SECTION: A

Q.1 Which is the most suitable method to

collect the data? Why? (2M)

The data gathered by primary data collection methods are generally regarded as the
best kind of data in research.

Primary Data Collection Methods

 Interviews. Interviews are a direct method of data collection. ...
 Observations. ...
 Surveys and Questionnaires. ...
 Focus Groups. ...
 Oral Histories.
These are more suitable because primary data collection provides more authentic and
original data whereas Secondary data is the data already used collected by someone else.

Secondary Data collection method:

1. Internet

The use of the Internet has become one of the most popular secondary data collection
methods in recent times. There is a large pool of free and paid research resources that can be
easily accessed on the Internet. While this method is a fast and easy way of data collection,
you should only source from authentic sites while collecting information.

2. Government Archives

There is lots of data available from government archives that you can make use of. The most
important advantage is that the data in government archives are authentic and verifiable. The
challenge, however, is that data is not always readily available due to a number of factors.
For example, criminal records can come under classified information and are difficult for
anyone to have access to them.

3. Libraries

Most researchers donate several copies of their academic research to libraries. You can
collect important and authentic information based on different research contexts. Libraries
also serve as a storehouse for business directories, annual reports and other similar documents
that help businesses in their research.

Q.2 Write 2advantages and 2disadvantages of

collecting data by-

A) Interview method (4M)

 Cost. Cost is a major disadvantage for face-to-face interviews. ...
 Quality of data by interviewer. The quality of data you receive will often
depend on the ability of the interviewer. ...
 Manual data entry. ...
 Limit sample size.

 Accurate screening. Face-to-face interviews help with more accurate

screening. The individual being interviewed is unable to provide false
information during screening questions such as gender, age, or race. It is
possible to get around screening questions in online and mobile surveys.
Online and mobile surveys that offer incentives may actually encourage
answer falsification. Individuals may enter incorrect demographic
information so they are able to complete the survey and gain the incentive.
The answers the individual provides may all be truthful, but for the purpose
of data analysis, the data will be inaccurate and misleading.
 Capture verbal and non-verbal ques. A face-to-face interview is no doubt
going to capture verbal and non-verbal ques, but this method also affords the
capture of non-verbal ques including body language, which can indicate a
level of discomfort with the questions. Adversely, it can also indicate a level
of enthusiasm for the topics being discussed in the interview. Let’s discuss
an employee job interview, for example. Capturing non-verbal ques may
make the difference between selecting an employee that is less skilled, but
displays a tremendous amount of enthusiasm for the position. Capturing
non-verbal ques is not possible in online or mobile surveys.
 Keep focus. The interviewer is the one that has control over the interview
and can keep the interviewee focused and on track to completion. Online
and mobile surveys are often completed during time convenient for the
respondent, but are often in the midst of other distractions such as texting,
reading and answering emails, video streaming, web surfing, social sharing,
and more. Face-to-face interviews are in-the-moment, free from
technological distractions.
  Capture emotions and behaviors. Face-to-face interviews can no doubt
capture an interviewee’s emotions and behaviors. Similar to not being able
to capture verbal and non-verbal ques, online and mobile surveys can also
not capture raw emotions and behavior.

B) Questionnaire method (4M)

Advantages of Questionnaire:
(1) Economical:
It is an economical way of accumulating information. It is
economical both for the sender and for the respondent in time,
effort and cost. The cost of conducting the study with the help of
questionnaire method is very low. In questionnaire the researcher
has to spend for paper printing and postage only. There is no need
to visit each and every respondent personally. So it does not require
high cost for conduct of the research.

(2) Wide Coverage:

It is probably the best method to collect information, compared to
the other methods like interview or observation, when the sample
population is spread over a large territory. It permits a nationwide
or even international coverage.

Questionnaire makes it possible to contact with many people who

could not otherwise be reached. It can cover a large group at the
same time. Goode and Hatt say that when the researcher has to
cover the group of respondents who are widely scattered, lie can use
the questionnaire in order to minimize the cost.

For example, if the researcher wishes to poll the membership of the

American Sociological Society, transportation costs for interviewing
would be excessive, both in terms of money and time. There may
not be enough time to make the necessary interview.
(3) Rapidity:
Replies may be received very quickly in questionnaire method. In
this case there is no need to visit the respondent personally or
continue the study over a long period. Thor “fore in comparison
with other methods, the mailed questionnaire is the quickest
method.

(4) Suitable in Special Type of Response:

(5) Repetitive Information:

Compared to other methods like schedule, interview or observation,
questionnaire method is regarded as more useful and cheap, where
the repetitive information has to be collected at regular interval.

(6) An Easier Method:

Questionnaire is comparatively an easier method to plan, construct
and administer. It does not require much technical skill or
knowledge.

(7) It Puts Less Pressure on the Respondents:

It puts less pressure on the respondents for immediate response. He
can answer it at his own leisure, whereas interview or observation
demands specific timeline

Disadvantages of Questionnaire:
(1) Limited Response:
One of the major limitations of the questionnaire is that it can be
applicable only to those respondents who have a considerable
amount of education. It can neither be used for illiterate nor for
semi-literate persons.
The questionnaire quite often fails to cover very busy and pre-
occupied persons among the respondents, lazy and indifferent type
of persons, the type of respondents who need to conceal a lot about
themselves, the easy-going and shirkers among the respondents, the
persons who have a unreasonable contempt for research and reform
and the persons who unnecessarily doubt the research worker’s
intentions, sincerity, devotion and commitment.

These are the people who constitute a very important segment of

the respondents to be covered in the collection of data, but they can
be seldom caught. Thus questionnaires are hardly appropriate for a
larger section of this type of population.

(2) Lack of Personal Contact:

ADVERTISEMENTS:

As in case of questionnaire the researcher does not go to the field,

he is not able to establish a proper personal relationship with the
respondents. If the respondent fails to understand some of the
technical terms or he has any doubt, there is nobody to clarify these
technical terms or doubts.

Even though the researcher tries in the best possible manner to

make the questionnaire a simple, precise and convenient one, the
aim and objective of the questionnaire can be much better explained
personally than through any other means. Without the proper
personal contact it is very difficult to motivate the respondent to fill
up the questionnaire.

(3) Poor Response:

In case of mailed questionnaire method, the proportion of return is
usually low. The factors which are likely to affect the returns are: the
layout of the questionnaire, its size, the organisation conducting the
research work, the nature of appeal, the kind of respondents chosen
for research, inducement for response etc.

(4) Unreliability:
The information collected through questionnaire cannot be said to
be very much reliable or valid. If the subject misinterprets a
question or gives an incomplete or indefinite response very little can
be done to connect such response. As against this, in an interview
there is always the possibility of rephrasing questions for further
clarification.

Q.3 What is the significance of statistical

data in design process? (3M)
it allows researchers to hold a degree of confidence that their findings are real,
reliable, and not due to chance.

Q.4 Which are different techniques/ways to

display data? (2M)

 Indicator.
 Line chart.
 Column chart.
 Bar chart.
 Pie chart.
 Area chart.
 Pivot table.
 Scatter chart.

Q.5 What is the difference between

qualitative and quantitative data? (2M)
Quantitative Information – Involves a measurable quantity—numbers are used.
Some examples are length, mass, temperature, and time. Quantitative information
is often called data, but can also be things other than numbers. Qualitative
Information – Involves a descriptive judgment using concept words instead of
numbers.

ANS:

Note: all answers are already discussed in

class.

Q.1 Define (1M each)

A) Clean technology.

B) Green Design

C) Sustainable design
Q.2 Name the strategies for
optimizing resource utilization. (2M)

Q.3 Outline strategies for

designing of green design. (2M)

Q.4 What are design objectives

of green products. (2M)

Q.2 Name
the strategies for optimizing resource utilization.

4 Rs - reuse, repair, recycling and reconditioning.

Q.3Outline
strategies for designing of green design

Incremental
and radical

Incremental innovation entails step-by-step improvements of existing products and tends to

strengthen market positions of established companies in the industry. This includes
benchmarking approaches in which products of competitors are copied and/or improved.

Radical innovation drastically changes existing products or processes. The risks and
investments required for radical innovation are usually considerably greater than those
needed for incremental innovation but offer more opportunity for new entrants to the market.

Fundamental innovation depends on new scientific knowledge and opens up new industries,
causing a paradigm shift. In the early stage of fundamental innovation, the contributions of
science and technology are important. Fundamental innovation often takes place only in large
multinational companies, company clusters or national and international research
programmes because of the large human and capital investment needed. The majority of
companies engage in incremental or radical innovation efforts.

Q.4
What are design objectives of green products

Reducing toxic dispersion

·
Extending product durability

·
Enhancing material durability

·
Maximizing sustainable use of renewable resources

·
Increasing the serviceability of goods and services

·
Reducing the material and energy intensity of goods
and services

·
Potentially requiring certification to become a prerequisite
for doing business in some fields.

SECTION-C

Q.1 What is sustainable design?

Q.2 What is sustainable development?

Q.3 Explain terms:

A) Social sustainability

B) Environmental sustainability

C) Economic sustainability

Q.4 What are the Sustainable Development Goals?

(4M)
Q.5 Give two examples to explain how we can
achieve sustainable development goals through design? (4M)

Q.6 What is UNDP’s role? (4M)

ANS:

Q.1 What is sustainable design?

Designing physical objects and services in

accordance with the principles of social, economic and environmental
sustainability.

Q.2 What is sustainable development?

Development that meets the needs of the present

without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own
needs.

Q.3 Explain terms:

A) Social sustainability- discussed in class

On a global social scale, a business needs to be aware of how its supply
chain functions. Is child labor involved in manufacturing products? Are
people being paid fairly? Is the work environment safe? Many large
retailers have struggled with this in the face of public outrage over work-
related tragedies (such as the Bangladesh factory collapse) that can reveal
unaccounted-for risks.

B) Environmental sustainability - discussed in

class
The environmental pillar often gets the most attention. Many companies
are focused on reducing their carbon footprints, packaging waste, water
usage, and other damage to the environment. Besides helping the planet,
these practices can have a positive financial impact. For example,
reducing the use of packaging materials can reduce spending and improve
fuel efficiency.

For example, Walmart keyed in on packaging through its zero-waste

initiative. It pushed for less packaging throughout its supply chain and for
more of that packaging to be sourced from recycled or reused materials.2
C) Economic sustainability - discussed in class
The economic pillar of sustainability is where most businesses feel they
are on firmer ground. To be sustainable, a business must be profitable.
That said, profit cannot trump the other two pillars. In fact, profit at any cost
is not what the economic pillar concerns. It's about compliance,
proper governance, and risk management. While most North American
companies typically incorporate such activities, they are not the global
standard.

Q.4 What are the Sustainable Development

Goals? (4M)

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as the Global

Goals, were adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as a universal
call to action to end poverty, protect the planet and ensure that all people
enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030.

The 17 SDGs are integrated—that is, they recognize that action in one area
will affect outcomes in others, and that development must balance social,
economic and environmental sustainability.

Through the pledge to Leave No One Behind, countries have committed to

fast-track progress for those furthest behind first. That is why the SDGs are
designed to bring the world to several life-changing ‘zeros’, including zero
poverty, hunger, AIDS and discrimination against women and girls.

Everyone is needed to reach these ambitious targets. The creativity,

knowhow, technology and financial resources from all of society is necessary to
achieve the SDGs in every context.

Q.5 Give two examples to explain how we can

achieve sustainable development goals through design? (4M)

1. optimize site potential;

2. minimize non-renewable energy consumption;
3. use environmentally preferable products;
4. protect and conserve water;
5. enhance indoor environmental quality; and.
6. optimize operational and maintenance practices.
Q.6 What is UNDP’s role? (4M)

As the lead UN development agency, UNDP is well-placed to help implement

the Goals through work in some 170 countries and territories.

They help countries in achieving the SDGs through integrated

solutions. Today’s complex challenges—from stemming the spread of disease
to preventing conflict—cannot be tackled neatly in isolation. For UNDP,
this means focusing on systems, root causes and connections between
challenges—not just thematic sectors—to build solutions that respond to
people’s daily realities.

Our track record working across the Goals provides us with a valuable
experience and proven policy expertise to ensure we all reach the targets set
out in the SDGs by 2030.

Achieving the SDGs requires the partnership of governments, private

sector, civil society and citizens alike to make sure we leave a better planet
for future generations.