J

I
I General Notes:

I •
SPT
Penetration, N-
Value(blows/ Density of
I foot)
<4
Sand
Very loose
4> (degrees)
<29
4 - 10 Loose 29 - 30
I 10 - 30
30 - 50
Medium
Dense
-- 30- 36
36-41
---
>50 Very dense >41
I • Planning is done in the scheduling process

I
• Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is the first thing to be done after project definition havf> been

I •
completed
WBS organizes and defines the total scope of the project

I • the lowest level of WBS is work packages or activities that can then be scheduled, cost
estimated, monitored and controlled
• WBS does not show activity sequences

I
• Schedule provides full map of activities to complete a project
• Schedule determines the time frame and responsibilities of the activity
• Schedule is a vision of how the project will be performed; monitoring measuring and managed
progress.

• Bar chart represents activities VS time consumed by each operation

•
...~Pl.........

h•oh!Oollll

'"'°"•'~ D
,_,.. .........., D
-Ill~
lha.. rt~
°"""'''..... __
Sldo ,.,...,tJ -

t 10 :0 lC ~ ~ 6G :o 1!11 !O l«l 1'.0 1::-1

• Bar chart does not show the interrelationship amo ng acfrllt;es

• Bar chart does not show the progress of activit ies
I
I
I
• Predecessor and successor

I •
•
Activity Duration= Work Quantity/Production Rate
An alogous Estimation is using actual durations of previous similar projects to estimate durations

I • Parametric Estimating is using the duration formula to estimate durations (quantitatively}

• PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) is used to estimate activity durations

I i
Pessnistc
I
(I>)

I
I
I •
• Expected time: (a+ 4m + b)/6

I
• Critical Path Method (CPM) is the longest path through a project which will determine the
r earliest time for completion of the proj ect (longest total duration of a· path and 0 float)

• Forward Pass Computations is made to determine the earliest start and finish times

• Backward Pass Computations is made to de~ermine the latest start and finish times

• Float is the latest point in time an activity can be delayed from its earliest start without delaying
the project ~

• Total float= LS - ES OR LF - EF (Float within the activity) - - - -~

• ~r-ee-float =ESb - EF. (Float between 2 activities}

• Gantt Charts are a combination between Bar chart and Milestone chart

• Fast Tracking is to do activities in parallel that normally should be done in a sequence

• Crashing a project means to decrease the total project duration (critical path) with the least cost
possible
• Resource leveling is when the duration of an activity is determined-based on the available
,resources (to get the best duration of an activity bas on the maximum available resouces)
I
I
I • Pfcin11t:!d-Va lue {PV) is the budgeted cost assignf'd for an activity
)i> (BCWS) Budgeted Cost of Work Scheduled
• Earned Value (EV) is the budgeted cost of work performed
I •
)i> (BCWP) Budgeted Cost of Work Performed
Actual Cost (AC) is the actual cost of worked performed

I •
)i> (ACWP) Actual Cost of Work Performed
Estimate To Complete (ETC) is the expected cost needed to complete all the re maining work for
a schedul e activity
I .,
•
Budget Al Completion {BAC) is the sum of the budget for each phase of the project
Estimate At Completion (EAC) is the expected total cost of a schedule activity

I • Variance At Completion {VAC) is the difference between the total baseline cost (BAC) and the
estimated total cost (EAC)
• Cost Variance (CV)= Earned Value (EV} - Actual Cost (AC)

I •
)> [-ve CV==== the project is over budget]
Schedule Variance {SV) =Earned Value (EV) - Planned Value (PV)

I •
)i> [-ve SV === the project is behind schedule]
Cost Performa~ce Index {CPJ) = EVI AC
}> [CPI less than 1, cost overrun of the estimate (loss)]

~
)i> [CPI more than 1, cost under run of the estimate (gain)]
• Schedule Performance Index (SPI} EV/PV =
)i> [SPI less than 1, less work was completed than was planned (loss)]

I •
);:> [SPI more than 1, more work was completed than was planned (gain)]
EAC =AC+ (BAC - EV) [Assuming that balanced work will have EV= AC]
• EAC =[AC + (BAC - EV)]/CPI [Assuming that balanced work will have EV01d - AC01d =EVnew - ACnew]

• EAC =AC + ETC

• The re<:1sons for unnecessary costs that can be solved by Value Engineering (VE) are:
)i> Lack of information
)i> Lack of ideas
)i> Temporary circumstances
)i> Honest wrong beliefs
)i> Habits and attitudes
)i> Changes in owner requirements
)i> Lack of communication and coordination
)i> Outdated standards and specifications
 • American Concrete Institute (ACI) is used to design the mix of concrete

•I
• The lower the water - cement ratio, W /C, the higher the concrete strength
• Aim is to get concrete mixtures of optimum strength at minimum cement content and
acceptable workability
• The compressive strength of concrete is the highest and measured on the 28th day
• (Air entrainment) The primary purpose of air entrainment is to increase the durability of the
hardened concrete, especially in climates subject to freeze-thaw; the secondary purpose is to

I o
increase w orkability of the concrete while in a plastic state.
Air entrainrnenl abo relieve internal pressure on the concrete by providing tiny ch2mbers for
the expansion of water when it freezes
• Workability: A good mix de~ign must be capable of being placed and compacted, with minimal
bleeding and segregation, and be fin_ish able
• W orkability should be improved by redesigning the mortar faction rather than simply adding
more water
• Slump is the measure of the degree of workability
• ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) explains how the slump test should be done
• Mix Design Procedur:e:
1. Required material information - sieve analysis of both fine and coarse aggregate, unit
weight, specific gravities and absorption capacities of the aggregates
2. Choice of Slump - In general, the lowest slump that will permit adequate placement
should be selected

Slump. mm (In.)

I Con ere construclion Maximum• Minimum

Reinforced loundallon
walls and loo:ings 75 (3) 25 (1)
Plain footings. caissons. and
subslrucrure walls 75 (3) 25 (1 )
Seams and reinforced v1ids 100(4) 25 (1)
Buijding columns 100 (4) 25 (1 )
Pavemenls and slabs 75 {3) 25(1 )
Mass concrele 75 (3) 25 (1)

3. Maximum aggregate size - t he largest maximum aggregate size (not larger than) t hat will
conform the following limitations:
1/5 the minimum dimension
.
of the structural member
. .
1/ 3 the thickness of a slab
3/4 the clearance cover.
./ These restrictions limit maximum aggregate size to 1.5 inches
./ Reduced maximum aggregate size for a given w/c ratio can achieve
higher strengths
4. Water/Cement ratio:
o Strength can be determined after 28 days (compressive strength)
o ~ -...
I

I Notes to be known:

./ The Strength of Materials: is the ability of the material to resist external forces or resist
I the deformation due to external forces
./ Stress: the internal forces developed in a material to overcome external forces

I ./ Critical Path is t he longest sequence of activities in total duration means

./ The Value of concrete cube strength is given at the 28th day
./ For Simply supported beam, the shear and stress wi ll be equal to zero at mid-span

I ./ The summation of internal angles at any polygon= 180 • (n-2) "n =number of faces"
./ Compaction of backfilling ts used to reduce the air content in the backfilled material

I ./ Last component that is added to the cement production is t he calcium sulphate

. (gypsum)
./ Ultra Sonic test (non-destructive, used in smooth concrete surfaces) to detect internal

I flaws or to characterize materials

./ Slump test is used to test workability of concrete
2..) )I ;~

I ---------
./ In Slump test, 3 layers of concrete is required __..
,/ Fast Track Projects is that activ_ities work in parallel (design and build)
./ Crashing a project mean increase resources in order to reduce total durat!on of the
-- ·· ~ .

I project

I Ji
 ..
I ,•
Pick up the correct statement from the following:
A. The theory of formation of concrete is based on the phenomena of formation of voids
B.The bulking of sand is taken into· account while volumetric proponioning of the aggregates
I C.The dry sand and the sand completely flooded with water, have practically the same volume
D.The expansion and contraction joints are provided if concrete structures exceed 12 min length
E. All the above
I Answer: Option E

1· Initial setting time of cement for asbestos cement products should be not less than
A.30 minutes ' ~ _..__..-r--......_ · ·
R <;() m.inure.;
I C. 75 n:iinutes
D.90 minutes

I Answer: Option D

Pick up the correct statement regarding__~ heat cement from the following:
I A.It possesses less compressive strengtli
B.Its initial setting time is about one hour

I C.Its final setting time is about 10 hours

D.lts mainly used for mass concrete work
E. All the above. ·

Answer: Option E
/

I Name the type of cement from the following for canal linings :
A.sulphate resisting cement
B. rap1d hardening cement
C.quick setting cement
D .pozzuolana cement.

Answer: Option A

If water required for 1 bag of cement is 30 litres, the water cement ratio is :if

A.0.40
B. 0.50
j fo ~w !, 4$~o "'"
,,,_ •
C.0.60
D.None of these.
JolJt' =~· ,~-;, 111

Apswer: Option C

The weight of 1 m3 of brick earth, is about

A.1200 kg
B.1500 kg /
C.1800 kg v
D.2000 kg.
Answer: Option C
v
 ..
Maslic asphalt is n onnally used for
A.sound insulation
B. water proofing
C .fire proofing
D.none to these.

Answer: Option B

Strength of cement concrete primarily depends upon

A.quality of water
B.quantity of aggregate
(' quantity of eeme-nr ·-':'""
D.water-cement ratio. E)- vY

Answer: Option D

Soundness of cement is tested by

A.Vicat's apparatus
B.Le-chatelier apparatust;_
C.compressive strength testing apparatus
D.none of the these.

Answer: Option B

Slump test for concrete is carried out, to determine

A.strength
~ B.durability
C. workability ./
D.water content.

Answer: Option C

In case of Raymond pile

A.lengths vary from 6 m to 12 m
D. diameter of top of piles varies from 40 cm to GO CJU
C.diameter of pile at bottom varies from 20 cm to 28 cm
D.th.ickness of outer shell depends upon pile diameter
E. all the above.

Answer: Option E

T he foundations are placed below ground level, to increase

A .strength
B. workability
C' st?.hility of <:tmct11re
D.all the above.

Answer: Option C
••
-- ~ . '

T he loose pockelS in soil mass can be bridged safely by providing a raft foundation provided the
soft area is smaller than
A .the column spacing
B.ooe-thinl the column spacing
C.halfthe column spacing
D.three-fourth the column spacing
E. none of these.

Answer: Option B

The concrete slump recommended for beams and slabs ; is

A.25 t0 50 mm
B.25 to 75 mm
C.30 to 125 ~,.___
D.50 to 100 mm
E. none of these.

Answer: Option C

The entrained co:Jete is used in lining walls and roofs for making
A.heat insulated
B. sound insulate
C.neither (a) nor (b) · ·
D.both (a) and (b).

Answer: Option D

For providing a raft foundation, the following activities are involved

1. ranuning the foundation bed A--

2. excavation of the soil upto required depth .\
3. laying the reinforcement over the foundation bed :....
4. curing the cement concrete placed over reinforcement f.,
5. po~g the cement concrete over the reinforcement. 11..

The correct sequence is

A.I, 2, 3, 4, 5
B.5, 4, 3, 2, I
C.2, -1, 3, 5, 4
D.3, 2, 5, 1, 4.

Answer: Option C .

Dt!_rjng pl'.'rcu<:<:inn rlrilling

A,, groWld water observations are hindered due to entry of the slurry in the soil below the bottom
!-!.of the hole
B.caving or mixing of strata are caused in soft soils or cohesionless soils
C. the soil to a considerable depth below the bottom of the hole gets disturbed
D.all the above.
I
..
I Answer: Option D
~

Raft foundation are generally preferred to when the area required for individual footing, is more
I than
A.25% to total area
B.30% of total area
I C.40% to total area
D.50% of total area.

I Answer: Option D

Pick up the incorrect ~tarement fmm the following:

I A.The retaining walJ should be structurally capable to resist the applied earth pressure ..--
B The section of the retaining wall should be so proportioned that it may not overturn by the ---
~lateral pressure
I C. The retaining wall should be safe against sliding r
D The foundation of the retaining wall should not be stressed beyond safe bearing capacity ~ due
=-'to its weight and the force resulting from the earth pressure
I -f! E to drain off water from the earth retained, weep holes are provided near the top of the retaining
-'wall.

J Answer: Option E

I The process of keeping concrete moist for a certain period after its finishing, is known as
A.finishing of concrete
B.curing of concrete ~

I C. placing of concrete
D.compaction of concrete
E. none of these.

Answer: Option B

Raft foundations are used for :

.6..,providing increased area of foundation over poor bearing capacity of soil
B.spanning over small soft or loose pockets V
C.counter acting the hydrostatic effect
O.all the above.

Answer: Option D /

The foundation which consists of a thick reinforced cement slab covering whole area to support
heavy concentrated structural loads, is known as
A.combined footing
B.strap footing
(' rnft fnnting
D.none of these

Answer: Option C
 For a wall carrying heavy load on low bearing capacity soil,
A.lean concrete bed is provided
B. thick concrete bed is provided
~.reinforced concrete bed is provided
D .(a) and (c) of the above
E. (b) and (c) of the above.

Answer: Option D

The bearing capacity of a water logged soil, may be improved by

A.grouting
B.chemical ai:-rinr
C.clrainage
D.compaction.

Answer: Option C

Two columns 50 cm x 50 cm and 60 cm x 60 cm carry 80 tonnes and 120 tonnes of loads

respectively. The centre to centre distance between colwnns is 5.00 metres. The permissible
bearing capacity of the soil is 20 t/m2. If the footing is not to project more than 25 cm beyond the
outside of the smaller column, pick up the correct design parameters of the footing from the
following: .i,, ~D
A.distance of C.G. of the loads from the smaller colwnn = 3.00 m
B.the length of the foundation slab = 7.00 m
2
C.area of footing slab= 11.00 m
D.width of the footing= 1.57 m.
E . all the above.

Answer: Option E

The formWork including the props can be removed from beams, only after
A.3 day
8.7 days
C.14 days -
0.21 days.

Answer: Option C

The concrete slump recommended for foundations, is

A.25 to 50 mm
B.30 to 125 nun
C.50 to 100 nun
0.75 to 125 mm
E. none of these.

Answer: Option C
I
1. The construction joints in buildings are provided after
A.IO m
B.15 m
I C.20m
D.40 m .
E.60 m.
I Answer: Option D

I Pick up the correct statements from the following :

A.cracks appear on the plastered surface in the form of hair cracks
R. in brick work. the efflorescence is removed by applying a solution of zinc sulphate and water
I C.excessive thermal variations in the backing or plaster causes the plaster to fall
D.all the above.

I Answer: Option D

I Pick up the correct statement from the following:

A.Plain cement concrete is equally strong in compression as well as in tension /(
B.S lwnp test is performed to check concrete str~ ~ ~---

I C. Curing of concrete is done for prope~ compaction of cement ;...

~ D. Fineness modulus is the index nwnber expressing _the relative siz~s of bo~h coarse and fine
-aggregates

I E. Concrete is a mixture of binding material, coarse aggregate and water. U,.Jfl .

Answer: Option D

I Pick up the correct statement from the following :

A.Isolated footing is provided under column to transfer the load safely to soil bed

I B.column footings may have steps or projections in the concrete base

C.heavily loaded column base must be provided steel reinforcement in both directions
D.the concrete offset should be at least 15 cm on all sides
I E. all the above.

Answer: Option E

If h is the difference in level between end points separated by l, then the slope correction is
h2 h4
I -+-
2/ 813 . The second term may be neglected if the value of h in a 20 m distance is less than
1
A.-2 m
-
B. l m
C.2m
D.3 m

Answer: Option D
I
I The accw-acy of measurement in chain surveying, does no t depend upon
A.length of the offset
B. scale of the plotting
I C. importance of the features
D.general layout of the chain lines.

I Answer: Option D

Offsets are measured with an accuracy of 1. in 40. If the point on the paper from both sources of
I error (due to angular and measurement errors) is not to exceed 0.05 cm on a scale of 1 cm== 20
m, the maximum length of offset should be limited to
A 14 14
I B.28.28 m
C.200m
D .none of these.
I Answer: Option B

I Ranging in chain survey means

A.looking at an isolated point not on the line

I B.establishing an intermediate point on the line

C.determining the distance between end points
D .determining the offset distance ·

I E. none of these

Answer: Option B

I The operation of resection involves the following steps

I 1.
2.
rough orientation of the plane table
the three lines form a triangle of error
3. drawing lines back through the three control points

I 4. select a point in the triangle of error such that each ray is equally rotated either clockwise
or anti clockwise
5. the points obtained by three rays is the correct location.

I The correct sequence is

A.1, 3, 2, 4, 5
I B.1,2,3, 4,5
C.1,4,3,2,5
D.1 , 3, 2, 4, 5

Answer: Option A

!f th~ !1?ngth nf ~ tr::imition curve to be introduced between a straight and a circular curve of
radius 500 m is 90 m. the maximum perpend icular offset for the transi tion curve, is
A.0.70 m
B.1.70 m
C.2.70m
D.3.70m
E.4.70 m
Answer: Option C

For quality control of Portland cement, the test essemially done is

A.setting time
B.soundness
C. tensile strength
D.consistency
E. all the above.

Answer: Option E

If 1500 g of water is requ ired to have a cement paste 1875 g of nonnal consistency, the
percentage of water is,
A.20% B.25%
C.30% D.35%
E.40%

Answer: Option B

Hydration of cement is due to chemical action of water with

A.Tricalciurn silicate and dicalciurn silicate
B.Dicalcium silicate and tricalcium aluminate
C. Tricalcium aluminate and tricalcium alumino ferrite
D.All the above.

Answer: Option D

Curing
A.reduces the shrinkage of concrete
B. preserves the properties of concrete
C. prevents the loss of water by evaporation
D.all of the above.

Answer: Option D

Curing a concrete for Jong period ensures better

A.volwne stability
B.strength
C. water resistance
D.water tightness and durability
E. all the above.

Answer: Option E

Pick 11p the correct statement from the following:

A.Insufficient quantity of water makes the concrete mix h3.rsh
B.Insufficient quantity of water makes the concrete unworkable
C.Excess quantity of water makes the concrete segregated
D.Excess quantity of water causes bleeding in concrete
E. All the above

rl
 Answer: Option E

Workabiliry o f concrete is measured by

A. Vicat apparatus k st
B.Slump test /
C. Minimum void method
D.Talbot Richard test.

Answer: Option B

Shrinkage in concrete can be reduced by using

A_ .low water cement rnrin ,,.
B. less cement in the concrete
C. proper concrete mix
D .presaturated aggregates
E. all the above.

Answer: Option E

A construction joint is provided where

A.bending moment is small
B.shear force is smaJI
C. the member is supported by other member
D.all the above.

Answer: Option D

Pick up the correct statement from the following:

According to the petrological characteristics, concrete aggregates are classified as heavy
~eight, normal weight and light weight
B According to the shape of the particles, concrete aggregates are classified as rounded irregular,
-'-angular and flaky
According to the surface texture of the particles, the concrete aggregates are classified as
C. glassy, smooth, granular, rough, crystalline, honey combed and porous
D .All the above.

Answer: Option D

Pick up the incorrect statement from the following:

A.The degree of grinding of cement, is called.fineness
B. The process of changing cement paste into hard mass, is known as serting ofcement
C The phenomenon by virtue of which cement does not allow transmission of sound, is known
-'-as soundness ofcement
The heat generated during chemical reaction of cement with water, is known as heat of
-D.hy dratwn
.
E. None of these.

Answer: Option C

-..............__________________________ ........
l Permissible compressive strength of M 1~O concrete 0orade is
A.100 kg/ cm
2
2
B.150 kg/cm
I C.200 kg/cm
D.250 kg/cm
2
2
2
E. 300 kg/cm

Answer: Option C X
Slump test of concrete is a measure ofits
A .consistency ,_--
B.c0mpre<\sive st 1·ength
C. tensile strength
D.impact value.

Answer: Option A

Water cement ratio is

A volume of water to that of cement/
B. weight of wat,er to that of cement.
C.weight of concrete to that of water
D.volume of concrete to that of water
E. both (a) and (b) of the above.

Answer: Option E

Separation of water or water sand cement from a freshly concrete, is known

A.bleeding
B.creeping
C. segregation
D.flooding
E. none of these.

Answer: Option A

According to Water-Cement Ratio Law, the strength of workable plastic concrete

A.depends upon the amount of water used in the mix
'- B.does not depend upon the quality of cement mixed with aggregates
C.does not depend upon the quanity of cement mixed with aggregates
D.all the above

Answer: Option D

High temperature
~increases the strength of concrete ~
B.decreases the strength of concrete v
C.has no effect on the strength of concrete Y
D.none of these.

Answer: Option B
I
I Allowable shear strength of concrete, depends upon
A.she.a r strength '
8. tensile strength
I C.compressive strength
D.none of these.

I Answer: Option A

Workability of concrete mix with low water cement ratio is determined by

I A.tensile strength test
B.slump test
C'. compactinn factor rest
I -O.flexural strength test
E. none of these
.

I Answer: Option C

While designing an air entrained concrete

I A.water cement ratio is reduced
B. proportion of aggregates is reduced

I C. an allowance for the entrained air is made

D .strength of the concrete, is reduced
E. all the above

I Answer: Option E

Concrete gains strength due to

A.chemical reaction of cement with sand and coarse aggregates .t 1

B.evaporation of water from concrete x

C.hydration of cement '\,/
D .All the above.

Answer: Option C

Expansion joints are provided if the length of concrete structures exceeds

I A.lOm
B.15 rn
C. 15 m
D.35 rn
E.45 m

Answer: Option E

Workability improved by adding

~fly ash
~hydrated lime
C.calcium chloride
D. bentonite
E.all the above.

Answer: Option E
If the slump of a concrete mix is 60 mm, its workability is
A. v~ylow · ·
B.low
C.medium
D.h.igh ~4lmj. f' 8 J j 1 f
{!
0
)

~ ]j., •O

E. none of these.

Answer: Option C t
.
j
' "
•
l

Pick up the correct statement from the following: i

A.Constructionjoints in ccilumns are provided a few cm b.$!low the junction of.beam
B.Construction j oints in•colbmns are- provided at ~he hottom haunching · "
C.Constructionjoints in beams ~d slabs are ~rovided within middel third
D.Constructionjoints are generally provid~~..i~ positioqfsubjected to least shear force
E. All the above. ·

Answer: Option E •
•
The shortest distance between two places measured along the surface of the earth, is
A.le~gth of the equator between their longitudes
B.length of the parallel between their longitudes
C.length of the arc of the great circle passing through them
D.none of these.

Answer: Option C
&--'-..."""•, ,
·1
----·~
In the cantilever truss as shown in below figure, the horizontal c.pmponent of the reaction at A, is

A.30 tonnes V---

B.60 tonnes
C.90 to1U1es
D.120 tormes
E. 150 tonnes.

Answer: Option A

For a simply supported beam with a central load, the bending moment is
A.least at the centre
B.least at the supports

D .maximum at the centre.

Answer: Option D
 A simply supported beam carrying a uniformly distributed load over its whole span, is p ropped at
the centre of the span so that the beam is held to the level of the end supports. The reaction of the
prop will be
A.half the distrihuted load

'
l
B.3/8th the distributed load
C.5/8th the distributed load
D.distributed load.
E. none of these.

Answer: Option C

The range within whic.h a lnad can he applied on a rectangular column. to avoid any tensile
stress, is
A.one-half of the base
B. one-fifth of the base
C.one-fourth of the base
D.one-fifth of the base
E. one sixth of the base on either side of centroid.

Answer: Option B

The shear stress at any section of a shaft is maximum

A.at the centre of the section ·
B. at a distance r/2 from the centre
C.at the top of the surface
D.at a distance 3/4 r from the centre
E. none of these.

Answer: Option C

The region of the cross-section of a column in which compressive load may be applied without
prod}lcing any tensile stress, is known as the core of the cross-section. In circular columns the
radius of the core, is
A.one-half of the radius
B.one-third of the radius
C.one-quarter of the radius
D.one-fifth of the radius
E. one-sixth of the radius.

Answer: Option C

The maximwn bending moment due to a moving load on a simply supported beam, occurs
A.at the mid span
B. at the supports
c._11ncier the load
D.anywhere on the beam
E. none of these.

Answer: Option C
 A simply supported beam of spar1 L canies a uniformly dis cributed load W. The maximum
bending moment M is
AWL
- 2

--
B. WL
- 4 z,,.
C. WL 2
- 8
WL
D.12
WL
E. -
f
- 16

Answer: Option C
.
A cantilever beam rectangular in cross-section is subjec1ed to an isolated load at its free end. If
the width of the beam is doubled, the deflection of the free end will be changed in the ratio o f
A .8 B.l~ .
C.1/2 D.2
E.3

Answer: Option C

When equal and opposite forces applied to a body, tend to elongate it, the stress so produced, is
called
A.shear stress
B.compressive stress
C.tensile stress ,,.-----
D.transverse stress

Answer: Option C
.
Stress in a beam due to simple bendihg, is
A.directly proportional ••
B.inversely proportional
C.curvilinearly related
D .none of these.

Answer: Option A

The bending moment is maximum on a sectiop where shearing force

A. is JJ?.aximum
B.is minimum
C .is equal
D.changes sign. .-

Answer:. Option D

0
 A simply supponed beam of span L carries a uniformly d istributed load W. The maximum
bending moment Mis
A. WL
- 2
B. WL
-
C
~
4
WL
8
v
-- 2

D.12
E WL
WL
f
-' 16

Answer: Option C

A cantilever beam rectangular in cross-section is subjected to an isolated load at its free end. If
the width of the beam is doubled, the deflection of the free end will be changed in the ratio of
A.8 B.l~
C.1/2 D.2
E.3

Answer: Option C

When equal and opposite forces applied to a body, tend to elongate it, the stress so produced, is
called
A.shear stress
B. compressive stress
C.tensile stress ,,----
D. transverse stress

Answer: Option C

Stress in a beam due to simple bendihg, is

A.directly proportional ••
B. inverse! y proportional
C. curvilint!arl y related
D .none of these.

Answer: Option A

The bending moment is maximum on a sectioil where shearing force

A.is n:iaximwn
B. is minimum
C.is equal
D.changes sign . .--

Answer:. Option D
A district road with a bituminous pavement has a horizontal curve of l 000 m for a design speed
of 75 km ph. The super-elevation is
A.I in 40
B.1 in 50
C. l in 60
D.l in 70
E. none of these.

Answer: Option A

The total length of a valley fonned by two gradients - 3% and + 2% curve between2
the two
tangent points to provide a rate of change of centrifugal acceleration 0.6 m/sec • for a design
speed 100 km ph, is
A.16.0 m
B.42.3 m
rr· ·r ··--·r·"·~· ·
f..P.."

..,
C.84.6 m
D.none of these 1 1
Answer: Option A -" sl
•
The advantage of providing sup~elevation on roads, is
A.higher speed of vehicles V
B.increased volwne of traffic/ v · · .J
C. reduced maintenance cost of the roads
D.draining off rain water quickly
E. all the above. /

Answer: Option E

~or a vehicle moving with a speed of 80 km per hour, the brake r~a:io~4.~ ordjnary cases,J
~ ~·

-
i

Ole
JS
o...... ~ ·()
£
• J~ ~
 BEAM DEFLE~TION FORMULAE
BEAM TYPE I SLOPE AT FREE END I DEFLECTION AT ANY SECTION IN TERMS OF x MAXIMUM DEFLECTION
l . Cantilever Beam - Concentrated load P at the free end

t ~~~1 ~I 2. Cantilever Beam - Concentrated load P at any point

Px
y=-(3l-x)
6EI
2

I I

:I ==c=1:j-r
y
u -----!..\~"

I
~ x 9= Pa
2El
2
Px1
y= -
6E/
Pa
(3a-x) for O<x<a
2
y=-(3x-a) for a<x<l
o...,. -_ Pa
2
( 1-a)
6El 3
6El
3.~C~an--:-:-
til~e-ve-r~B~e~am---~U~ru~.~fo-nnl--,-y-r7-·=str~i~
u bu~~~d~l~o-
adTro
~~(N
~/~m~)----------------l....-------------__J

~ x

ijY ~~
' 0=-
(J)/j

6El
y
(J)XJ
=14EI (x 2
+ 6/2 - 4lx) om... = SE/
(J)['

4~C~an--:til~e-v-er~B
;::-
eam
..____ ~U~nifi~.~o-rm--:-ly_v_ary--:m-g--:-
lo-a~d:~M
:-:-
ax.un~.:---um-m~·_7
te-n-si~ty-.-ro-.~(N~/~m~)---~-----~'--~-------~~~------1

<»='7'" (1- ~
·) X
9=~
1
~t.x.J:.&.i!:!:!:i!:~.~=- y =-·-
ro x· ( IO!J -10/'·x+5Lx-' -x'. ) ro0 / 4
0.,,., 24El 1201£/ o.,,.. = 30£/

-- - ----
- ·- 1
5 Cantilever Beam - Couple moment M at the free end

~· ~-i ~~ @ Mxl
y= 2EI
~
Y ~MT ~

T . I
 ----------- - - - - -·- - -
BEAM DEFLECTION FORMULAS

BEAMTYPJ·: SLOPE AT ENDS DEFLECTION AT ANY SECTION IN TERMS OF x MAXIMUM AND CENTER
DEFLECTION
~------"""6'"""'
. Beam Simply ~upported at Ends - Concenvated load Pat the center
a, t Pt 1a, i ; Pl 1 (31
Px ---x1 ) for 0<x<-I
2
Pl
3

~ ~ ==<j-t~-- e. = a2 = t6EI y=--

11EI 4 . 2 s..... = 48£/
7. Beam Simply Supported at Ends - Concentrated_load P at any point

=Pb (.'ib1)"2
2
y = Pbx (1 x' - b 1 ) for 0 < x < a

~
2 2
Pb(l -b -

~:Lt-~
a -h e1 = -'-----'-
6ZEI
)
6/El S at x= fi(1 2 -iF)/3
mox 9 3 lE! '1 1
[!..(x-a)3 +(12 -b2)x-xJ]
/ Jt
8 e Pab(2l-b) Y = Pb
iy """' 2
6lEI
6/EI b
B = -.!!l._(311 -4b 2 ) at the center, if a> b
48EI
for a<x<l
8. Beam Simply Supported at Ends - Unifonruv distributed load oo <Nim)

-
~co~*.~
~~ ti~ 8,..,·
p I J' 0
I
=0,=~
• 24E/

9. Beam Simolv Suooorted at Ends - Couple moment Mat the riaht end
~ y=~(> 2
24E/ l -2lx +x')
r 0
5CJ>/4 j
- = 384E/ 1
\
Ml' l
M o=>< =--atx=-
a,\ 1e. ~ x Ml.x( x2) 9Jj EI f3
~--:rj y=ru i- y ~ Ml'
o=- - at the center
\ 16EI

ins~ load: Maximum intensi w. Im

_ 700 0 13 . (.t) 14
9 o....,. = 0.00652- 0
at x=0.519!
~~="'l'-:'"'A-'±-T~-i---~
-

360EI
I -
(l)X 2 4 EI
y = 36dlEI ( 71• - I Ofx + 3.x )
(J) z•
e. = CJ>.t> o= 0.00651- 0
- at the center
· 45El EI

,. ., . " I I '
 l
,.

I I·

I
<_27. The error in measuring tape due to shortage of tape is called:

Systematic error

I f/28· Poisson's Ratio is:

The transverse strain I the longitudinal strain

I , y{ Initial setting t ime of cement for asbestos cement products should be not less than :

I 30 minutes

30. Type of cement using for cana l lining is:

I ./.Sulphate resisting cement

31. If water required for 1 bag of cement is 30 liters, the water cement ratio is:

L- 0.6
3
[ ·. 32. The weight of 1 m of brick earth, is about:

1800 kg
,~
33. Mastic asphalt is normally used for :

Water proofing

34. Strength of cement concrete primarily depends upon:

,._ Water-Cement ratio

3-5. ·soundness of cement is test ed by:

1

Le-chatelier apparatus

36. Slump test for concrete is carried out, to determine:

(_,/

Workability

37. The foundations are placed below ground level, to increase:

' Stablllty of structure

:::. :-_~.; :::_;:~:~ ;J>:;::!::~: ::-- ~-::::;! ":::?~~ c~n 1::-P hrirfoNI c:::1 f ph1 hv nrrwirlinP ;i r~ft fniinrl!ltion Q_rQ_'{_~ed t_he? soft ~rec; is
'.t1 1;1ll1•.r_! han:

Onr third the column spacing

l!l lht t,<,)f.l(:r.t'.I.!~. r.lump recommended for beams and slabs is:

. 111 t11i 1111n

 j Sl.Cll'[ .\ T FkEE F.'iO I llEF! .[CTIO\' .·\ T ,\W SECTIO\' l\' T[IHISOF.r 'L\Xl.\IDI l)[Fl. ECTI O.\

Px' . I pf
I' ; - ( 31 - X,
. 6£/. . 'j[i

2. Cantilcl·er Beam - C1Jn.:em:a1rd ioad f' a! am· poim

Px' _
1·= - l.>a - .r] fur (l<x<1:
. 6£/ - [',1· •.
r,,.:
.~ =- 1~1 - 111
--· f.EI
1· = -· -· (.'.>- o I wr c < r < I
. 6£/
3. Csn1ik1er Bram - Cniiormly d1s1nhu1cd load 1t1 (\'.1111

rnf • w!'
S= - 0 =-
6£/ = 8£1

4. Caa:ilcwr Brnn - Ln1formlv 1-:irvi:ie load: ~la.ximum imensitY w. f\'i nl)

l·::I
~ ,.• ~ 1-11 • .-1
hi
I

··r~~~:·
r-
,Y I
.
1· = - N·-.x' {IOI·• -I OI.·.r-x1·
1201£1
•. . - .1- 'J 5 = w.J"
""' 30£/
:..-·-..- ---·----·-.... J

t
I

5. ( 3n1ilc1·er Beam - Cou le mo~1e111.lf a1 tlh: fret end

I - 'I I.
'' 9: .\{/ .\.!/ _ Ml:
,,.. =
.:> -
1'=-
El . 1£1 2£/

BE..\'.\! TYrE SLOPE AT £\'DS DEFl.ECTIO'.'\ ,\ T ANY SECTIO\ I\' TER.\IS OF x ~IA..'\l'.\IDI A'iD CE:'\TER
DEFLE.mO:"\
6. Beam Si111 \1· Su oncd ar Ends - Conccnuattd load Pat th~ centtr

-~j-r Pl: P.T ( 3;: . i i

~&_, 0. =0. = - 1• =o--. - - x· · for O<x<-
- 12£1 \ ~ ) ~
)r · / ' jl . 16£1

7. Beam Sini lY Su oncd 31 EnJs - Conccmratcd load Pat an1· i111

Phlf - h~) r =Pbx(. . - Jfor 0< .r <a

- - /· - .r·-1>- - Ph(f - h
1
IJ{: . .
• 61£1
0
•
= - - --
61£1
Ph ; I ( )' ( . • ·j- o=· = ./3 £1
9 1
31 x=F
Pnh(2/ - h) ." = 61£1 t b x - " - /· - b· )x - x·
A.=---- •
b = -Ph-(", .• ..
J/' - 411" 1211hc ctnirr. rl n
61£1 ~I\£/ . .
for a< x< I
S. &·ain Sim 11· Su on.:d a r Ends - L:niformlv dimibu1ed load w (;\ 'nu

~1 .r
. '. •' 1i ~1 ... - -I'
r =t:lX I -~L1 ·•-..x')
l r jl . 2~£1 . . 3R4£/

cd a1 EnJs - Couok moment.\/ 11 th~ ru1h1end

.If/' I
e

'~ !
= :.ii "' ---.=-- n1 x = --,..
6£1 l/f.\ 9.J 3 fl "·'
9. = ~
fi - .\/:'

~ --l(-,_~O-ca-1 -1~S1-1 n1-l~r7~u-1-n~>n_c_d'"7-a~1E~-n~a~;- -7l~n~1i~o;n~71l-1· -1·a-~n.,~n-2l~o-27d:~ ~l-ax~1m-un-171 -l~-1s~1-~-w-.7l~:c-1 -1------'L--------~--~--·

b = - - a1 rl1c -:caicr
- 3£/ l<•t:I

Mf'
0, 0 , =Cl.IJOc52-·- m x =fl.'.\IQ /
1· = w.x i 71' - IOl'x: ~ 3.\' I £1
. 3601£/ .
 1. T_l:1e st rength of material is defined as:
[]
a) Abil'.ty of mater'.al to resist external for~~- --~
b) Ab ility of mate.i:_i~I t~-~-i:~~! d~_fo_~m~ti.on . \
0
c} A~ of rrui.!_e_rla.l.~2. wi_th st~_nd.~~~~LJ.g~q..s. J D
@-·
d) Nooe-of-t~~e. ALL /))~1,,c.

2. Stress means:
a) ,1sth-;
internal forces developed in material due to externa l forces . .c:..-----'
c:r-·
b) Ab"ility fo resist external forces D
c) Deformation in.materi.al caused of ext ernal forces. 0
d) Forces applied perp.endi_c ular to the longitudina l axis of a member. ~ 0
3. The Sf.T~!:-1 V?~ue_~ of Dense sa_!:l-9. is equal .to~ \/~Y'/ Lc:iS'iC ._(2b
I t0}')
a) 0 - 20
20 -40 '
l
1·
I
l
~ - <:.-
~';;.:;. 2..b
01
-'2 I
D
0
c) Largerth an SO vied . 1
"2..."° -'"Sb 0
I d} (~00
b·
't>:viS::!-
Ve
~b ~ ~
l->~·fi -· / '"'f O
0

·~Lft

E = 250

I E, = 350

I 25KN

I 4m
4m
2·

4. In above truss. If the temp of member B-C changed qy 100 F 0

• the displacement of po_int E
is equal to:
a) 3.52 mm
D
b) 9.83 mm D
c) 8.3 mm ~- ---·
D
d) None of the above. D
r- r ... ;..-;,......., \ r"\"'lth rY\O:> n c: ·
..,>. ....... . . ............. . i'"' ........ ' ... ... - · - -

a) Long~si_ sequ,._e,!l~.e. of a~t.iyiti es Qath in a pf()j~ct. ~

o<'._ b) Shortest sequence of activit ies path in a proj ect. D
t;><(C) The path that have the maximum r~so u rces assigned. D
~a~it!J:tb:ft?_r:ge_~f!.~~[$-::HP?"rill:ecr.-- ,,,....,,,-- ·--- ... .. _
D
- ... . ,....... ,. ----~
 6. Add-Mixtu re are us~.d in.conGr-ete-for:
1. Increasing strength of.conerete .
.....2-. ~educe heat of conccete.
3. ~2:_in_~re~s_~-~~rk~bility of concrete.
4. Increase air conter;it.
a) 1 & 2 -- D
b) 2 & 3
D
c) 3 & 4
D
d) 1 & 4
0
7. In pert chart the time estimate of activity is calculated b y ·· w - _ ·
a) Normal. ~ , I 1 .' ·\
D
b) Binomial.)/' I' ' ' 'of D
c) Logarithmic. _j_i - - - "/
D
~ None of the above.
1
op-f s· f , D
o't-t- l; Mo·L; k...;- ST .-
,. . . . 6"
8. The value of concrete cube strength is given at:
a) 1 day.
. ----·-- . -- - - ·- 0
b) y
days.
-""'; .....,,,._,

c~ - ·~· L.,,,,,.--.. . . . . .
D
4
28days.. . '·. '-!_,,) D
d) 35 days.
~- D
9. For simply supported beam the shear and flexural stresses will equal to Zero at:
. . -=-- D
a) End supports. ·
b) Middle of the span and above neut.ral axis. ~ D
c) M iddle of th~
span and on t)1e n_eutr.al a x i s / _ --::-;::-:-: ::·· D
d) End Supports and below neutral axis. -··~ ;
D
10. he summati~n of internal an les o 6 ides polygon: ~
v q) 360. A)-7- Y-' : 30 c:> \ {
D
~ D
~/
b) 540.
C) 720~
,
J(µev "\_,_.----
s-1 d ~ I~· D
\ ~ d) None of the above.
D
11. Ministry of urban planning need to construct an exhibition center the location pf this
center should be next to:
-- -
a) Airport
~ -.
D
b) Buses stations.
D
c) y a high_population are.a.
D
.s4'" ln a remote area.
D

..r:zi
12. i8SHG& responsible for:
Responsible of public hous!ng.
c:zb) Responsible of electrical and water services
D
n
L-J

o(c) Responsible of urban planning. D

,,,dl None of the above.
D
I
I
I 13. Compaction in backfilli ng is used fo r:
· a)
Reducing water wntent in backfil led material. 0
0
~edudng air cont~nti~_.b~ckfilled ;;;?_terial.
0
I c) Crushing of stones in backfilled material.
d) None of the above. 0

I 14. Last_component tha_t is added t o cement production process is:

a) Sili ca.
b) Alumina. . _ / '·
0
D
c) Calciu~.te.~- "~- D
I d) None of the above. 0
15. Ultra sonic pulse test !s~ ~
I 1)
2)
None destructive_t~st. ~
Used in smo.o_th concret!' s,urface~
3) Ad~_!=!-t~_st. r:< .
I 4) used fo~ ~g.sti_!~_g_gf..s_oiJ.
a) 1 & 2.. D
b) 3 only 0
I c) 3 & ·4
d) None of the above.
D
D

I 16. 1) Concrete pouring.

2) Shutter sj:riking.
3) snuite~°j;rectioro.

I 4) Curing.,
The correct sequence of work for concrete work is given by:
a) 4-1-2-3 D
D
I b) 3-1-4-2
c) 3-4-1-2 D
D
d) 2-1-3-4

~
17. Slump test is used for: ~
· a) f estingof ,_.;,,orkability of concrete. ~ D
b} Monitoring heat of dehydrated concrete D
D
~
c) Used to calculate strength of concrete.
d) None of t he above. 0

18. How many layers of concrete is required in slump test:

a) 4 layers. D
b} 2 l~rs. D
c) ~yers. 2 S /)OS ' D
d) '7 layers. D
 19. One of the fo llowini; is not a gypsum board character~tj_c:
A /Low coa_gJn ~Q_~!illc.tion. __ .. - - ---- D
'.:.-t5) .Can be easily formed in deferent shapes. D
x(' Can be recycled.
,t . D
~4Fire ~e~Y, D

I 20. Super elevation is ~sed at:

a) Straight Highways. D
b) Car parking's. D
yus
I c) stations.
#Y'.f:!.QDLQntal curves. (
0
D
21. 5 meter hig_~_r.eta i ning walls is ~ack filled with sand (Unit weight= 19 KN/M3) with angle of
30·. Earth lateral pressure will equal to: ~
a) 95 KN/m. ·- - · -- ,t; (,. , ~u·'. D
b) SS KN/m. ,'.-\ . _ · D
c) 45 KN/m.
Y d~-~\,.
-·- / .',· D
d) None of the above. D
22. A car going on a speed~on_a cu_rve highway. A~er passin~ midp_oin~Jh~~river
saw an accident in front of him. The distance that will be passed from the moment the
driver SaW the acciaenltin:fi"j he hit the br~S__!!_qUJl! fo: I .. '! ~
· a} 4Sft . - - - --- - -- - .,-2.~SO ~I
D
b} 90 ft - "P.r D
c} 180ft --,-9-bc:>~l...\'t · D
..._Lri1 None of the a~.v.e·....~ (H/ \~Go D
v~ ,
\
f} <?} ......
t:;o~V
\'- e>
; ../ •
, .,
23. Moisture Content range'tor-::t-iml5€F'that Is used in construction is equal to:
a) Oto 2%. · --- ---· ·· ---····- · · ·
D
b) 2 to 4%. D
c) 10%. D
d) None of the above. D
24. Fast Track project me~:
.--;r Proj.ect that starts before design is. col!)_~.~ D
b) Cost plus fe!U?roject c< D
c) Starts p~oj~ct wi~h huge man power. c,(_ D
d) None of the above. D

25. What is the meaning of crashing in project:

a} To increase project res..9~~~ in order to reduce Pr_~<;_t total duration. D
b) Project will not.~nish on t ime.o< D
cl Project will ncifac-~ievertssc_opex D
~
d) None of the above. LJ
I

I 26. What I the me_aning of resource leveling: .

a) Technique used to examine unbalanced use of resources over time.
b} ~..to determine reguired resour.c:esJaf_P.roiect-ta~ks.
/
0
0
c) Report given·~~-nager about ~urc.es. ,_.. 0
I d) None of the above.
. .
0

I 27. Minor limit design meth·o·d"for·ret:fangular section will provide:

(}-l'il' Minimum steel area, Minimum section ·a.imension.
bl M inimum steel area. Maximum section dimension.
-
0
0

-I 8
'
c) Maximum steel area,Maximum section dimension.
d ) Maximum steel area, Minimum section dimension.

28. UPVC Pipe with station 0.00 and box culvert with station 163...6.t?.9_ ft. calculate t he back
p..-•· o -

f illing above the culvert:

a) 3 ft.
D
b) 4.7 ft.
~~i;::.;~]f D
c) 5.93 ft.
~,;.:~"- D
d) 2.5 ft.
D
29. Nominal moment for rectangular concrete cross section is given by:
a)
. -- .... --.-~~a-=~ - --- ---=--~--:-=-=-;;'· ......~ ------
Mn= Cab(d - - )
D
. . . ~ ~ -,/ D
. b) f1n 7 FsAs(d - --;) ~
D
--er Mn-=
.
FsAs (d - ~)
2
+ -j~ ab(~
.
- ~)
2
D
d) Mn = pbd 2 fy(1 - 0.59p ~)

30. A sample ofl2:9_@1 ~a-~tewater is given in a cont_a iner (~-~_!_~Qn!ainer ~g) and
was inserted in oven, after water evaporated the weight of sample was given as =74.SOJ_g
- --
'
·-·· - was. inser:t~.9
then the sample .
'•
. ·-
in a burning
,..,•-
-
oven and the weight changed to= 2;S.606 g , t he
volatile solids content for this sam le is enual to:
• --::,..r~

.=,;~ 0.00 ®!- . - ; - - -1: 0

b) 0.0584 g/ml.
0
c) 0.0081 g/ml.
0
d) None of the above.
0
31. T~e
un- ined shear s!.r:e.ngth for clay is ~~.!'!!JQ:
-·-- Ha.If of th;~-n~onfined compr~ssive stre~gth of clay. 0
b} Twice the unconfined compressive strength of clay. D
c) One and a half the unconfined compressive strength of clay. 0
d) None ofthe above.
0
 I a

I \
rJ\ s c:rO
7.
I
QCS2010 Section1 Part8 Page 38
I Quafrty Assurance

Material /Section I

I Activity1.2 & tbe

Required Tests Method'
Mfnimum
Frequency"' 5 Remarks

I 4.00 Earthworks,
Subgrade, Base.
Subbase, Backfill,
Refer to
footnote

Sub-ballast etc11• 12 ~·

I 4.01 (Modlfied} Proctor

Test - [Optimum
Moisture Content01557, 04718, BS
AASHTO T99, 1180,
T224, ASTM 0698.
• Each source
• {Visible) Change in
material
(OMC) & Maximum 1377-4
• 1,,.test every 1000 m3
I Ory Density (MDD)J
4.02 Field Density & Reid AASHTO T191. T205.
Moisture Content T238, T239, T310,
• 1testev~
perMr(~. per
2
Refer to
footnote
ASTM 01556, 02216, compacted layer)
I [also known as
(Fiek!l Com~ction
Te~t)
06938. BS 13n-9 • 1test~very20m.of
pipe laY,ing o~
tren,ctli!!Q wg_ms per

~
rift (le, per
com~laYet>
4.03 Gradation (Sieve) AASHTO M145. T27, • Eaeh source Refer to
Analysls14 T88. ASTM C136, • Visible change in footnote
I 0422. 02487. 03282.
BS EN933-1
gradation
• 1 test every 1000 m3
4.04 Atterberg Umits AASHTO T89, T90, • Each source
(Index limits) • (Liquid ASTM 04318, BS • (Visible) Change in
Umit & Plasticity 1377·2 material
Index)
• 1 test every 1000 m~

n Footnote 11: Earthworks, SUbgrade (tncluding porous, prepared etc), Base, Subbase,
BaeldiU (including soikement, structural, pipe bed'dfng, trenching, piping, pervious, porous,
reclamation backfill etc), Sub-bal!ast. Common fil~ Select fiD, Technical fill, Embankment till,
Rock fill, Sabkha rock fill, Gravel, Granutar Base (for pavers of all kinds}, Setting Bed (for
paver.> of all kinds) etc and/or products and materials confom1ing to ASTM 02940 or
equivalent shall be tested as per this section reQUlrement where applicable.
12
Footnote 12: Concrete specifications, testing prooedures and frequencies shall be adopted
for concrete and concrete related baddilt
!~ ::-vcfn.):: 13. Th: ::::r~ ~ t-:·:!!~:; :Ts-: ..:=~1:'~ ;~ :-:· :. ? t~··r··:/::.ri -=~- "='~-~"! "~,.~.. fi i.'.:."\-Jt ~ ' ""'""
as n:an;;cles, ciia:n:.iers m;..:s: t;!;;:,·s s~:i;· s<;:~ &~:.

1~Footnote 14: Aggregate gradation standards are ~nc[uded to cater ior pervious. porous ·eic
backfill.
I
I
I Some Guidelines for Constructing Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagrams

SIGN CONVENTIONS

+V -V

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

A B
B

A
P.iJloed LEFT Eod:
Rcactioo force, A, is unknown.
Rcacrioo force, A., is uoknown.
V (sbear force) - A., (reaction force)
PiJloed Right End:
R.cactioo fon:c; B, is wil<Down.
ReactioD force, B, is uoknown.
V (shear force) -8 1 (reaction fon:e)
2

M = o (unless there is an applied moment at this poiot) =

M 0 (unless lbere is an applied momeot al lbis poi al)
Dellectioo, y • 0 DeOectioo, y 0 =
Slope, 9 is unknown Slope. 9 is unknown

A B

Pinned LEFT &ad: RoUer Support at Right End:

Reaction force, A. is uolawwn.
Reaction force, A., is unknown.
V (shear force) "' A1 (reaction force)
M = o (unless there is an applied moment at this point)
Deflection, y = 0
Slope, 0 is unknown
Reaction force, Bx -0.
Reaction force, B7 is unknown.
V (shear force)• -B, (reaction force)
M = 0 (unless there is an applied moment at this point)
Deflection, y = 0
Slope, 9 is unknown

A
Clamped Ead: Free End:
Rcactioa force, A, is unknown. V (shear force)= 0 (unless there is an applied point
Reaction force, A7 is unknown. force at this end)
Reaction moment, M,. is unknown M = 0 (unless there is an applied moroeol at this point)
v (internal shear force)= A7 (reaction force) Deflection, y is unlcnowa
M (internal bending moment) = M,. Slope, 6 is unknown
Ocfleclion. y = 0
Slope, 0 • 0
 REVIEW ( 5-Jun- 13 )

'I _ 0
1. What is the SPT for dense ? 'So:\ \~ ·_
Options: 0-20 I 2 -
JUM: 20-40.

2. How to calculate a continuous T be.a m ?

Supported at various points ··.-·,......
Simply supported
Flan9ed sect'ion ·-·~

Recfan~fufarsection.
JUrV!-:l§~~d ~e~
C:i>.-L--·l·-·
.J.- ·
,• '
-

- -J-··

3. What is Degree of curve? JUM : 100 feet chord angle . .--.,·-

...... ~. ---

_________
4. For how cross sections are used ? JUM : for cut and fill .....quantities.
_...-· -

5. What is the perc_!ption an~ reaction time for calculating the si~ht distance?
1 second
~;
3.5 s
None of the above .
JUM : 1 second. rf
\
6. If a work, if the.property decides to make a change in scope, what is the procedure to
do?
Change or~
Modification

JUM : Change order .

7. For why steel is pJef~rr~_d as re,inforcement in concrE'.te?

Because it is inexpensive al]P resi.stant
Because it is easily accessible
Because it adheres well to concrete _.-
Because it has the same coefficien(of e~p~nsion of the con~fete . .0)
JUM : because it adheres well to concrete. '-

8. What is concrete density? JUt.J)h~ 2' · '2 c _) 2 · )0/?!

9. Right or fal~e? What fa~~Qrs infl\,Jence the compressive strength of concrete?
--r<esistance is inversely proportional to the water-cemeriLratio
.......-fhe resi~tance. is proportional to the ce,ment content...

...
~.,-~-------------------------

•·
Cracks on the surface due to excessive water content c...---·
All others are true.
JUM : all others are true.

10. On relation to the use of air-entraining ag~nts in concrete, which of the following
statements are true:
Improve the workability ~
Improving long-term durability_;_....--"
Makes a less dense mixture :..... -··
---· -~- · ·. .
JUM : all the above are true .c....---·-

11.Rellenar th.e gap : The immediate------- a re Necessary t o Develop the

Following tasks in· a breaking down of a project .
Critical activities
predeces~9r .9~
'succ~sso~.~c;;!i.Y.i~\es
Burst activities
None of the above is correct.
JUM : Predecessor activities.
~-

12. What of the following statements are f~se for a Work package:
Allocating resources must I
It should de~ignatea ·work ma.nager. /
It should set deadlines
. . "definitive "
'
\'
None of the above is false . -
JUM : You should set a timetable definitive .

13.0n Work breakdown structure

-· .. .. . .. . . .
--
relativ~. to project
.
which of the foflqwing statements
. -
are
false?.
Breaks up the project in a " top-down " '.
It breaks down the draft as "down -top "
Used to handle large projects: ,
JUM : used to h~ndle large..projects/
· ··~ _-: ·· ·- ---~·~-~--- -
14_What is a logical sequence of activities?
1,2,3,4
3,2,4,1
2,4,3,1 .
JUM : 1,2,3,4 .

15. What is the logical sequence of a concrete?

JUM: formwork (framework) > pouring ( pouring ) > curing ( curing ) > stripping .
16. Problem influence lines. Vocabulary: shear stress.

17. Problem a lattice

18. Probl em: " If in a plane I measure 7 % " " (inches) and is 1/62.500 scale, what is the
distance between the two points in miles ? "JUM : 7, 25 miles.

19. Lacing system. Doubt: Is an articulated structure?.

20. In a beam which points of stress due t o the t ime and bearing is equal to 0 ?
In the neutral light center .
In the top center fiber light.
At lower fiber support.
In the neutral support .
JUM : the neutral center and the neutral light support .

21. Problem of a cross section of concrete. What is the moment of resistance?

I

'J-~.- --t

+- 1- ~ ~
~:
-
.. .
-i- ,_.. ;

....
 L

-
~L..
Z- ·.. _

\.t,j l

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__L t ::_L?- x_ ~
2- 8 2.-

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32-

v--i
;_

b. 11- - ~
c_

3
(
. u
- - - - - - - ve> c/
v ..----

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 D eilec1ions - Method of Vinual 'Nork - Verncal Deflection by C anble1er M ethOd
Deflecl•ons - Method QI Vi rtual Work I Index o • :Oxa "T>cfe s I CCE -fQ!:!~DaQe

Deflections-_ Method of Virtual Work

( Vertical Deflection of a Beam -_ C~ntilever

r The following example utilizes the cantilever irethod to determine -the 'real" and virtual rroment diagrams used in
the calculation of deflections of a beam

Note: The colors of the loads and moments are used to help indicate the -contribution of each force to

' the deflection or rotation being calculated The moment diagrams show the moments induced by a load
using the same color a s the load

problem statement

Determine the vertical displacement at end C ofthe beam shown in the figure below. The imdulus ofelasticity
(E) and the moment ofinertia (I) are constant fur the entire beam

Li I:

c: - £H- ~ ~t!JiJ. ~ -H _+ t~ ~ HHJJlt +

_..;i(.;.,,_~c- • •
2 k/f:

- - - · ----~
'
4 - I

56 ;,_, r 20' r 6' _f :

. l'
J
I

. 'I'
YA Ye
Figure I - Beam s tructure to analyze

Solution:
• calculate the support reactions

Calculate the support reactions (caused by the applied "real" loads) using the fullowiog relationships.

L MA= 0 ~ 56ft -k +Y3 x 20ft - 2 kl.ft x 20 ft x10 ft -6 k x 26ft = 0~YB =25k 1'
L MB = 0 ~ 56.ft -k + 2 k/ft x 20 ft x 10 ft - 6 k x 6 ft - y A x 20 ft = 0 ~ yA = 21 k I
Check these reactions by summing the forces in the vertical direction

I: Fy = o~YA+ r3 - 6 k - 2 k/ft x 20 ft= o~ 21k + 25 k - 6 k - 40 k = o

The resulting system,

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 2/19/2014
I, Dertections- M ethod of Virrual Work- VeflicaJ DeftE(OOllby Canolel.€f Method

r
Figure 2 - Beam structure with reactions

l • draw shear (V) and moment diagrams (M) for the structure under applied "real"
loads
I
The resultant shear and moment diagrams can be determined using statics (see figures below).
r
r=---==-- -=::::::::lliJw
21
II I I Shear D;agrom
I v -19
(

54.25

I .
Moment Diagram !
M f
I t
I
i

I
-56 .
Figure 3 - Resultant shear and moment diagrams
.
i

In this example we will use the cantilever method find an equivalent rroment diagram in order to carry out the
required integration

To construct the moment diagrams caused by the applied 'real" loads utilizing the cantilever method, a point on
r the structure is selected and a :fixed support is assumed at this location In this example, point B is selected and a
fixed support is inserted (see figure below).

Notice that all reaction forces are applied as loads on the structure with the assumed fixed support at B.
_,._ ·~
._; ·,
2 k/ ft

C ::HJlliiHIJHHHl_p:ii- 1
56 ft-k l 20' 6' --i
'
21 I<

Figure 4 - Cantilever beam structure

Plot the moment diagram for each applied load separately, i.e., by parts. The final results can then be obtained
by utilizing the method ofsuperposition i e., by summing the contribution ofeach individual load to the
displcicement being calculated. Thi5 method is applicable since the structure is asstnned to be elastic and the
deflections are small
http://ww>N. public.i astate.edul-fanous/ce.332Nrtualvl.ll"l<Jbearrxje6ection.hlm! 216
211!!t'201~ Denecuoos ·Method of Virtual Work· vertical Oefte<:'cn byCantile..er Metnod

Note: The cenrroid of eac~ area is indicated by the numbered arrow and dot
-
OMoment diagram due to the 56 ft-k concentrated moment at A
- '

1~8
-56 ft-k
1 .
-
(
Figure 5- Moment diagram due to 56 ft-k moment

ii) Moment diagram due to the 2 k/ft applied load,

A
c

Figure 6 - Moment diagram due to 2 k/ft applied load

ill) Mome~t d~gram due to the 21 k support reaction at A,

t
'
J

B [

Figure 7- Moment diagram due to 21ksupport reaction

iv) Moment diagram due to the 6k applied load at end C

A
B
~ c

Figure 8 - Moment diagram due to 6k appLied load

Notice that the resultant roornent diagram (figure 3 above) is the sum ofthese four diagrams.

. : .ids.~ AL"\6\ i /(
~ .~
t\ 8 ' A B ( -"111111111111 + o:..A_ _ _ •._...:( = (/
r:::•= ====-::£::£ -+ - ·- v ~

iv)
ii) iii)
i)
Figure 9- Resultant moment diagram

• apply virtual load, Q

316
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211!!t'201~ Denecuoos ·Method of Virtual Work· vertical Oefte<:'cn byCantile..er Metnod

Note: The cenrroid of eac~ area is indicated by the numbered arrow and dot
-
OMoment diagram due to the 56 ft-k concentrated moment at A
- '

1~8
-56 ft-k
1 .
-
(
Figure 5- Moment diagram due to 56 ft-k moment

ii) Moment diagram due to the 2 k/ft applied load,

A
c

Figure 6 - Moment diagram due to 2 k/ft applied load

ill) Mome~t d~gram due to the 21 k support reaction at A,

t
'
J

B [

Figure 7- Moment diagram due to 21ksupport reaction

iv) Moment diagram due to the 6k applied load at end C

A
B
~ c

Figure 8 - Moment diagram due to 6k appLied load

Notice that the resultant roornent diagram (figure 3 above) is the sum ofthese four diagrams.

. : .ids.~ AL"\6\ i /(
~ .~
t\ 8 ' A B ( -"111111111111 + o:..A_ _ _ •._...:( = (/
r:::•= ====-::£::£ -+ - ·- v ~

iv)
ii) iii)
i)
Figure 9- Resultant moment diagram

• apply virtual load, Q

316
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 "•••._.a.,,.
- :•

:§};> ! 0 .._

/
,.......~ -
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("J Lt::"/-J •. .. ),. ·- - (,,..
1 - ,.
' • .··-:/! ,- .•' I /,1
--:---:-.---··-·-- - -- 5 - v_,._~!I
~-
G/"1. Temperature {Allowable) of Asphalt during lining. (135 degree centigra~­
J.· Plasticity index of soil (Pl)=Ll(liquid limit) - P.l(Plastic limit)
._,,a. Time cost curve is representing the relation between..?Earneq cost and plann_ing C?St. Also it
can be considered as the relation between the cost and time.
The direct cost includes the following, labors and staff cost, project Materials (s:,;pplies). plants,
...-4. transportation (travel) and consultant services.
, '\.."' ..,..-..5. Indirect cost and expense during the project is the overhead, profit and administrative
equipment rental, audit and legal.
6. Elevation of leveling device is 106:23 what is ground level If reading of the stand is 106:52?
_>J. tf T-Shaped beam is passing through many supports, the section above the support should be
designed as? rectangle section Z:, '.>
8. Interdisciplinary n11ture of Engineering project ls defined as the Integrates between different
disciplines within the project like civil, mechanical. ArChitect, electrical department in
information, ~at~, techniques, tools, concept, .etc. to solve problems whose solutions are
beyond the scope of a single djscipline. Also, we can can~ Interdisciplinary engineer as
coordinator engineer. The course of interdisclpllnarv enc;purages you to combine (integrate)
your knowledge and experience with thafof"(;thers. Also, it is the interconnections among
-. . . .
differe!"lt departments within the project organization, work with others from different
backgrounds and sections to pose and evaluate resolutions to complex problems. It is how to
wortc within a team. The collaboration between all d~partments within the construction of the
project.
9. program evaluation review technical
PERt~is
t---'
__..l,0. If the~ magnJtude O!l a tra~~D!'l!il R.~ colµ~n . in~rea5£S continuous_ly, the allowable
-~· moment In one plane is constant.(~!!ro)
;..
Jl. If design speed of road is 60 mile and f (side friction) =8%, e (Super elevation) =l, then the
./ minimum radius is equals to? R =v2 / 127(e + f) where vis the speed in Km/h. "'
12. Slump test of concrete is used for. woricabilf1'& . <;;'•) / °(" c.....
zC t·' n ~xtract good samples of rock we a~ u~ing (sin~le. t4~6arrel - d~~~l_e_~be barrel - barrel
· - Shelby tube- traditional split spoonp dou~~rrer ··-~"".a _
_).4. The la;t composition of cement during ma ~u-rer.is? '¥°4___.Jgvpsum)
15. calculate the peak hour factor for the following roads?= the sum of the total four readings /
/ 4 •the maximum One.
16. What are the parameters affecting on the workability of concrete mix? W/C ratio, aggregate
gradation, the procedure of the pouring of the concrete.
17. What are the parameters put on your,consideration during the design of concrete m~x? '!Jf C
ratio, aggregat~radation, the procedure oJ the pouring of the concrete.
18. What is the maximum allowable temperature of fresh concrete and why?
Concrete shall not be placed if the fresh concrete temperature exceeds 32 degree centigrade .

........................................________ ~~~~~~~~~ ·
I
I
I
I . - -·--- -
Because at this temperature, rapid hydration process inside the poured concrete will takes
. :::::-.--
place inside the concrete which will causes inner thermal stresses and this will make inner hair

cracks inside the concrete. Also, if the ambient temperature Exceed than 40 degree centigrade

I at shade.

I lnterdlsclpllnaf)I field of ~ginee1iog thai focuses ors how to daslgrr c;,nd mansgs compfe.lt 0ngineerln9
projects over their lire cycles. By lntagra~es informa:tion, data, techniquGs, tools, perspectives,
concepts, and/or theories from two or mor& diseipHnes or·bodies o1 speclaU2ed knowledgs to a:dvaruce

I fundamental unde1'Standin91 or io solve f"'Oblems W'Glose soluUons ~re beycnd iha scope of a single
discipline or area of research practice.

research IDR is a mode of research teams or individuals that Integrates

. ~ ·-'
information, data, techniques, tools, , concepts, and/or theories from two or more
.:::-~' dJscipllnes or bodies of specialized knowledg& to advance fundamental u~nding or to solve
problems who5e solutions ar& beyond the scope of a single dlsclpline or a.rea of research practice.

_, , 'I , ;.
.::....-~;_,?1
Shelby Tube ~amp~'9rs

\
Shel!>Y tube samplers consist of a one-p,i!Q:. thin-walled, hollow steel tube ~ an open-e.nd that has been
honed to it altttng edge. The maln purpose of the Shelby Tube ~rn_P.ler is to ~q>~r ~atively tJnd!~!~~ .
soil samples suitable for laboratory tl!sts of engineering properties sueh as strength, c;ompressibil!!=Y, ~~~~
permeablfity, and density. They ~re v~ useful fofcolrec:ung sans that a.re earticular1y setis!ttve to sampling s
dlsturt>aote, lnduding fine cohesive sods and ~· provided that the soil has not been disturbed by sinking 0..J.
the borehole and are free from large particles. --
\
\' Advantages Include:
~
• Seamless steel tubing
• Collection or good quarity, virtually undisturbed samples for lithological description and chemical
analysis
• EffectJve in fine, cohesive soils
• 2• samplers are ideal for use through 3 1/2" geotechnical direct push systems (dual tube) and 2
1/4" ID hollowstem augers
\__,. • )" samplers are ideal for use through 4 1/2" IO hollowst augers
• Not recommended for driUing througti(2ravel~ hard clay.

'\s....,uy-:1l
.,....- -
Traditional split spoon: used with SPT for cohesion less m ater ial like sand and gravel

-
S-curve is defined as:
I ,,.

1·
.~

[steeperlin the middle, which is typical of most projects. The b~inning represents a slow,

I'
,.dellberate but-=-
~
·- the work- runs
accelerating start, while the end represents a deceleration as
. -
-----
Types of S-curves

There are a varlety of 5 - cu~ves that are applicable to project management applications,
including: -

PERT:- It's the abbreviation olProgram Evaluation and Review Techniqi0' Critical Path Method.
the critical path method (CPM) is a project modeling technique

~s a method ~zt the involved tasks in completing a given pnijcct~.J!LIY the time needed to
co1111>lete each t.iSkJ 8nd to identify the minimum time ~ to complete die total project.

- ..
PERT was develoPcd ~y to simplify the plailning and sc&edUliilg of large and complex projec\'S.
- -
.-
In order to use PERT, you must first identify three simple estimates:

1. (Tm) The Mos.t Likely Time Required

2. (To) The Most Optimistic Time Required
3. (Tp) The Most Pessimistic Time Required
Now apply the following formula:

=
Te To+4Tm+Tp 16

1·- ,.
I

Calculate the Float of Each Activity on the Non-Critical Paths

The critie31 patll activities have a float ofuro. To calculate the float of each aciivity on the non-critical paths, you must
identify the next longest path and then subtract ifs duration from the duration or the critical path. This will give you the float
for each activity on the path being examined.
Note: When you calculate the fioat, it is crucial for you 10 calculate the noat in the order of longest to the shortcst
For example, the float for Path 1 is

Float for activities on 1'3tb I = Duration of critical path - Duration of Path 1

=38 days - 19 days = 19 days

The float for each activity on Path t is 19 days. The Purchase Plot, Select Design, and Assemble Shed activities also lie on
another path (the critical path). for which we've already calculated the floal Therefore. though these activities tie on Path 1,
the float you will take will be that of the longer path. In other wcrds, lhe float for Purchase Plot, Select Design, and Assemble
Shed Is not 19, but 0. This is the reason why you must calculate float from the longest path to the shortest

Now, let's cala.dale the float for the next longest path - Path 2.

Float for adiYitics on Path 2 = Duration of critical path - Duration of Path 2

=38 days - 17 days = 21 days

rntrod uction:
If you have been into project management. I'm sure you have already heard the term 'critical path method'.

If you are new to the subject. it is best to start with understanding !he 'critical path' and then move on lo the 'critical path
method'.

'Critical path is !he sequential activities fran start to the end of a pmject. Although many projects have only&critical palh.)
some projedS~have m~n one Ciffical path depending on ih8 flow logic used in the project.

If there is~In any of the activitles under the criticaJ path, there will be a~ the project deliverables.

Most of the timeS, if such delay is occuned. project acceleration or re-sequencing is done in -order to achieve the deadlines.

The initial critical path method was used for managing l!flm majntenaoce projects. Although the original method was
developed for construction work, this method can be used for any r:iroject where there are interdependent activities.

---'Z> In the critical path malhod, the critical activities of a program or a project are identified. These are the activities that have a
direct impact on the completion d8te of the pl'Ofect. - - -
 ,..--...,
l:._,1..._
Task' / ···-.••
/-( " ·..
TM~lO

lS 19

~ Key Steps in Critical Path Method

Lefs have a look at how aitical path method is used in practice. The process of using crnical path method in projeci
planning phase has six steps. · · --'

~ A~vity specification
You can use~oric Breakdov.TI Structure~iden~'}ie activities involved in the project This is the main input fOf
the aitlcal pa ethod. - -=-
-
In activity s~on, only the higher-level activities are selected for critlcal path method.
.
When detailed activities are used, the critical path method may become t'lQ_ complex lo manage and maintain.

Step 2: Acti~ity sequence establishment

In this step~e correct activity sequence jestat>JSor that, you need to ask three questions for each ~ of your list.

•
•
Step 3: Network diagram
Once the actiVily sequence 1Fci0identified.~...
...... ... ........ ----
th-e_n_e_two_rk-d-ia-g-ram-;p-an be drawn (refer to the sample diagram above).

Although the early diagrams were drawn on paper, there is a number of computer software, such as Primavera. for this
:i.r;>ose nowadays

Step 4: Estimates for each activity

Th s could be a direct i~t from the WBS based estimation sheet. Most of lhe companies use 3-point estimation method or
_ COCOMO based (funchon points base"'a'}estimation methods for tasks es1imation-.-----·-----~"""""=--
 You can use such estimation information for this step of the process.

~Step 5: Identification of the critical path

For this, you need lo delermine
__..,,,.-
'our parameterS}>t
~
each activity of the networt.

• Earliest start lime (ES) - The earlies! time an activity can start once the previous dependenl activil1es are over

• Earliest finish time (EFJ - ES +activity duration.

• Latest finish time (LF) - The latest time an activity can finish without delaying lhe project.

• Latest start lime (LS) - LF - activity duration.

..-- the time betweenEiest (~ and the lat~ (LS) start o;i,:;)o~between~
During the ftoal time, an activity can be dela~elaying the project.finish date.

(The critical ~is '!1e iooQest oi!t! of the networtc di~ The activities in lhe critical path have an effect on the deadline
of the project. If anactivfy of this path i.s dela;ea", the project Will be deiiyed.
In case if the project management needs to acceJerate the project,

Step 6: Critical path diagram to show project

.e!Pgresses
~I path cfl!Qram is a Uve artifact. Therefore, this diagram should be updated with actual values once the task is
cornpl!!!d. -
This gives more realistic figure for the deadline and the projeet management can know whether they are on lraek regarding
the deliverables. .-- - ·

\f.dvantages of Critical Path Method 1

FoUowing are advantages of c:ritical path methods.

• Offers a visual representation of the project act~.

>-

• Presents the time to complete the tasks and the overall project.

Traeking of critical activities.

hase. This gives the project management the correct

A critical path diagram should be constantly updated with actual information when the proiect progresses rn order to refine
trie activity length I project duration predictions. -----
M*f

Leads and Lags:

- -
L.aads and Lags are types of float. Lei's take an example to understand this.

•
finished
0

Tiwt the ~o oJ bui(9i(l9 tWo · entlcal f the same hoi:se using the same material. Let's_.sav. building the first wall
is tasl(A)lnd building the second one B englnier wants to delay task BTortWO
days. This is due to the tact that
lhe marerial used for bOttl A and B are a new . so the engineer wants to learn m>m
A and then apply if there is anything
to 8. Therefore, the two taslCS A ana
B have a SS relationship. ~

The ti=tween lhe start~ o~ two~ a.'n be defined a & days in this case)

- -
Task B started prior to Task A with a 'lead'.

For 1 project manager. the concepts of.!!,2.at. ~· and f!a make a lot of me~ning and ~ These aspects of tasks are
~ant in order to calculate project timeline variations and eventually the proJed completion lime.
 . ' lr~nh
.'@j~t t11ppl les
J~~llu1 tlon!. ·
lliivt-1

;~~~>.'. ·CQltl 1tlth•r char ged directly or allocated Indirectly

~~~-· .. Tolcpnone charges
-i~~-·:... . .
;l/ ..t ~
.,:..•·.:; ..
Computer
.
USe

· ···• · P:roJtct clerical personnel

• Postage and printing
• Mlscellarieous office supplies

Costs usually allocated indirectly

Utlllties(Facilities)
• Rent

• Audit and legal

Administrative staff
• Equipment rental
• Overhead for the project ·

is used to ensure the proper spreading of the asphalt mix.

 ~ilethere are many dozens of terms used in Project Man~ ther~ are a

-
few terms and conceptstl1ar are "must-Knows." These terms fonn the foundation of
PM methodology and mentality.
~::I\ ~ .. - - .. ..
·

--It Qmstramts: E.t;_strictions set on ~r(jlliish d~of a task. .You can specify that
~ /;ltask must start on or · h no later than a parucular date. Constraints' can be flexible
" - · n~ed to a specific d@.te) or inflexible tied ro a specific date~ ··
• )fF1exib/e constraints such as oon As Po · (ASAP) and Late As PossibW
~) do not have specific dates associated with them. Setting these constraints allows
.JOU to stMtJasti:as early as possible or as late as possible with the task endiDg before ffie
2!2iect finish, ~vcn other co · . · · e sc e.
•/tlnflexible constraintsd as Must Start On 0 Must Fiili On (MFO require
an associated d8ie, which controls e start or finish date of the . ese constraints are
bS'clUi when you need to make your schedule take into account external 18ctors, such as
the availability~r resources, deadlines, contract milestones, and start and
"finish dates.
r-r _ _
__.. - .

J. Crashing: ~hifting reso!!~~~ time);o the critical path is as short as ·

possible. Crashingalways raises project costs and is typ1c3lly disruptive- a project
Should be crashed with caution -al of crashin a ["O•ect is to ce the
much as ssibl re les of cost. It is the opposite of relaxing a

;/r;, Critical Path: !_he longest time path through the task network. The series of tasks (or
even a single t~) that dictates the calculated finish date of ille project (That is, when
the Jast task in the critical path is completed, the project is completed) The "lo~t"
path (in_terms of~ to_!!e completion of a P!Oject. Ifsho~ed. it would shorten
the tiriie it take_!.!o.complete the pmject. Activities offthe critical path would not
affecftompletion time even if they were done more quickly.

~ Dependencies: Links between project tasks. There are 3 types of dependencies:

• Causal, where 1 task must be completed before another can begin (have to bake bread
before you can make a sandwich)critical path schedules a.re based only on causal
dependencies
o Resource, where a task is limited by availability of resources (more bread can be baked
by 2 bakers, but only I is available)
•

o Discretionary, optional task sequence preferences that, though not required, may reflect
organizational preferences

* Dummy acti~ity: An imaginary activity with no duration, ~~d .~Q .5-49.W~~ID.~!..<!11

indirect relationship between 2 tasks or to clarify the igeati.tie~..ofthe tasks.
• In CPM, each acuv1ty must be uniquely defined by its beginning and ending point. When
two activities begin and end at the same time, a dummy activity (an activity which begins
and ends at Lhe same time) is inserted into the model to distinguish the two activities.

~ Duration: The time it takes for an activity to be completed, given the planned amount
of material, labor and equipment.

>f Effort: The amount (not duration) of work required to complete a task. Duration may
da:rease by adding resources but the effort required will remain the same.

1;. Gantt chart: A bar chart. Whlle visually appealing on a task/duration basis, it is
limited because it does not show task or resomce relationships welL ItS 1cey Strength is
that it is easy to maintain and read.

;·; :o l....._
r·
~~~~A~1f..i!J:~
. -·--··- -..-
i_!_·~

~~
.= :·-,.;
;..

···:· •. i
}:·-~· i
==---
.. .--~- -

..... ~6M'i.
..,_,,...osn,~
Or.,....,caq.•.:"-~
.

!
l
!! ·=-~-
ESEiil .......
D.....,..,_.
1111 ~..,.
. !
•· 1
! .,
:J.:~i
°"ll!'Mll~•-O..C
~....-ti- :
i
!
E!i!l!ii§!I ~~Allll
B..._....,
·:·-·! i
Sample Gantt chart

Milestone: A significant task which represents a key accomplishment within the

project. Typically requires special attention and control.

Network Diagram: A wire diagram, also known as a PERT network diagram. A

diagram that sbnws tasks and their relationships; it is limited because it shows only
task relationships. Its key strength is easy-to-read task relationships.

..
 Sample Network Diagram

:f PERT: (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) A Project Management

technique invented by (for) the U.S. Navy in 1958 as a means of projecting task and
project completion and organmng complex sequences of tasks. PERT is based on the
probability of an event occurring at a specified time. When used with CPM, it is the
most commonly used Project Management methodology.

~ Project Management A management philosophy that says that efficient 1

management will yield effective results. Specifically, efficient management of
resources and constraints to perform tasks in order to achieve a desired result.
'
• Project Management seeks answers to 2 key questions in order to craft effective project
plans:
o What tasks are neceswy to do this project?
o How long will it take to do those tasks?
• Based on the answer to those 2 questions, PM answers 4 basic questions asked by most:
o How long will this project take?
o What will it take to do this project?
o Can it be completed sooner?
o How likely is it that it will be done on time?

-Jt Relaxation: The method that is the opposite of crashing a project. Relaxation is used
to lower costs while extending 1he duration ofthe project. A typical use of this method
is when a project may be relaxed if its resources are need on higher priority projects.
This method involves deh"berately lengthening the duration of the project with the
specific aiin of lowering costs as much as possible.

-:/:... Resources: Time, money, people, equipment and other supplies are generally
accepted as resources for planning and executing a project.

Scope: A specific definition of what the project does and does not entail. A well
researched and coordinated scope of work is critical to managing expectations of
customers and workers alike.
 Sample Network Diagram

:f PERT: (Program Evaluation and Review Technique) A Project Management

technique invented by (for) the U.S. Navy in 1958 as a means of projecting task and
project completion and organmng complex sequences of tasks. PERT is based on the
probability of an event occurring at a specified time. When used with CPM, it is the
most commonly used Project Management methodology.

~ Project Management A management philosophy that says that efficient 1

management will yield effective results. Specifically, efficient management of
resources and constraints to perform tasks in order to achieve a desired result.
'
• Project Management seeks answers to 2 key questions in order to craft effective project
plans:
o What tasks are neceswy to do this project?
o How long will it take to do those tasks?
• Based on the answer to those 2 questions, PM answers 4 basic questions asked by most:
o How long will this project take?
o What will it take to do this project?
o Can it be completed sooner?
o How likely is it that it will be done on time?

-Jt Relaxation: The method that is the opposite of crashing a project. Relaxation is used
to lower costs while extending 1he duration ofthe project. A typical use of this method
is when a project may be relaxed if its resources are need on higher priority projects.
This method involves deh"berately lengthening the duration of the project with the
specific aiin of lowering costs as much as possible.

-:/:... Resources: Time, money, people, equipment and other supplies are generally
accepted as resources for planning and executing a project.

Scope: A specific definition of what the project does and does not entail. A well
researched and coordinated scope of work is critical to managing expectations of
customers and workers alike.
f Slack Time: The amount of time a task can be delayed before the project finish date is
delayed. TQtaJ slack can be positive or negative. If total slack is a positive it indicates
the amount of time that the task can be delayed without delaying the project finish
date. If negative, it indicates the amount of time that must be saved so th~t the project
finish date is not delayed. (Slack time is aJso known as float time)
.. Total Slack = Latest Start· Earliest Start.
o By default and by definition, a task with Oslack is considered a critical task. If a critical
task is delayed, the project finish date is also delayed.

Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) is a detaile~ hierarchical (from general to

specific) tree structure of deliverables and tasks that need to be perfonned to complete
a~~ .
• The purpose of a WBS is to identify the actual tasks to be done in a project. WBS serves
as the basis for much of project planning.
• Work breakdown structure is, perhaps. the most common project management tool; it was
created by the US military in the 1960s as an extension to PERT.

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Sample WBS

Along with these terms, there are several key !lSsumptions in PM

(PERT/CPM). It is important to understand these assumptions when researching and
designing a project:
• All tasks must bave distinct begin and end pointS
• All estimates can be mathematically derived
• Tasks must be able to be arranged in a d efined sequence that produces a pre-defined
result (a critical path must be recognizable)
o Resources may be shifted to meet need
o Cost and time share a direct relationship ( Cost of each activity is evenly spread over
time)
o Time, of itself, has no value
1 What is the maximum value of PHF ?
• 1
• 0.35
• 0
• 0.25
2- What is next step after take a project ?
3- Something about "fast track project"
4- Something about "resource levelling"
5 1.~. h~t is the factor r.ot t0 be taken in r:onc;ideration in mix design?
1
• Degree of control of concrete
• Strength of concrete
• Time of first set of cement

• Mn = Fs.As(d - a)
• Mn = 0.85fc.ab(d-a/ 2)
• Mn = 0.85fc.ab(d -a/2) + Fs.As(d - a/2)
7. Something about flow in pipes, 2 pipes A and B joined together into pipe C

Flow A given
Flow B given
Area C given
Calculate velocity of water in C.
8· Calculate the length of arc, radius 250m, first tangent 25°30', second tangent 30°25'
g. car going on a speed of 60 mi/H on a curve highway. After passing midpoint the driver saw
an accident in front of him. The distance that will be passed from t he moment the driver saw

the accident until he hit the brakes equal to ...

10- In AASHTO what is the perception ~nd
.reaction time for c~lculating the sight distance?
11- What is AASHTO?
American Association of Standard Highway and Transportation Organis . (maybe :p)
12- What to take in consideration to safe design for long pile in a drilled rock soil
• Rock bearing capacity
• Strength of concrete
• Buckling of pile

•
13· What is the factor effecting the hardness of water ?
14· How to calculate T-beam ... (flanged section)
is- Who make testing of product in the factory
• Testing engineer

• Product engineer

•
16-
1- What is the first thing you do after you take a project:
Arrange for meeting
Assign staff
Prepare WBS-~ .,.•._--·

Only for complex project

Used for la ·
op to down list of activities
[5o'Wri!Otop items for proj ect
3- Concrete cubes usually crushed at
2 days
8d µ ~ !pt{~~\?~
':J.f'l..~u)<~-
l ~"' f
4- Steel yield strength usually used at site i!) Ml?._8.:
,. ~ I_ £0 -:;
L{ 1:> v5..J~ ·
"i5b Jr~
100
300
5- What governs in intersection ~e~ign after cap_a city:
Speed
1 ....- saf e t y /
Cost
Volume
6- Level of surface for Road means:
Quality of road •
\ Quantitative of vehicles
- None of above
7- Optimum moisture conte_n~ nd kax.dry densit~he chart is:
%~ and
orvic Number in chart
Different number_in
vNumber i~ chart% and_~l}'l{M3
KN[M3 o<.
_c,~ar,t_(lo ~1'!9_~~ /M3
~
1">0() .
;-·_-r·
Different number in chart and gm/M3
This question requires you to read the optimum moisture content and the max dry

8- Timber used in frames for building has moisture content of:

- 1to4 %
.., n •- 12 OI /

1l;:r'.v ;~ ~~~o 2;u%1~

4- Above 25 %
9- .~thics means :
~~~d behavt'l'

-------
 MMUP Most Common Questions (CIVIL_}

o Strength of M aterial is Defined as :

Ability of Material to Resist External Forces (Ability of M aterial to Resist the Deformation s \jµe_Jp_external -
-·- - · --------..._
forces)

0 Stress Means:

Is the inter nal forces developed in material d ue t o external loads

o The SPT-N (Soil Penetration Test}:

Indication of the relative density of granular deposits (for dense sand =20-40)

o Critical Path:

Longest sequence of activities path in a project

I
o Add-Mixture are Used in Concrete for :

Both (to increase workability of concrete+ increase air content)

o In PERT Chart the time estimate of activity is calculat ed by :

Probability (not normal or binomial or logarithmic)

0 The value of concrete cube strength is given at :

28 days
ual to zero at:
orted beam the shear ahd flexural stresses will e

7?7???
~~~----
I
.~
, - • /.!~ A'Y
• • · •·• P> .··• '~ 1
o The summation of internal angles at anh&tvgo~~~ :
180 * (n-2} , where "n" is the number of faces

o ASGHAL is responsible for:

Urban Planning Di_

Compaction in backfilling is used for:

'educing air content in backfilled material

Last component that is added to cement production process is :

ca dum sulfate (Gypsum) ------

 wi:ra Sonic pulse test is :
0

Both (Non destructive test, used in smooth concrete surfaces)

{It is used to inspect the depth and w idth of concrete, and detection of steel bars location in concrete}

0
Slump test is used for :

Testing of workabilit y of concrete

N_g. of layers of concrete required in slump test:

0

3 iayers

Ibe following is not a gypsum board characteristic:

0

Fire resistance

& Super elevation is used at:

Horizontal curves **to avoid centrifugal force at high speeds

Moist ure content ran e for timber that is used in construction is e ual to:
e

14-18%
Plvwood is preferred as construction material because :
---
The strength of the panel consistent across all directions

o ~st Track project means:

Design/Built (Act ivities are parallel)

a IJ:ie meaning of c.rashing in project:

To increase project resource in order to reduce project total duration

(i) Tue meaning of resource leveling :

Technique used to examine unbalanced use of resources over time

Minor limit desi n method for rectan ular section will rovide:

Minimum st eel area, Maximum section dimension

Nominal moment for rect an ular concrete cross section is iven b

Mn::Fs As (d-a/ 2)

o The un-drained shear strength for clav is equal to :

one and a half t he unconfined com pressive strength of clay

o Moment distrib ution method is devolved b".l..:

Hardy Cross

o The error in measuring tape due to shortage of tape is ca lled:

Systematic error

The t ransverse strain I the lon~in

=---- - - ------------

30 minutes

o Type of cement using for canal lining is:

Sulphate resisting cement

e If water required for 1 bag of cement is 30 liters , the water cement ratio is :

0.6

The weight of 1 m3 of brick earth, is about:

1800 kg

e Mastic asphalt is normally used for :

Water proofing

e Strength of cement concrete primarily depends upon:

Water-Cement ratio

e Soundness of cement is tested b'{:-

Le-chatelier apparatus

(i) Slump test for concrete is carried out. to determine:

Workability

o The foundations are placed below ground level, to increase:

)tablltcy or suudur e
rovidin a raft foundation rovided the soft area is
The loose ockets in soil mass can be brid
smaller than:

_ne-third the column spacing

o The concrete slump recommended for beams and slabs is:

30to125 mm

" The entrained concrete is used in lining walls and roofs for making:

Bo th (Heat insulated - sound insulated)

o What is the maximum value of PHF (Peak Hour Factor):

o What is t he minimum value of PHF (Peak Hour Factor):

0.25

o What is the factor not to be taken in consideration in mix design:

???????

o What to take in consideration to safe design for long pile in a drilled rock soil:

Strength of concrete

0 What is the factor effecting the hardness of water?

Calcium &Magnesium

o The road cross section is used for :

Cut and fills quantity

G What is RQD 100% 'r efer to : *RQD =Rock Quality Designation

High quality rock

e Activity is followed by two activities is called:

Diversion activity

e At project t ime frame , type of cost estimation is:

Budget cost

300mm

o Amount of time that an activity may be delayed from early start w ithout delaying the pro ject is:

-otal fl oat
 o Amount of time a task can be delayed wit hout delaying the early sta rt of its successor is:

Free float

o What is hydration in concrete?

It is the reaction between cement and water

o What is Project scope definition?

It is the sum t otal of all its product and their requirements or features

o What is the yield strength of steel?

The ability of a metal to tolerate gradual p rogressive force w ithout permanent deformat ion

e Perfect sampling for Rock Soil:

Double Sleeve

o What is the perception and reaction time for calculating the sight distance?

2.5 seconds

e For why steel is preferred as reinforcement in concrete?

Because it has the same coefficient o f expansion of the concrete.

e In infrastructure works , the utility with the lowest level is :

Drainage

• Who makes the tests to ensure the reliability and suitability of the product?

???????

QCS: (201 QLQatar Construction Specification

QCS: (2007): Qatar Construction Standards

PERT: Program Evaluation and Review Technique

CPM: Critical Path Method

PWA: Public Works Affairs

.\ASHTO: American Association of State Highway & Transportation Officials

\STM : American Society for Testing and Materials

bSAS: Qatar Sustainability Assessment System

BS: British Standards

ABET: Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology

Problems
o A sample of 200 ml w astewater is given in a cont ainer (W eight of container = 22.00 g) and
was inserted !!'"! o'!e:!, 2fte~ ~·.i2ter e•.i2por3ted the weight o f sa mple was given as = 24 502 E
then the sample was inserted in a burning oven and t he weight changed to= 22.606 g, the Volatile solids
content for this sample is equal to :

==24.502-22.606=1.896 g

Volatile solids cont ent= 1.896 g/200 ml =0.0095 g/ml

0 A car going on a speed of 60 mile/Hr on a curve highway. After passing midpoint the driver
saw an accident in front of him. The distance that will be passed from the moment the
driver saw the accident until he hit the brakes equal to:

- The perception and reaction time f or calculating the sight distance=2.5 seconds

-60 mile/hr *5280 ft/ 3600 seconds=88 ft/ sec

- The dist ance that will be passed from the moment the driver saw the accident until he hit the brakes = 88 ft/sec

*2.5 sec= 220ft

-- h -=- ·
-

f) -- } r (

D/ 1<>s1-1-{