Organizational Behavior - Midterm Review

1. Which of the following is the best definition of personality?

A) Personality is an aggregate set of traits that are mostly determined at birth.
B) Personality is an aggregate set of traits that are determined over a person's lifetime.
C) Personality is one’s stable behaviors.
D) Personality is, for the most part, comprised of traits that cannot be measured or defined.

2. What does the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator classification of "E or I" stand for?
A) extroverted/intuitive
B) emotional/introverted
C) extroverted/introverted
D) emotional/intuitive

3. Which of the following is not included in the Big Five model?

A) agreeableness
B) conscientiousness
C) intuitiveness
D) emotional stability
E) extroversion

4. A high score in which dimension of the Big Five model predicts good job performance for all
occupational groups?
A) extroversion
B) agreeableness
C) conscientiousness
D) emotional stability
E) openness to experience
5. Min loves to visit a new country every year. Min’s hobbies are visiting museums, painting,
traveling, and learning new languages. Which dimension of the Big Five model best describes
Min?
A) extroversion
B) agreeableness
C) conscientiousness
D) openness to experience
E) emotional stability

Question 6-9: You are the manager of a small store. You have decided to apply the Big Five
Model in order to understand your employees and their work habits because it is generally
supported by an impressive body of research. You want to use the five dimensions of
personality to match individuals with jobs to which they are well-suited.

6. Kevin, one of your newest employees, is an extrovert. Which of the following statements is
least likely to be true?
A) Michelle will probably attend the company picnic.
B) Michelle will probably have a large number of relationships.
C) Michelle will be friendly and outgoing.
D) Michelle will perform well on specialized, detail-oriented tasks.

7. You know that your customers are demanding and sometimes difficult. Which personality
dimension taps a person's ability to withstand stress?
A) extroversion
B) judging
C) conscientiousness
D) emotional stability
8. Your mate rates low on conscientiousness. This would lead you to suspect that which of the
following statements is most likely to be true about your friend?
A) She will be easily distracted.
B) She will find comfort in the familiar.
C) She will be nervous, depressed, and insecure.
D) She will be comfortable with solitude.

9. You wish to predict job satisfaction is in each of your employees. Which of the five facets of
personality will probably be of the most interest in this case?
A) extroversion
B) agreeableness
C) conscientiousness
D) emotional stability

10. What do we call it when we judge someone on the basis of our perception of the group to
which he/she belongs?
A) grouping
B) stereotyping
C) categorizing
D) assimilating

11. When Mr. Sam said, "The very rich are different from you and me," and Jane replied, "Yes,
they have more money," Jane refused to engage in what shortcut to judge others?
A) projection
B) contrast effect
C) halo effect
D) stereotyping
12. Hillary thinks that because her employee, Philip, went to a public college he is very
knowledgeable, and always asks his opinion on the firm's investments. In reality, Philip knows
very little about investing, but makes sure he reads up on it so that he can give an informed
opinion to Hillary. What has happened in this situation?
A) profiling -> Philip learning improve knowledge
B) a self-fulfilling prophecy -> Hillary
C) a self-serving bias
D) the fundamental attribution errors

13. What is another name for a self-fulfilling prophecy?

A) Pygmalion effect
B) projection
C) self-selecting bias
D) halo effect

14. Which of the following is not a topic or concern related to Organizational Behavior?
A) turnover
B) leader behavior
C) productivity
D) management
E) family behavior

15. When individuals observe another person's behavior, they attempt to determine whether it
is internally or externally caused. This phenomenon is most directly relevant to which of the
following?
A) the Pygmalion effect
B) attribution theory
C) selective perception theory
D) expectancy theory
16. Mark always submits his assignment with many mistakes. The submissions of other students
in class always have grammatically check on each problem. Mark has another chance to re-
submit his work, but the lecturer still recognized some mistakes in it due to Mark’s
carelessness. Mark demonstrates ________. His action can be attributed to an ________ cause.
A) low distinctiveness, low consensus, and high consistency; internal
B) high distinctiveness, low consensus, and high consistency; external
C) low distinctiveness, high consensus, and high consistency; internal
D) low distinctiveness, low consensus, and high consistency; external
E) high distinctiveness, high consensus, and high consistency; internal

17. If a person responds the same way over time, attribution theory states that the behavior
shows ________.
A) distinctiveness
B) consensus
C) consistency
D) stability

18. Jenifer is late for work each day by about ten minutes. How would attribution theory
describe this behavior?
A) It shows consensus.
B) It shows similarity.
C) It shows consistency.
D) It shows distinctiveness.

19. The more consistent a behavior, the more the observer is inclined to ________.
A) attribute it to internal causes
B) attribute it to consensus
C) attribute it to external causes
D) attribute it to distinctiveness
20. Shortcuts in judging others include all of the following except ________.
A) stereotyping
B) halo effect
C) projection
D) self-serving bias
E) the Pygmalion effects

21. The emotional, or feeling component of a person's attitude is called ________.

A) the cognitive component
B) the affective component
C) a complex attitude
D) the behavior component

22. Janice is spending the summer working as an intern writing copy for a local firm. Today
Janice's senior editor sent back some of Janice's work covered in red ink corrections. Up until
now, all of Janice's work had been corrected in green or blue ink. Janice is upset and worried
that her senior editor doesn't like her. Which component of an attitude is not represented in
the previous scenario?
A) the cognitive component
B) the affective component
C) the negative component
D) the behavior component

23. Which of the following answer choices is the best definition of attitude?
A) Attitudes indicate how one will react to a given event.
B) Attitudes are the yardstick by which one measures one's actions.
C) Attitudes are the emotional part of an evaluation of some person, object or event.
D) Attitudes are evaluative or emotional statements of what one believes about something or
someone.
24. The ________ component of an attitude is the emotional or feeling component of that
attitude.
A) affective
B) cognitive
C) behavioral
D) evaluative

25. To get his company through some hard economic times due to the COVID pandemics, Tim’s
wage paid on hour have been reduced from 40 a week to 35. Though, Tim is upset about the
reduction in time and pay, he still shows up to work every morning and is willing to patiently
wait until economic times improve, and he can go back to work full time. Which of the following
best describes Tim's response to his dissatisfaction?
A) active, constructive, voice
B) passive, destructive, neglect
C) passive, constructive, loyalty
D) active, constructive, loyalty

26. Which of the following is not an example of Organizational Commitment Behavior?

A) Tell your friends about the company's great work environment.
B) Contribute to a fund for a co-worker to help with medical bills.
C) Discourage a friend from applying for a job at the company.
D) Work over the weekend to make sure a project gets done.

27. Job satisfaction is best described as ________.

A) a result
B) a value
C) an attitude
D) causing high performance
28. Organizational commitment is defined as ________.
A) the degree to which an employee identifies with the organization they work for.
B) an employee's belief that the organization they work for will go to considerable lengths to
ensure that its employees are treated fairly
C) the degree to which an employee's sense of fulfillment and self-worth is related to their job
D) the amount of effort an employee will make in order to keep or advance their position in an
organization
E) the degree to which an employee believes their work impacts their organization

29. Of the following attitudes, the best predictor of turnover is ________.

A) pay
B) supervision
C) organizational commitment
D) cognitive dissonance

30. Ben's wife was recently had another baby. Ben had to consider the amount of time off work
to care for his wife and children, and he was late in completing his tasks of a large project which
might negatively impact company’s financial status. However, Ben never feared of being fired
because of his absences or his delay in completion of work. This is an example of which major
job attitude?
A) psychological empowerment
B) perceived organizational support
C) organizational commitment
D) employee engagement

31. Henry is dissatisfied with his job but believes that his supervisor is a good man who will do
the right thing. Henry has decided that if he just waits, conditions will improve. Henry's
approach to this problem is termed ________.
A) exit
B) voice
C) loyalty
D) neglect

32. Susan has composed a list of concerns along with her suggestions for improving conditions.
Susan is dealing with her dissatisfaction through ________.
A) exit
B) voice
C) loyalty
D) neglect

33. Mark believes that his manager is a good person and will work things out if Mark just gives
him time to do so. Mark is dealing with his dissatisfaction through ________.
A) exit
B) voice
C) loyalty
D) neglect

34. Maria is dissatisfied with the way that her manager treats her. She has quit her job and
found a new position with another firm. She has expressed her dissatisfaction through
________.
A) exit
B) voice
C) loyalty
D) neglect

35. Jim is a student who cannot work at writing a paper for more than 30 minutes, yet he can
spend many hours writing comments on blogs. What accounts for the change in motivation in
this case?
A) his ability
B) his hobbies
C) his personality
D) the congruence

36. Motivation is best defined as a process that ________.

A) results in a level of effort
B) intensifies an individual's efforts
C) accounts for an individual's efforts toward attaining a goal
D) meets an individual's needs

37. What are the three key elements of motivation?

A) reactance, congruence, and circumstance
B) interest, activity, and reward
C) awareness, effort, and outcome
D) intensity, direction, and persistence

38. Which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs deals with satisfying one's hunger, thirst, and
need for sex?
A) safety
B) Physiological or survival
C) esteem
D) psychological

39. What continuum in the two-factor theory is made up of the motivators?

A) satisfaction to no satisfaction
B) no dissatisfaction to satisfaction
C) dissatisfaction to no satisfaction
D) satisfaction to dissatisfaction
40. McClelland's theory of needs concentrates on which three needs?
A) achievement, realization, and acceptance
B) achievement, power, and affiliation
C) affiliation, control, and realization
D) control, status, and relationships

41. Parents gave John some money as a reward every week to feed the lovely cat and do few
other household chores. When John's mom lost her job, she no longer gave John any money.
Consequently, John gives up doing house work, but he still fed the cat as soon as he is back
from school. Which of the following best explains John's behavior?
A) Without the extrinsic reward the task itself is eliminated.
B) With the extrinsic reward the task relies on an internal motivation.
C) Without the intrinsic reward the task relies on an external motivation.
D) Without the extrinsic reward the task relies on an internal motivation.

42. According to self-determination theory, if rewards and deadlines are to motivate a person,
the person must ________.
A) believe they control their behavior
B) determine the goals and deadlines
C) believe that the goals are achievable
D) believe that the goals are for the greater good

43. According to the goal-setting theory of motivation, highest performance is reached when
goals are set to which level?
A) impossible but inspirational
B) difficult but attainable
C) slightly beyond a person's actual potential
D) easily attained
44. Which of the following is not an important issue relating to goal-setting theory?
A) goal difficulty
B) equity among co-workers
C) feedback
D) defining the goal

45. What is the term used for an individual's personal evaluation of their ability to perform?
A) expectancy
B) autonomy
C) self-efficacy
D) task identity

46. Tiffany thinks that she is paid less than other workers in her division and feels extremely
dissatisfied. She starts taking long breaks and generally wasting time. Her actions were a result
of her perceiving what kind of injustice?
A) interactive
B) interpersonal
C) procedural
D) distributive

48. Which of the following defines autonomy?

A) the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work
B) the degree to which work activities generates direct and clear information about
performance
C) the degree to which a job provides the worker freedom in scheduling and procedure
D) the degree to which a job has an impact on the lives or work of other people

49. In the job characteristics model (JCM), what three core job dimensions combine to create
meaningful work?
A) autonomy, task identity, and feedback
B) skill variety, autonomy, and task significance
C) skill variety, autonomy, and feedback
E) skill variety, task identity, and task significance

50. What is the main strength of job rotation?

A) It increases motivation.
B) It increases productivity.
C) It decreases training costs
D) It decreases supervisor workload.

51. Beyond redesigning the nature of the work itself and involving employees in decisions,
another approach to making the work environment more motivating is to alter work
arrangements. Which of the following is designed to give an employee greater control of their
schedule?
A) flex time
B) job sharing
C) job rotation
D) telecommuting

52. An arrangement that allows two or more individuals to split a traditional 40-hour-a-week
job is called ________.
A) flex time
B) job sharing
C) job rotation
D) telecommuting

53. Which of the following is the principal drawback from job sharing?
A) increased benefits costs for two employees
B) difficulty in finding compatible partners
C) too much job flexibility is hard to manage
D) difficulty in coordinating schedules

54. Mr.P is a lecture of a university. After he received his schedule, he freely and independently
rearranges the content to teach, change from group presentation to quiz activity, decide the
break time in class, and is able to operate online class at any time. Based on this description, it's
safe to say that Mr.P's job is high in which job characteristic?
A) task identity
B) feedback
C) autonomy
D) task significance

55. Which of the following is a job that indicates telecommuting?

A) a student who never spends most of his time researching on the computer
B) a car salesman who demonstrates the features of a new model of car
C) a telemarketer who uses the phone to contact clients
D) a product support specialist who refused to customer call