MICP211: MICROBIOLOGY AND PARASITOLOGY PRELIMS

Prof. Marivic Ilarde MAN, RN / Second Semester 02

Transcriber: Kathleen Venus
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BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, GROWTH REQUIREMENTS

organisms capable of surviving
OUTLINE outside of a host
I. BACTERIA ▪ Thiomargarita namibiensis: the
A. BACTERIA SIZE largest measuring spherical
B. BACTERIA REPRODUCTION bacterium, between 100 – 750µm
C. BACTERIA SHAPES in diameter
i. VARIETY OF MORPHOLOGIC ARRANGEMENTS
a. COCCUS
b. BACILLUS
c. SPIRILLUS
d. OTHER SHAPES AND ARRANGEMENTS
D. BACTERIA CLASSIFICATION IN GRAM-STAINING
E. BACTERIAL STRUCTURES
i. CELL WALL
ii. CELL MEMBRANE
a. OUTER MEMBRANE
b. PERIPLASMIC SPACE
c. GLYCOCALYX
d. CAPSULE
e. FLAGELLA
f. FIMBRIAE
g. PILI
h. NUCLEOID
i. RIBOSOME
j. GRANULE
k. ENDOSPORE
l. MESOSOMES
F. BACTERIA TOXINS
i. ENDOTOXIN
ii. EXOTOXIN
II. BACTERIAL GROWTH
A. PHYSICAL REQUIREMENT
i. OXYGEN REQUIREMENT
ii. TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENT
iii. pH
iv. WATER/MOISTURE
v. OSMOTIC CONDITION
B. BACTERIAL GROWTH RATE
C. BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION
D. STEPS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF INFECTIOUS
IIDISEASES BACTERIA REPRODUCTION
III. NOMENCLATURE - Bacteria reproduction is by binary fission
IV. VIRUSES - In binary fission, a bacteria divide in which one cell
A. VIRUSES STRUCTURE splits in half to become two daughter cells
B. VIRUSES CHARACTERISTICS
C. VIRUSES CLASSIFICATION

BACTERIA
- Bacteria are metabolically active single-celled
prokaryotic bacteria that divide by binary fission.

BACTERIA SIZE
- Unit of measurement:
o Micron or micrometer, µm:
▪ 1 µm = 10-3mm
- Bacteria size
o Varies with kinds of bacteria, and also
related to their age and external
environment
▪ Cocci: sphere, 1µm
▪ Bacilli: rods, 0.5-1µm in width and
-3µm in length
▪ Spiral Bacteria: 1-3µm in length
and 0.3-0.6µm in width
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▪ Mycoplasma genitalium: smallest

bacteria 0.2-0.3µm; it is the tiniest
[MICP211] 2.02 BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, GROWTH REQUIREMENTS – Prof. Marivic Ilarde MAN, RN
GENERATION TIME
- The time it takes for one bacterial cell to split into STAPHYLOCOCCI
two cells Is a cocci in a grape-like cluster
- Bacteria will grow as long as conditions are right

TETRAD
A group of four coccus

BACTERIA SHAPES
SARCINA or OCTAD
Is a group of eight bacteria that remain in a
packet after dividing

BACILLUS

SINGLE BACILLUS
o Bacillus Cereus

STREPTOBACILLI
Is arranged in chains
o Streptobacillus moniliformis

VARIETY OF MORPHOLOGIC ARRANGEMENTS PALISADES

Rods that is side by side or fence-like
o Corynebacterium diphtheriae

DIPLOBACILLI
Arranged in pairs
o Moraxella Bovis

SPIRILLUS

VIBRIO
Is a comma-shaped bacteria and is slightly
bent

SPIROCHETES
Are spiral bacteria that have a helical shape,
flexible, and have an axial filament which
helps in motility

SPIRILLUM
Is helical-shaped or corkscrew in form. It has
a similar structure with spirochete but more
rigid

OTHER SHAPES AND ARRANGEMENTS

CORYNEBACTERIUM
Club-shaped Rod Bacteria are thinner on one
side than the other
COCCUS o Corynebacterium

DIPLOCOCCI
PLEOMORPHIC BACTERIA
Remain attached in pairs such as:
Is another shape of bacteria cell that does
o Streptococcus Pneumonia
not have a defined form and lacks
o Moraxella Catarrhalis
characteristics

FILAMENTOUS BACTERIA
STREPTOCOCCI It can be box-shaped, triangular-shaped
Are rods that remain attached in chains after bacteria, stalked bacteria, and star-shaped
cell division bacteria
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[MICP211] 2.02 BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, GROWTH REQUIREMENTS – Prof. Marivic Ilarde MAN, RN
BACTERIA CLASSIFICATION IN GRAM-STAINING

Gram stain is one of the most common techniques used to

visualize bacteria under microscope.
- There are two classification of bacteria in gram-
staining:
o Gram-positive
o Gram-negative

GRAM-POSITIVE BACTERIA
- They have a distinctive purple appearance when
observed under a light microscope following gram
staining
BACTERIAL STRUCTURES

CELL WALL

- Cell wall is the outermost component of all bacteria

except Mycoplasma species
- It consists of:
o Peptidoglycan: an essential protective
barrier for bacterial cells that encapsulates
the cytoplasmic membrane of both Gram-
positive and Gram-negative bacterial cells
- Functions:
o Protection
o Strength
o Provides rigidity

CELL MEMBRANE

GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
- Are among the world’s most significant public health
problems due to their high resistance to antibiotics
- These microorganisms have significant clinical
importance in hospitals because they put patients in
the intensive care unit risk and lead to high
morbidity and mortality
- Also called as cell sac, cytoplasmic membrane or
plasma membrane
- It is an ultrathin, dynamic, electrically charged
selectively permeable layer that separates the
cytoplasm from the extracellular matrix
- Function:
o Form a permeable barrier
▪ Regulates the passage of solutes
between the cell and the outer
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environment
[MICP211] 2.02 BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, GROWTH REQUIREMENTS – Prof. Marivic Ilarde MAN, RN
OUTER MEMBRANE FIMBRIAE

- Is an appendage on a bacterial cell used for

- Is found in Gram-negative bacteria attachment
- It’s composition is distinct from that of the inner
cytoplasmic cell membrane PILI
- Consist of: - Is an appendage on a bacterial cell used for
o Complex lipopolysaccharide conjugation and gliding
▪ Whose lipid portion acts as an
endotoxin
NUCLEOID
PERIPLASMIC SPACE
- This is the space between the plasma membrane
and the outer membrane in the Gram-negative
bacteria

GLYCOCALYX

- is the region in a bacterial cell containing the

chromosome.
- Is a gelatinous polymer surrounding a bacterial cell
located outside their cell RIBOSOMES
- It is a slime layer that is unorganized and loosely - Is a tiny spherical organelles that make proteins by
attached to the cell wall. It mediates adherence to joining amino acids together
surfaces
GRANULE
CAPSULE - Also called “Inclusion bodies”
- Is an outer, viscous covering on some bacteria that - Function:
protects against phagocytosis o It serve as storage vessels

FLAGELLA ENDOSPORE

A resting structure formed

inside some bacteria

MESOSOMES
- Are long hairy structures that help in their
locomotion
- Based on their arrangement, they can be classified
as:
o Monotrichous: have one flagellum
o Amphitrichous: have a single flagellum at
both ends
o Lophotrichous: has numerous flagella as a
tuft - An extension of the cell membrane presence in
o Peritrichous: a flagella that is distributed all
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cytoplasm as infolding
over the cell except at the poles
[MICP211] 2.02 BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, GROWTH REQUIREMENTS – Prof. Marivic Ilarde MAN, RN
BACTERIA TOXINS o Helicobacter Pylori: Cause of gastric and
duodenal ulcer
o Spirillum Volutans: An aquatic habitant
AEROTOLERANT ANAEROBES
- Can grow without oxygen presence, but do not use
it to transform energy
o Streptococcus pyogenes

TEMPERATURE REQUIREMENT
- Bacteria contains toxins. These are called:
o Endotoxins PSYCHROPHILE
o Exotoxins - Between -5°C to 15°C
- Artic / Antartic / Glacier
PSYCHROTROPH
ENDOTOXIN
- Between 20°C to 30°C
- Is generated during the breakdown of bacterial cell - But grows well in low temperature
wall when bacteria die MESOPHILES
- It causes septic shock and non-disease specific - Between 25°C to 45°C
symptoms such as: - Grows in human body
o Fever THERMOPHILE
o Pain - Between 45°C to 70°C
o Shock HYPERTHERMOPHILE
o Fatigue - 70°C or greater
o Discomfort
pH
EXOTOXIN
ACIDOPHILE
- This is produced and secreted by Gram-positive - Grows at pH below 5
bacteria NEUTROPHILE
- It can result in severe, disease-specific symptoms - Multiplies between pH 5 to 8
- Three main categories are: ALKALOPHILE
o Enterotoxins - Grows at pH above 8.5
o Neurotoxins
o Cytotoxins
WATER/MOISTURE
- Bacteria cell is composed mainly of water
BACTERIAL GROWTH
- Except:
o Bacterial endospores
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENT o Protozoan Cyst
1. Water/moisture ▪ If placed in moist, nutrient-rich
2. Oxygen environment, they will grow and
3. Temperature reproduce normally
4. pH ▪ Desiccation: survive compete
5. Osmotic condition dryness

OXYGEN REQUIREMENT OSMOTIC CONDITION

OSMOTOLERANT
- Requires high osmotic pressure
- Can tolerate hypertonic environment
HALOPHILE
- Requires high levels of NaCl/salt

BACTERIAL GROWTH RATE

OBLIGATE AEROBES
- Have absolute or obligate need for oxygen
o Micrococcus
LAG PHASE
OBLIGATE ANAEROBES
- Absorbs nutrient
- Cannot multiply if any oxygen is present, often killed
- Prepare for cell division
even if with traces of oxygen
- No increase in number
o Bacerodesit (large intestine)
LOG PHASE/LOGARITHMIC/EXPONENTIAL PHASE
o Clostridium Botulinum
- Multiplies rapidly & double in each generation time
FACULTATIVE ANAEROBES
- Cells are metabolically active
- Grows with O2, but can also grow without it.
STATIONARY PHASE
o E. coli
- Equilibrium / Growth slows down
o Yeast saccharomyces
- The culture is at its greatest population density
MICROAEROPHILES
- The number of bacteria that are dividing equal the
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- Require small O2 (2% to 10%) for aerobic resp

number of dying
[MICP211] 2.02 BACTERIAL MORPHOLOGY, GROWTH REQUIREMENTS – Prof. Marivic Ilarde MAN, RN
DEATH/DECLINE PHASE - It can also be written in similarity to the person who
- Concentration of waste product increase while the discovered it
nutrient decreases o Escherichia: Theodore Escherich
- Sporulation may occur in some bacteria o Neisseria: Albert Ludwig Neisser
o Salmonella: Daniel Elmer Salmon
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENT o Bordetella: Jules Bordet
CARBON
- Autotroph/Lithotroph VIRUSES
o Source of carbon are salt and water
- Heterotroph VIRUSES STRUCTURE
o Organotroph - Acellular
- Phototroph - Virions: the complete virus particles/ccomponents
o Energy derive from light - It has three major components:
- Chemotroph o Viral genome
o Energy derive from chemical substances o Protein Capsid
NITROGEN, SULFUR, AND PHOSPHOROUS o Viral Envelope
- Nitrogen and Phosphorus ▪ For some virus
o For synthesis of ATP and nucleic acid VIRAL GENOME
- Nitrogen and sulfur - Nucleic acid
o For synthesis of protein - The genomes of viruses can be comprised of single
MAGNESIUM, POTASSIUM, CALCIUM, IRON, AND or double stranded DNA or RNA
TRACE ELEMENTS o DNA: Double stranded/Single Stranded
- For synthesis of cell material o RNA: Double stranded/Single stranded
PROTEIN CAPSID
BACTERIAL REPRODUCTION - Covers the genomes
- Made up of repeating structural subunits called as
- Bacteria are prokaryotic cells
capsomeres
o Binary Fission: the division of one cell into
o polyhedral: many sided; 20 or more
two cells, after DNA replication and the
o Helical: coiled tubes
formation of a separating membrance and
o Bullet-shaped
cell wall; Parent cell splits in half to two
o Spherical
daughter cell
o Complex: combination
o DNA Replication: Before it divides in half,
its choromosome must be duplicated first
o Generation Time: The time it takes for
binary fission to occur; varies from one
bacterial species to another & also
depends on the growth condition

STEPS IN THE PATHOGENESIS OF

INFECTIOUS DISEASES
1. ENTRY
2. ATTACHMENT
- Pili Portal of
Entry
- Fimbriae
o Attaches to the receptor site
Respiratory
3. MULTIPLICATION Skin/m.m
Tract
GIT GUT Blood
- Binary fission
4. INVASION OR SPREAD
- May multiply in 1 area of the body VIRAL ENVELOPE
- May multiply by spreading in the body - Outer envelop composed of lipids &
5. EVASION OF HOST DEFENSES polysaccharides
6. DAMAGE TO HOST TISSUES - viral proteins serve as binding to receptors on the
host cell, play a role in membrane fusion and cell
NOMENCLATURE entry, etc.
- Developed in 18th century by Carolus Linnareus
- Binomial system = 2 names
VIRUSES CHARACTERISTICS
o Homo sapiens (human)
1st name Genus 2nd name Species - Lacks enzymes for energy production
- A two name system for writing scientific names - Unable to replicate (multiply) on their own,
o Genus name: written first and always replication is directed by genome once in a host
capitalized cell
o Species name: Written second and never VIRUSES CLASSIFICATION
capitalized 1. Type of genetic material
- Both words are to be italicized if typed, or - DNA or RNA
underlined if hand written 2. Shape of capsid
o Felis concolor or F. concolor 3. Size of capsid
- The species name usually relates to some 4. Number of capsomeres
characteristic of the species or to the person who 5. Presence/absence of envelope
found the original 6. Type of host that it infects
o Ex. The scientific name for humans is 7. Type of disease it produces
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Homo sapiens. (Genus: Homo=man, 8. Target cell

sapiens=thinking. In Latin, thinking man 9. Immunologic/antigenic properties