TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Introduction Of Internet Of Things

2. History Of Iot
3. Applications Of Iot
4. Trends And Characteristics
5. Working Of Iot
6. Importance Of Iot
7. Benefits Of Iot
8. Pros Ansd Cons Of Iot
9. Examples Of Iot
10.Iot Security And Privacy Issues
11.Types Of Iot
12.Conclusion Of Iot
13.Refrences

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 WHAT IS INTERNET OF THINGS?

The Internet of Things (IoT) describes the network of physical objects—“things”—that are
embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and
exchanging data with other devices and systems over the internet. These devices range from
ordinary household objects to sophisticated industrial tools. With more than 7 billion connected
IoT devices today, experts are expecting this number to grow to 10 billion by 2020 and 22 billion
by 2025. The Internet of things (IoT) describes devices with sensors, processing
ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and
systems over the Internet or other communications networks. The Internet of things
encompasses electronics, communication, and computer science engineering. "Internet of things"
has been considered a misnomer because devices do not need to be connected to the public
internet; they only need to be connected to a network and be individually addressable.

In the consumer market, IoT technology is most synonymous with "smart home" products,
including devices and appliances (lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security systems, cameras,
and other home appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems and can be controlled
via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart speakers. IoT is also
used in healthcare systems

FIG.NO.1 FIG.NO.2

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 HISTORY OF IoT

The main concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1982, with a
modified Coca-Cola vending machine at Carnegie Mellon University becoming the
first ARPANET-connected appliance, able to report its inventory and whether newly loaded
drinks were cold or not. Mark Weiser's 1991 paper on ubiquitous computing, "The Computer of
the 21st Century", as well as academic venues such as UbiComp and PerCom produced the
contemporary vision of the IOT.The concept of the "Internet of things" and the term itself, first
appeared in a speech by Peter T. Lewis, to the Congressional Black Caucus Foundation 15th
Annual Legislative Weekend in Washington, D.C., published in September 1985. According to
Lewis, "The Internet of Things, or IoT, is the integration of people, processes and technology
with connectable devices and sensors to enable remote monitoring, status, manipulation and
evaluation of trends of such devices." The term "Internet of things" was coined independently
by Kevin Ashton of Procter & Gamble, later of MIT's Auto-ID Center, in 1999, though he
prefers the phrase "Internet for things". At that point, he viewed radio-frequency
identification (RFID) as essential to the Internet of things, which would allow computers to
manage all individual things. The main theme of the Internet of things is to embed short-range
mobile transceivers in various gadgets and daily necessities to enable new forms
of communication between people and things, and between things themselves.

FIG.NO.3

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 APPLICATIONS OF IoT
The extensive set of applications for IoT devices is often divided into consumer, commercial,
industrial, and infrastructure spaces.

1. CONSUMERS

A growing portion of IoT devices is created for consumer use, including connected
vehicles, home automation, wearable technology, connected health, and appliances with remote
monitoring capabilities.

1.1. Home automation

A smart home or automated home could be based on a platform or hubs that control smart
devices and appliances. For instance, using Apple's HomeKit, manufacturers can have their
home products and accessories controlled by an application in iOS devices such as
the iPhone and the Apple Watch. This could be a dedicated app or iOS native applications such
as Siri. This can be demonstrated in the case of Lenovo's Smart Home Essentials, which is a line
of smart home devices that are controlled through Apple's Home app or Siri without the need for
a Wi-Fi bridge. There are also dedicated smart home hubs that are offered as standalone
platforms to connect different smart home products. These include the Amazon Echo, Google
Home, Apple's HomePod, and Samsung's SmartThings Hub. In addition to the commercial
systems, there are many non-proprietary, open source ecosystems, including Home Assistant,
OpenHAB and Domoticz

1.2. .Elder care

One key application of a smart home is to assist the elderly and disabled. These home systems
use assistive technology to accommodate an owner's specific disabilities. Voice control can assist
users with sight and mobility limitations while alert systems can be connected directly
to cochlear implants worn by hearing-impaired users. They can also be equipped with additional
safety features, including sensors that monitor for medical emergencies such as falls or seizures.
Smart home technology applied in this way can provide users with more freedom and a higher
quality of life..

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2. Organizations

The term "Enterprise IoT" refers to devices used in business and corporate settings. By 2019, it is
estimated that the EIoT will account for 9.1 billion devices.

2.1 Medical and healthcare

IoT devices can be used to enable remote health monitoring and emergency notification
systems. These health monitoring devices can range from blood pressure and heart rate
monitors to advanced devices capable of monitoring specialized implants, such as
pacemakers, Fitbit electronic wristbands, or advanced hearing aids. Some hospitals have
begun implementing "smart beds" that can detect when they are occupied and when a patient
is attempting to get up. It can also adjust itself to ensure appropriate pressure and support are
applied to the patient without the manual interaction of nurses. A 2015 Goldman Sachs report
indicated that healthcare IoT devices "can save the United States more than $300 billion in
annual healthcare expenditures by increasing revenue and decreasing cost." Moreover, the
use of mobile devices to support medical follow-up led to the creation of 'm-health', used
analyzed health statistics.

2.2 Transportation

FIG.NO.4
Digital variable speed-limit sign

The IoT can assist in the integration of communications, control, and information processing
across various transportation systems. Application of the IoT extends to all aspects of
transportation systems (i.e., the vehicle, the infrastructure, and the driver or user).

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 TRENDS AND CHARACTERISTICS

The IoT's major significant trend in recent years is the explosive growth of devices connected
and controlled via the Internet. The wide range of applications for IoT technology mean that the
specifics can be very different from one device to the next but there are basic characteristics
shared by most.The IoT creates opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world
into computer-based systems, resulting in efficiency improvements, economic benefits, and
reduced human exertions. The number of IoT devices increased 31% year-over-year to 8.4
billion in the year 2017and it is estimated that there will be 30 billion devices by 2020.

 Intelligence

Ambient intelligence and autonomous control are not part of the original concept of the Internet
of things. Ambient intelligence and autonomous control do not necessarily require Internet
structures, either. However, there is a shift in research (by companies such as Intel) to integrate
the concepts of the IoT and autonomous control, with initial outcomes towards this direction
considering objects as the driving force for autonomous IoT.

 Network architecture

The Internet of things requires huge scalability in the network space to handle the surge of
devices. IETF 6LoWPAN can be used to connect devices to IP networks. With billions of device
being added to the Internet space, IPv6 will play a major role in handling the network layer
scalability. IETF's Constrained Application Protocol, ZeroMQ, and MQTT can provide
lightweight data transport.

 Complexity

In semi-open or closed loops (i.e., value chains, whenever a global finality can be settled) the IoT
will often be considered and studied as a complex system due to the huge number of different
links, interactions between autonomous actors, and its capacity to integrate new actors.

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 HOW DOES IoT WORK?

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems -- such as
processors, sensors and communication hardware -- to collect, send and act on data they acquire
from their environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT
gateway, which acts as a central hub where IoT devices can send data. Before the data is shared,
it can also be sent to an edge device where that data is analyzed locally. Analyzing data locally
reduces the volume of data sent to the cloud, which minimizes bandwidth
consumption .Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on the
information they get from one another. The devices do most of the work without human
intervention, although people can interact with the devices -- for example, to set them up, give
them instructions or access the data. The connectivity, networking and communication protocols
used with these web-enabled devices largely depend on the specific IoT applications deployed.
IoT can also use artificial intelligence and machine learning to aid in making data collection
processes easier and more dynamic.

WHY IoT IS SO IMPORTANT?

1. IoT helps people live and work smarter. Consumers, for example, can use IoT-embedded
devices -- such as cars, smartwatches or thermostats -- to improve their lives. For example,
when a person arrives home, their car could communicate with the garage to open the door;
their thermostat could adjust to a preset temperature; and their lighting could be set to a lower
intensity and color
2. In addition to offering smart devices to automate homes, IoT is essential to business. It
provides organizations with a real-time look into how their systems really work, delivering
insights into everything from the performance of machines to supply chain and logistics
operations.
3. IoT enables machines to complete tedious tasks without human intervention. Companies can
automate processes, reduce labor costs, cut down on waste and improve service delivery. IoT
helps make it less expensive to manufacture and deliver goods, and offers transparency into
customer transactions..

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 BENEFITS OF IoT
IoT offers several benefits to organizations. Some benefits are industry-specific and some are
applicable across multiple industries. Common benefits for businesses include the following:

 Monitors overall business processes.

 Improves the customer experience.

 Saves time and money.

 Enhances employee productivity.

 Provides integration and adaptable business models.

 Enables better business decisions.

 Generates more revenue

Generally, IoT is most abundant in manufacturing, transportation and utility organizations that
use sensors and other IoT devices; however, it also has use cases for organizations within the
agriculture, infrastructure and home automation industries, leading some organizations
toward digital transformation.

IoT can benefit farmers in agriculture by making their job easier. Sensors can collect data on
rainfall, humidity, temperature and soil content and IoT can help automate farming techniques.

FIG. NO. 5

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 PROS AND CONS OF IoT

Some of the advantages of IoT include the following:

 Enables access to information from anywhere at any time on any device.

 Improves communication between connected electronic devices.
 Enables the transfer of data packets over a connected network, which can save time and
money.
 Collects large amounts of data from multiple devices, aiding both users and
manufacturers.
 Analyzes data at the edge, reducing the amount of data that needs to be sent to the cloud.
 Automates tasks to improve the quality of a business's services and reduces the need for
human intervention.
 Enables healthcare patients to be cared for continually and more effectively.

Some disadvantages of IoT include the following:

 Increases the attack surface as the number of connected devices grows. As more
information is shared between devices, the potential for a hacker to steal confidential
information increases.
 Makes device management challenging as the number of IoT devices increases.
Organizations might eventually have to deal with a massive number of IoT devices, and
collecting and managing the data from all those devices could be challenging.
 Has the potential to corrupt other connected devices if there's a bug in the system.
 Increases compatibility issues between devices, as there's no international standard of
compatibility for IoT. This makes it difficult for devices from different manufacturers to
communicate with each other.

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 EXAMPLES OF IoT

Some examples of IoT standards include the following:

 IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN) is an open

standard defined by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). This standard enables
any low-power radio to communicate to the internet, including 804.15.4, Bluetooth Low
Energy and Z-Wave for home automation. In addition to home automation, this standard
is also used in industrial monitoring and agriculture.

 Zigbee is a low-power, low-data rate wireless network used mainly in home and
industrial settings. ZigBee is based on the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. The ZigBee Alliance
created Dotdot, the universal language for IoT that enables smart objects to work securely
on any network and understand each other.

 Data Distribution Service (DDS) was developed by the Object Management Group and is
an industrial IoT (IIoT) standard for real-time, scalable and high-performance machine-
to-machine (M2M) communication.

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 FIG. NO. 6

IoT SECURITY AND PRIVACY ISSUES

IoT connects billions of devices to the internet and involves the use of billions of data points, all
of which must be secured. Due to its expanded attack surface, IoT security and IoT privacy are
cited as major concerns. One of the most notorious IoT attacks happened in 2016. The
Mirai botnet infiltrated domain name server provider Dyn, resulting in major system outages for
an extended period of time. Attackers gained access to the network by exploiting poorly secured
IoT devices. This is one the largest distributed denial-of-service attacks ever seen and Mirai is
still being developed today. Because IoT devices are closely connected, a hacker can exploit one
vulnerability to manipulate all the data, rendering it unusable. Manufacturers that don't update
their devices regularly -- or at all -- leave them vulnerable to cybercriminals. Additionally,
connected devices often ask users to input their personal information, including names, ages,
addresses, phone numbers and even social media accounts -- information that's invaluable to
hackers. Hackers aren't the only threat to IoT; privacy is another major concern. For example,
companies that make and distribute consumer IoT devices could use those devices to obtain and
sell user personal data.

TYPES OF IoT

 Commercial Internet of Things

 Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT)

 Infrastructure Internet of Things
 Internet of Military Things (IoMT)
 Consumer Internet of Things (CIoT)

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 FIG. NO. 7
CONCLUSION OF IoT
Along with an exponential growth in connected devices, each thing in IoT communicates packets
of data that require reliable connectivity, storage, and security. With IoT, an organization is
challenged with managing, monitoring, and securing immense volumes of data and connections
from dispersed devices. But this challenge doesn’t have to be a roadblock in a cloud-based
environment. In addition to scaling and growing a solution in one location, cloud computing
enables IoT solutions to scale globally and across different physical locations while lowering
communication latency and allowing for better responsiveness from devices in the field. AWS
offers a suite of IoT services with complete security, including services to operate and secure
endpoints, gateways, platforms, and applications as well as the traffic traversing across these
layers. This integration simplifies secure use and management of devices and data that
continually interact with each other, allowing organizations to benefit from the innovation and
efficiencies IoT can offer while maintaining security as a priority. AWS offers customers a
defense in depth approach with multiple security services and an easier, faster and more cost-
effective path towards comprehensive, continuous and scalable IoT security, compliance and
governance solutions.

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 REFRENCES
1. https://www.oracle.com/in/internet-of-things/what-is-iot/#:~:text=The%20Internet%20of%20Things
%20(IoT)%20describes%20the%20network%20of%20physical,and%20systems%20over%20the
%20internet.
2. https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/definition/Internet-of-Things-IoT
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things
4. https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/mckinsey-explainers/what-is-the-internet-of-things
5. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/internet-things.asp
6. https://www.coursera.org/articles/internet-of-things

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