepts, recent advances, and future
directions. Sustainable Cities and Society, 79, Article 103663. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.scs.2021.103663. ISSN 2210-6707.
Razmjoo, Armin, Mirjalili, Seyedali, Aliehyaei, Mehdi, Østergaard, Poul Alberg,
Ahmadi, Abolfazl, & Nezhad, Meysam Majidi (2022). Development of smart energy
systems for communities: Technologies, policies and applications. Energy, 248,
Article 123540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123540. ISSN 0360-5442.
Reem Al Sharif, & Shaligram Pokharel. (2022). Smart City Dimensions and Associated
Risks: Review of literature. Sustainable Cities and Society, 77, 2210–6707. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103542
Rehman, A. U., et al. (2021). An optimal power usage scheduling in smart grid integrated
with renewable energy sources for energy management. IEEE Access : Practical
16
Sustainable Cities and Society 96 (2023) 104720
Innovations, Open Solutions, 9, 84619–84638. https://doi.org/10.1109/
ACCESS.2021.3087321
Rehman, Ubaid ur, Yaqoob, Kamran, & Khan, Muhammad Adil (2022). Optimal power
management framework for smart homes using electric vehicles and energy storage.
International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, 134, Article 107358.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2021.107358. ISSN 0142-0615.
S. Rijo-García, E. Segredo and C. León, "Computational Thinking and User Interfaces: A
Systematic Review," in IEEE Transactions on Education, doi: 10.1109/
TE.2022.3159765.
Salehpour, Mohammad Javad, & Moghaddas Tafreshi, S. M. (2020). Contract-based
utilization of plug-in electric vehicle batteries for day-ahead optimal operation of a
smart micro-grid. Journal of Energy Storage, 27, Article 101157. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.est.2019.101157. ISSN 2352-152X.
Sameti, Mohammad, & Haghighat, Fariborz (2019). Optimization of 4th generation
distributed district heating system: Design and planning of combined heat and
power. Renewable Energy, 130, 371–387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
renene.2018.06.068. ISSN 0960-1481.
Sami, B. S. (2020). Intelligent energy management for off-grid renewable hybrid system
using multi-agent approach. IEEE access : practical innovations, open solutions, 8,
8681–8696. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2963584
Sebastián Cañavera-Herrera, Juan, Tang, Junqing, Nochta, Timea, & Schooling, Jennifer
M. (2022). On the relation between ‘resilience’ and ‘smartness’: A critical review.
International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 75, Article 102970. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.ijdrr.2022.102970. ISSN 2212-4209.
Shah, N., & Mahajan, S. (2017). Scalability analysis of semantics based distributed
document clustering algorithms. In Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference
on Intelligent Computing, Instrumentation and Control Technologies (ICICICT) (pp.
763–768). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICICICT1.2017.8342660
Sharif, Reem Al, & Pokharel, Shaligram (2022). Smart city dimensions and associated
risks: Review of literature. Sustainable Cities and Society, 77, Article 103542. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103542. ISSN 2210-6707.
Shi, Y., Tuan, H. D., Savkin, A. V., Duong, T. Q., & Poor, H. V. (2019). Model predictive
control for smart grids with multiple electric-vehicle charging stations. IEEE
Transactions on Smart Grid, 10(2), 2127–2136. https://doi.org/10.1109/
TSG.2017.2789333
Shi, H., Li, Z., Ye, H., Luo, H., Xiong, W., & Wang, X. (2021). First level 1 product results
of the greenhouse gas monitoring instrument on the GaoFen-5 satellite. IEEE
Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, 59(2), 899–914. https://doi.org/
10.1109/TGRS.2020.2998729
Shreenidhi, H. S., & Ramaiah, Narayana Swamy (2022). A two-stage deep convolutional
model for demand response energy management system in IoT-enabled smart grid.
Sustainable Energy, Grids and Networks, 30, Article 100630. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.segan.2022.100630. ISSN 2352-4677.
Siang Fui, Tie, & Chee Wei Tan. (2013). A review of energy sources and energy
management system in electric vehicles. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,
20, 82–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2012.11.077
Silva, Bhagya Nathali, Khan, Murad, & Han, Kijun (2020). Integration of Big Data
analytics embedded smart city architecture with RESTful web of things for efficient
service provision and energy management. Future Generation Computer Systems, 107,
975–987. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2017.06.024. ISSN 0167-739X.
Singh Aujla, Gagangeet, Kumar, Neeraj, Singh, Mukesh, & Zomaya, Albert Y. (2019).
Energy trading with dynamic pricing for electric vehicles in a smart city
environment. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 127, 169–183. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.jpdc.2018.06.010. ISSN 0743-7315.
Singh, Saurabh, Pise, Anil, Alfarraj, Osama, Tolba, Amr, & Yoon, Byungun (2022).
A cryptographic approach to prevent network incursion for enhancement of QoS in
sustainable smart city using MANET. Sustainable Cities and Society, 79, Article
103483. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103483. ISSN 2210-6707.
Siokas, Georgios, Kelaidi, Valia, & Tsakanikas, Aggelos (2022). The smart city as a hub
for nourishing public-private partnerships. Sustainable Cities and Society, 76, Article
103466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103466. ISSN 2210-6707.
Sivanandam, Lokesh, Periyasamy, Sakthivel, & Oorkavalan, Uma Maheswari (2020).
Power transition X filling based selective Huffman encoding technique for test-data
compression and scan power reduction for SOCs. Microprocessors and Microsystems,
72, Article 102937. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpro.2019.102937. ISSN 0141-
9331.
Sorour, A., Fazeli, M., Monfared, M., Fahmy, A. A., Searle, J. R., & Lewis, R. P. (2021).
Forecast-Based energy management for domestic PV-Battery systems: A U.K. case
study. IEEE access : practical innovations, open solutions, 9, 58953–58965. https://doi.
org/10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3072961
Sriyakul, Thanaporn, & Jermsittiparsert, Kittisak (2021). Risk-controlled economic
performance of compressed air energy storage and wind generation in day-ahead,
intraday and balancing markets. Renewable Energy, 165(Part 1), 182–193. https://
doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.11.025. ISSN 0960-1481.
Strezoski, L., Padullaparti, H., Ding, F., & Baggu, M. (2022). Integration of utility
distributed energy resource management system and aggregators for evolving
distribution system operators. Journal of Modern Power Systems and Clean Energy, 10
(2), 277–285. https://doi.org/10.35833/MPCE.2021.000667
Takewaki, I., Fujita, K., Yamamoto, K., & Takabatake, H. (2011). Smart passive damper
control for greater building earthquake resilience in sustainable cities. Sustainable
Cities and Society, 1(1), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2010.08.002. ISSN
2210-6707.
Tan, Kang Miao, Babu, Thanikanti Sudhakar, Ramachandaramurthy, Vigna K.,
Kasinathan, Padmanathan, Solanki, Sunil G., & Raveendran, Shangari K. (2021).
Empowering smart grid: A comprehensive review of energy storage technology and
U. ur Rehman et al.
application with renewable energy integration. Journal of Energy Storage, 39, Article
102591. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2021.102591. ISSN 2352-152X.
Teh, J., & Lai, C. (2019). Reliability impacts of the dynamic thermal rating system on
smart grids considering wireless communications. IEEE access : practical innovations,
open solutions, 7, 41625–41635. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2907980
Toosi, Hooman Ekhteraei, Merabet, Adel, & Swingler, Andrew (2022). Impact of battery
degradation on energy cost and carbon footprint of smart homes. Electric Power
Systems Research, 209, Article 107955. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsr.2022.107955.
ISSN 0378-7796.
Ullah, M. H., & Park, J. D. (2021). Distributed energy trading in smart grid over directed
communication network. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, 12(4), 3669–3672.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2021.3067172
ur Rehman, U., & Riaz, M. (2017). Vehicle to grid system for load and frequency
management in smart grid. In Proceedings of the 2017 International Conference on
Open Source Systems & Technologies (ICOSST) (pp. 73–78). https://doi.org/10.1109/
ICOSST.2017.8279008
Vašak, M., Banjac, A., Hure, N., Novak, H., Marušić, D., & Lešić, V. (2021). Modular
hierarchical model predictive control for coordinated and holistic energy
management of buildings. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 36(4), 2670–2682.
https://doi.org/10.1109/TEC.2021.3116153
Vacca, John R. (2022). Appendix E - Smart cities and critical infrastructure policies and
financing frequently asked questions. In John R. Vacca (Ed.), Smart cities policies and
financing (pp. 553–555). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-819130-
9.00034-6. ISBN 9780128191309.
Vahidinasab, V., Ardalan, C., Mohammadi-Ivatloo, B., Giaouris, D., & Walker, S. L.
(2021). Active building as an energy system: Concept, challenges, and outlook. IEEE
Access : Practical Innovations, Open Solutions, 9, 58009–58024. https://doi.org/
10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3073087
Walker, Chad, Devine-Wright, Patrick, Rohse, Melanie, Gooding, Luke, Devine-
Wright, Hannah, & Gupta, Rajat (2021). What is ‘local’ about smart local energy
systems? Emerging stakeholder geographies of decentralised energy in the United
Kingdom. Energy Research & Social Science, 80, Article 102182. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.erss.2021.102182. ISSN 2214-6296.
Wang, Y., Chen, B., Li, L., Ma, Q., Li, H., & He, D. (2020). Efficient and secure ciphertext-
policy attribute-based encryption without pairing for cloud-assisted smart grid. IEEE
access : practical innovations, open solutions, 8, 40704–40713. https://doi.org/
10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2976746
Web of science artilces database, online link: Https://mjl.clarivate.com/home.
Wilson, A. J., Reising, D. R., Hay, R. W., Johnson, R. C., Karrar, A. A., &
Loveless, T. Daniel (2020). Automated identification of electrical disturbance
waveforms within an operational smart power grid. IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid,
11(5), 4380–4389. https://doi.org/10.1109/TSG.2020.2990079
Wu, Yan, Shi, Xunpeng, & Hu, Cong (2021). Per capita CO2 emissions divergence
influenced by bilateral trade with china under the belt and road initiative.
Sustainable Production and Consumption, 27, 1589–1601. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
spc.2021.04.005. ISSN 2352-5509.
Xia, Haishan, Liu, Zishuo, Efremochkina, Maria, Liu, Xiaotong, & Lin, Chunxiang (2022).
Study on city digital twin technologies for sustainable smart city design: A review
and bibliometric analysis of geographic information system and building
information modeling integration. Sustainable Cities and Society, 84, Article 104009.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.104009. ISSN 2210-6707.
Xiao, Xiaoyong, & Xie, Chao (2021). Rational planning and urban governance based on
smart cities and big data. Environmental Technology & Innovation, 21, Article 101381.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eti.2021.101381. ISSN 2352-1864.
Xie, P., et al. (2022). Optimization-based power and energy management system in
shipboard microgrid: A review. IEEE Systems Journal, 16(1), 578–590. https://doi.
org/10.1109/JSYST.2020.3047673
Xu, Zhiyan, Luo, Min, Vijayakumar, Pandi, Peng, Cong, & Wang, Lianhai (2022).
Efficient certificateless designated verifier proxy signature scheme using UAV
network for sustainable smart city. Sustainable Cities and Society, 80, Article 103771.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2022.103771. ISSN 2210-6707.
17
Sustainable Cities and Society 96 (2023) 104720
Yazdani, Mehdi, & Pirpour, Hamed (2020). Evaluating the effect of intra-industry trade
on the bilateral trade productivity for petroleum products of Iran. Energy Economics,
86, Article 103933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.03.003. ISSN 0140-9883.
Yi, Zuo, Xin-gang, Zhao, & Yu-zhuo, Zhang (2021). Bargaining strategies in bilateral
electricity trading based on fuzzy Bayesian learning. International Journal of Electrical
Power & Energy Systems, 129, Article 106856. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijepes.2021.106856. ISSN 0142-0615.
Zahedi, Rahim, Seraji, Mohammad Ali Nasle, Borzuei, Daryoosh, Moosavian, Seyed
Farhan, & Ahmadi, Abolfazl (2022). Feasibility study for designing and building a
zero-energy house in new cities. Solar Energy, 240, 168–175. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.solener.2022.05.036. ISSN 0038-092X.
Zahmatkesh, Hadi, & Al-Turjman, Fadi (2020). Fog computing for sustainable smart
cities in the IoT era: Caching techniques and enabling technologies - an overview.
Sustainable Cities and Society, 59, Article 102139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
scs.2020.102139. ISSN 2210-6707.
Zeng, Delin, Tim, Yenni, Yu, Jiaxin, & Liu, Wenyuan (2020). Actualizing big data
analytics for smart cities: A cascading affordance study. International Journal of
Information Management, 54, Article 102156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijinfomgt.2020.102156. ISSN 0268-4012.
Zhang, Xiaoling, Bayulken, Bogachan, Skitmore, Martin, Lu, Weisheng, &
Huisingh, Donald (2018). Sustainable urban transformations towards smarter,
healthier cities: Theories, agendas and pathways. Journal of Cleaner Production, 173,
1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.345. ISSN 0959-6526.
Zhang, K., et al. (2021a). Modeling and utilization of biomass-to-syngas for industrial
multi-energy systems. CSEE Journal of Power and Energy Systems, 7(5), 932–942.
https://doi.org/10.17775/CSEEJPES.2020.06190
Zhang, Yongchang, Geng, Panpan, Sivaparthipan, C. B., & Muthu, Bala Anand (2021b).
Big data and artificial intelligence based early risk warning system of fire hazard for
smart cities. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 45, Article 100986.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2020.100986. ISSN 2213-1388.
Zhang, Shi-Cong, Yang, Xin-Yan, Xu, Wei, & Fu, Yi-Jun (2021c). Contribution of nearly-
zero energy buildings standards enforcement to achieve carbon neutral in urban area
by 2060. Advances in Climate Change Research, 12(5), 734–743. https://doi.org/
10.1016/j.accre.2021.07.004. ISSN 1674-9278.
Zhang, Shicong, Wang, Ke, Xu, Wei, Iyer-Raniga, Usha, Athienitis, Andreas, Ge, Hua,
et al. (2021d). Policy recommendations for the zero energy building promotion
towards carbon neutral in Asia-Pacific Region. Energy policy, 159, Article 112661.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112661. ISSN 0301-4215.
Zhang, Dan, Pee, L. G., Pan, Shan L., & Cui, Lili (2022). Big data analytics, resource
orchestration, and digital sustainability: A case study of smart city development.
Government Information Quarterly, 39(1), Article 101626. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
giq.2021.101626. ISSN 0740-624X.
Zhang, Changhao (2020). Design and application of fog computing and Internet of
Things service platform for smart city. Future Generation Computer Systems, 112,
630–640. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2020.06.016. ISSN 0167-739X.
Zheng, Qiang, Hou, Yue, Yang, Hailu, et al. (2022). Towards a sustainable monitoring: A
self-powered smart transportation infrastructure skin. Nano Energy, 98, Article
107245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2022.107245.A. ISSN 2211-2855.
Zhou, Wei, Tang, Xiaobin, Liu, Yunpeng, Hang, Shuang, Li, Huan, Mu, Junxu, et al.
(2019). Power budget and performance analysis of X-ray communication during the
Earth re-entry of spacecraft. Optik, 199, Article 163521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
ijleo.2019.163521. ISSN 0030-4026.
Zhu, Jianquan, Xia, Yunrui, Mo, Xiemin, Guo, Ye, & Chen, Jiajun (2021). A bilevel
bidding and clearing model incorporated with a pricing strategy for the trading of
energy storage use rights. Energy, 235, Article 121338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
energy.2021.121338. ISSN 0360-5442.
Zhu, Xu, Sun, Yuanzhang, Yang, Jun, Dou, Zhenlan, Li, Gaojunjie, Xu, Chengying, et al.
(2022). Day-ahead energy pricing and management method for regional integrated
energy systems considering multi-energy demand responses. Energy, 251, Article
123914. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2022.123914. ISSN 0360-5442.