ECE 423 :Advanced Communication

systems
Supervised by

Dr :/ Somaya Abdel Azeem ElFeshawy

LEC 4:- Wireless MIMO Systems
How MIMO Works ?

▪ MIMO takes advantage of multi-path.

▪ MIMO uses multiple antennas to send multiple parallel signals (from
transmitter).
▪ In an urban environment, these signals will bounce off trees,
buildings, etc. and continue their way to their destination (the
receiver) but in different directions.
▪ “Multi-path” occurs when the different signals arrive at the receiver
at various times.
▪ With MIMO, the receiving end uses an algorithm or special signal
processing to sort out the multiple signals to produce one signal that
has the originally transmitted data.
How MIMO Works ?

▪ Multiple data streams transmitted in a single channel at

the same time.
▪ MIMO uses multiple antennas to send multiple parallel
signals (from transmitter).
▪ Multiple radios collects multipath signals.
▪ Adaptive signal processing at both transmitter and
receiver.
MIMO System Model

Transmit Vector MIMO channel Received Vector

𝑥1 N∗ 𝑀 Matrix 𝑦1
𝑥2 𝑦2
𝑥3 𝑦3

𝑦𝑛
𝑥𝑚
MIMO channel model
In MIMO, the system configuration typically contains M antennas at the
transmitter and N antennas at the receiver.

𝒚 = 𝒉𝒙 + 𝒏
Capacity of MIMO channels

We assume M RX and N TX antennas. The capacity in bits per

second per HZ of MIMO channel under an average transmit
power constraint is given by :-

Τ ∗
𝑐 = log 2 [det(𝐼𝑀 + 𝑆𝑁𝑅 𝑁 𝐻𝐻 )] bits/sec/Hz

In this equation, ”det” means determinant, 𝐼𝑀 means N ×M

identity matrix and 𝐻 ∗ means Matrix transpose conjugate
Where the numbers of antennas N and M are important, the
Expected value function of capacity for a Rayleigh channel
grows proportionally to M.
Capacity :- MIMO vs. SIMO/MISO

In conclusion,
Capacity
increases much
faster in MIMO
systems than in
the SISO and
SIMO thanks to
the large number
of antennas
cases.
Spatial Multiplexing and Spatial diversity

❖ Spatial diversity (MIMO with diversity)

we send the SAME data over all antennas present at transmitter.
The advantage we get is more RELIABILITY.
Reliability in the sense there is great chance that we will receive the transmitted
signal correctly or we are sure that whatever we send will be received correctly
for sure kind feeling. Since the same thing is transmitted over different paths, if
signal received over one path is weak then signal on other paths may be fine.
Same information is transmitted by different antenna.
Improves the link reliability.
Improves the coverage.
❖ Spatial Multiplexing (MIMO with spatial multiplexing)

We don't send the same data over all transmitting antennas. the data are
broken up into pieces and each antenna sends DIFFERENT pieces.

- Information is divided into number of streams.

- Different antenna transmit different data steams.
- Increase the data rate.

MIMO with diversity : MORE RELIABILITY

MIMO with spatial multiplexing: MORE DATA RATE
MIMO Systems can provide two types of gain:-

Spatial Multiplexing Gain Diversity Gain

Maximize transmission rate Minmize 𝑃𝑒

Use rich scattering More Reliability (QoS)

Counter fading
Multi-User MIMO
Concept of Multi-User MIMO (MU-MIMO)
MU-MIMO enables multiple streams of data to be sent to different users in
parallel, without cross-talk interference.
1. Single-antenna network

2. Multi-user MIMO
Multi-User MIMO: How does it work?
MU-MIMO differs from traditional MIMO
Data to be sent over two TX antennas:
𝒙𝟏 and 𝒙𝟐

Data received on two RX nodes:

𝑦1 = ℎ11 𝑥1 + ℎ12 𝑥2

𝑦2 = ℎ21 𝑥1 + ℎ22 𝑥2

Each RX only has one equation, but two variables; no way to solve it directly.
x2 causes cross-talk interference to x1, and vice versa.
Multi-User MIMO: How does it work?
How to remove cross-talk?
• Send a weighted mix of x1 and x2
TX antenna1 sends :-
𝑤11 𝑥1 + 𝑤12 𝑥2
TX antenna2 sends :-
𝑤21 𝑥1 + 𝑤22 𝑥2

• Data received on RX1:

𝑦1 = ℎ11 (𝑤11 𝑥1 + 𝑤12 𝑥2 ) + ℎ12 (𝑤21 𝑥1 + 𝑤22 𝑥2 )= ℎ11 𝑤11 𝑥1 + ℎ11 𝑤12 𝑥2 +
ℎ12 𝑤21 𝑥1 + ℎ12 𝑤22 𝑥2 = (ℎ11 𝑤11 + ℎ12 𝑤21 )𝑥1 + (ℎ11 𝑤12 + ℎ12 𝑤22 ) 𝑥2
RX1 only wants x1, so ideally, we should have
(ℎ11 𝑤12 + ℎ12 𝑤22 ) = 0

MU-MIMO precoding
TX can obtain from RXs’ feedback, so it can tune 𝒘𝟏𝟐 , 𝒘𝟐𝟐
to satisfy (𝒉𝟏𝟏 𝒘𝟏𝟐 + 𝒉𝟏𝟐 𝒘𝟐𝟐 ) = 𝟎
This cancels the cross-talk interference from x2 to x1

Similarly, we can cancel that from x1 to x2 , This is called

Zero-Forcing Beamforming (ZFBF)
Multi-User MIMO in large Networks
Limitations of existing MIMO architectures
• Only one transmitter at a time.
• Simultaneous transmission from different transmitters causes
collision!
• So, network capacity doesn’t scale with transmitter density.
Network MIMO

A giant-MIMO comprised of many APs

• APs are tightly synchronized and share data.

• Mutual interference can be cancelled.
• Network capacity scales linearly with the number of APs,
theoretically
Network MIMO in large network

A super-giant-MIMO needs:-

Full synchronization: carrier phase, frequency, sampling-

clock
Full data sharing: large volumes of data and CSI exchange.
Types of MIMO
MIMO involves Space Time Transmit Diversity (STTD), Spatial Multiplexing
(SM) and Uplink Collaborative MIMO.
Space Time Transmit Spatial Multiplexing Uplink Collaborative
Diversity (STTD) (SM) MIMO Link
• The same data is • SM delivers parallel • Two devices can
coded and streams of data by collaboratively transmit
transmitted through exploiting multi-path. on the same sub-
different antennas, channel
• It can double (2x2
which effectively MIMO) or quadruple
doubles the power in (4x4) capacity and
the channel. This throughput.
improves Signal • SM gives a higher
Noise Ratio (SNR) capacity
for cell edge.
Performance improvement using MIMO systems

Array gain
Diversity • Increase coverage and QoS
gain
Multiplexing
• Increase spectral efficiency
gain
Cochannel
interference • Increase cellular capacity
reduction
❖MIMO Increases Range
Each multipath route is treated as a separate channel, creating many “virtual
wires” over which to transmit signals.
Traditional radios are confused by this multipath, while MIMO takes advantage
of these “echoes” to increase range and throughput.
❖MIMO Increases Throughput

Wireless throughput scales as more radio transmissions are added onto the same
channel.
GOOD LUCK