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SCIENCE
QUARTER 3 – MODULE 5
WEEK 7

Biodiversity,
Adaptation and
Survival

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 What I Need to Know
This module includes lesson which explores (a.) the diversity of species, as
well as the different types of diversity and how diversity of life is essential for
maintaining healthy ecosystems; and (b) how population growth affects survival of
organisms.
In this module you will learn to:
a. describe biodiversity as the equilibrium of naturally fluctuating rates of extinction
and speciation;
b. identify benefits of biodiversity to humans; and
c. describe exponential growth of a population size and explain how it affects carrying
capacity.

What I Know
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen
letter on a separate sheet of paper.

1. A ‘habitat’ is:
A. The same as an ecosystem
B. A place to buy furniture and furnishings
C. A particular area inhabited by plants and animals
D. The number of different organisms living in a specific area
2. How an organism is suited to live in a particular place is called:
A. Adaptation B. Addition C. Competition D. Participation
3. ‘Biodiversity’ is described as:
A. The way species differ from one another
B. The range of different species in an environment
C. The seasonal and daily changes in an environment
D. The influence of physical factors on an environment
4. The biggest impacts are made on the environment by:
A. Competition C. Predation
B. Human interference D. The migration of organisms
5. Ecological models are useful for
A. testing predictions about future ecological changes.
B. making predictions about future ecological changes.
C. evaluating proposed solutions to environmental problems.
D. All of the above
6. The term pertains to the physical location of an ecosystem in which
a given species lives.
A. biotic zone B. habitat C. niche D. tropical level
7. Which of the following are adaptations for avoiding unfavorable conditions?
A. body temperature regulation B. dormancy
C. migration D. all of the above
8. Which of the following would not be included in a description of an
organism’s niche? A. its trophic level C. its number of
chromosomes
B. when it reproduces D. the humidity and temperature it prefers
9. Which of the following is NOT an abiotic factor of an ecosystem?
A. fungi B. light C. temperature D. water
10. Biotic factors of an ecosystem is sorted into three groups EXCEPT:
A. consumers or heterotrophs C. producers or autotrophs
B. decomposers or detritivores D. soil or niche

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 Lesson
Biodiversity, Adaptation and
1 Survival

What’s In
Scientists have estimated that there are around 8.7 million species of
plants and animals in existence. However, only around 1.2 million
species have been identified and described so far, most of which are insects. The
Philippines is among the countries with the richest biodiversity in the world- almost
two thirds of the earth's biodiversity is concentrated in our country.

What’s New
The Philippines is one of the 17 mega biodiverse countries, containing
two-thirds of the Earth’s biodiversity and 70 percent of world’s plants and animal
species due to its geographical isolation, diverse habitats and high rates of
endemism. The Philippines’ biodiversity provides several ecosystem services. It
provides food, water, energy sources, pharmaceuticals, biomass fuels, carbon
sequestration and climate regulation, crop pollination, cultural and spiritual
inspiration and ecotourism value. But the country has also been declared a
biodiversity hotspot, threatened by abusive human activities and massive habitat
destruction due to climate change.

Source: https://www.spot.ph/arts-
culture/the-latest-arts-
culture/78464/philippines-flora-
and-fauna-map-now-on-sale-
a833-20190712

Figure 1: The Flora

and Fauna Map of the
What is It Philippines

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 An ecosystem is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other
organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life.
Ecosystems contain biotic or living, parts, as well as abiotic factors, or nonliving
parts. Biotic factors include plants, animals, and other
organisms. Abiotic factors include rocks,
temperature, and humidity.
Every factor in an ecosystem depends on
every other factor, either directly or
indirectly. A change in the temperature of
an ecosystem will often affect what plants
will grow there, for instance. Animals that
depend on plants for food and shelter will
have to adapt to the changes, move to
another ecosystem, or perish. Figure 2. An example of ecosystem
Source: Pinterest.com

BIODIVERSITY
Biodiversity is defined as “the variability among living organisms from all
sources including, inter alia, terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the
ecological complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within species,
between species and of ecosystems.” Organisms are part of biodiversity and may be
economically and ecologically valuable.
Value of species:
1. Direct economic value -If their products are sources of food, medicine, clothing,
shelter and energy. Example: medicines extracted from plants.
2. Indirect economic value -If there are benefits produced by the organism w/out
using them. Example: certain species cycle materials in the soil
and absorb pollutants.
3. Aesthetic value-A lot of species provides visual or artistic enjoyment, like a
forested landscape and the calming beauty of a natural park; or
they may be used for spiritual meditation like the Prayer
Mountains.
STABILITY
Is the resilience to withstand changes that may occur in the environment.
An ecosystem is said to possess ecological stability if it is capable of returning to its
equilibrium state after a perturbation or does not experience unexpected large
changes in its characteristics across time. There are many changes that occur in the
environment which may be a result of natural or human activities. These changes
may severely reduce biodiversity and result to the instability of the ecosystem.
There are two main components to ecosystem stability:
a. An ecosystem displays resistance if it keeps its structure and
continues normal functions even when environmental conditions
change.
b. An ecosystem displays resilience if, following a disturbance, it
eventually regains its normal structure and function.
Ecosystems that show a high degree of stability may have different
combinations of resistance and resilience. Research has shown that species diversity
is often the key to both ecosystem resistance and resilience. An ecosystem rich in

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biodiversity will

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 likely be more stable than one whose biodiversity is low. Communities respond to
environmental change in ways that reflect the responses of the species and populations
in the community. Species respond to environmental change in ways that enable them
to maintain homeostasis. Populations respond in ways that reflect the success or
failure of members of the population to survive and reproduce. Changing
environmental conditions can cause the decline of local biodiversity. If this happens,
an ecosystem’s resistance and/or resilience may decline. The end result is that the
ecosystem loses stability.
Ecosystems that are less stable may not be able to respond to a normal
environmental disturbance, which may damage ecosystem structure, ecosystem
function, or both.

POPULATION
A population is a group of individuals of the same species that share aspects of their
genetics or demography more closely with each other than with other groups of
individuals of that species (where demography is the statistical characteristic of the
population such as size, density, birth and death rates, distribution, and movement
of migration). Ecologists regularly monitor the number of organisms in many
populations.
Three Key Characteristics of Populations
A. Size: number of individuals in an area – Characterized by (N)
Growth Rate = Birth Rate (natality) – Death Rate (mortality)
B.Density: measurement of population per unit area or unit volume
Pop. Density = # of individuals /unit of space
4 Factors that affect density
1. Immigration- movement of individuals into a population
2. Emigration- movement of individuals out of a population
3. Density-dependent factors- Biotic factors in the environment that have an
increasing effect as population size increases
Ex. Disease, competition, parasites
4. Density-independent factors- Abiotic factors in the environment that affect
populations regardless of their density.
Ex. Temperature, storms, habitat destruction, drought
C. Dispersion: describes their spacing relative to each other

Look at the figure below. What do you think will happen to an ecosystem
when population increases at a rate which the ecosystem can no longer support?

Figure 3: A comparison between two types of habitat with (a) large population and
(b) small population. Source: smatourism.com

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What is Carrying Capacity?
• Is the maximum population a habitat can support indefinitely
• Population exceeds it, for long periods, degrades its environment and
reduces future carrying capacity
Carrying capacity of environment
Generally carrying capacity reflects ability of bearing or containing
something in maximum continuously. Therefore, carrying capacity of an environment
with regard to a biological species is the maximum population size of the species that
the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water and other
necessities available in the environment.
In population biology, carrying capacity is the environment's maximal load,
which is different from the concept of population equilibrium. With regard to the
human population, more complex variables such as sanitation and medical care are
sometimes considered as part of the necessary establishment.
As population density increases, birth rate often decreases and death rate
typically increases. The difference between the birth rate and the death rate is the
"natural increase". The carrying capacity could support a positive natural increase, or
could require a negative natural increase.
Below carrying capacity, populations typically increase, while above, they
typically decrease.
A factor that keeps population size at equilibrium is known as a regulating
factor. Population size decreases above carrying capacity due to a range of factors
depending on the species concerned, but can include insufficient space, food supply,
or sunlight. The carrying capacity of an environment may vary for different species
and may change over time due to a variety of factors, including: food availability, water
supply, environmental conditions and living space.

Figure 4: A diagram showing the

difference between carrying
capacity and ecological footprint.
Source: expii.com

What I Can Do
Cut out and paste / Print 3 pictures depicting an ecological
problem in your community. State the effects these problems create
on the ecosystem and discuss how this can be avoided. (Short bond
paper)

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Assessment
Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen
letter on a separate sheet of paper.

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 LEARNING ACTIVITY SHEETS IN SCIENCE 10
QUARTER 3 MODULE 5 WEEK 7

Name: Section: Score:

I. Directions: Read each situation in the table below. State if it is a density
independent or dependent limiting factor. Indicate the limiting factor that is
causing it.
Density
Independent Limiting
Situation
or Density Factor
Dependent

There are 25 students in Mrs. Agno’s biology class.

Social distancing cannot be implemented because the
room is crowded. Five students were asked to report to
the curriculum chairman to change their grouping
Dinoflagellates in Bolinao sea area increase in
population because of the increase of organic substance
in the body of water brought about polluted water
The oil spill in Guimaras harmed many aquatic
organisms in the area
A new strain of COVID 19 breaks out in the whole world
Super typhoon Hanna caused many residents to leave
their residence
Population of Fruit bats decreases due to hunting and
deforestation
An increase in population of frogs in Barangay Inamotan
causes a decrease in the population of insects

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II. Direction: Give the value of the following organisms and classify them
according to their categories by putting a heart ♡ symbol on the space/column
provided for.
Direct Indirect
Aesthetic
Organism Value Economic Economic
Value
Value Value
1.dog
2.mango tree
3.carabao
4.flowers
5.butterflies
6.bamboo
7.bermuda grass
8.birds
9.mangrove trees
10.snake

III. Directions: Match the terms in Column A to the definitions in Column B by

writing the letter of the correct answer.
A B

1. Biodiversity a. A population growth in which the growth

2. Carrying Capacity
3. Ecosystem
4. Exponential growth
5. Limiting Factors
6. Logistic growth
7. Population
8. Population Density
9. Stability
10. Emigration
rate decreases with increasing n umber of
organisms until it becomes zero when the
population reaches its carrying capacity
b. A constant increase in the number of
population
c. Occurs when a population approaches its
carrying capacity
d. The variety of lifeforms in a particular
ecosystem
e. The maximum number of organisms that
the environment can support
f. The ability of an ecosystem to be self-
regulating and again become steady after
a disturbance
g. The measurement of population per unit
area
h. Community of organisms that live, feed
and interact with the environment
i. Factors that control the growth of a
population
j. The total number of organisms belonging
to the same species in a particular
environment

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