REVIEWER KUNO
Lesson 2: Standard and Nonstandard
English
Standard English is the most highly
polished form of spoken and written
English used by educated people.
Nonstandard (or substandard) English is a
variety of English that is marked ‘incorrect’
because it does not follow rules and
guidelines of Standard English.
Lesson 3: Varieties and Registers of Spoken
and Written Language (Slang, Cliche,
Jargon, and Sexist language)
Standard English can be described in terms
of styles --- Formal and Informal English.
Formal language also called “literese” (as
it is remarkably influenced by reading) is
more academic in style and more objective
in the expression of ideas. It is often used
in writing than in speaking
Informal language also called “colloquial’
which means ‘conversations” is more
relaxed and more friendly in tone
Common features of formal language
 It uses appropriate capitalization,
punctuations, mechanical
devices, and abbreviations.
 It avoids shortcuts (contractions
such as I’ll, it’s, shan’t, and the
like and abbreviations such as
prof., exam, lab and the like)
 It avoids common colloquial
expressions such as gonna, ain’t,
wanna, and the like
 It uses denotative than
connotative tone
 It is impersonal. It avoids the use
of first and second persons (I,
you)
Common uses of formal language
 Research papers, theses,
dissertations
 Formal reports and memoranda
 Literary criticisms and serious
essays
 Legal documents and news
stories
 Official speeches and public
notices
 Graduation speeches
 Sermons and scholarly addresses
 Polite conversations with elder or
important people
Common features of informal language
 It contains short words and
simple sentences often in
fragments
 It is heavily loaded with
contractions and colloquial
expressions
 It is marked by popular words
(such as okay, yeah, stuff, and
the like) and idioms and
occasional slang expressions
Common uses of informal language
 Light, chatty writing for general
readers
 Conversation of educated
people when they are at ease
with each other (such as with
colleagues or intimate friends)
 Novels and short stories
 E-mail addresses
 Club meetings
 Classroom discussions
 Showbiz and comic strips
SLANG – Common informal spoken and
written language. Ex. Cheesy (Cheap),
dude( person)
Jargon (also called Gobbledygook) is a
language used by groups that have similar
interests like professions, trades, and
sports.
Cliché refers to overused and worn-out
expressions. It consists of once well-loved
idioms and phrases but because they have
been used so often and so carelessly that
they have become meaningless.
Sexist language is a language that
discriminates against women.
HONORIFIC A title or word used to show
honor or respect. (Cambridge University
Press, n.d.)
COURTESY TITLES Titles used to address
individuals to show politeness and respect.
used to comply with the customs
COURTESY TITLES Madam Ma’am Young
Man/Young Lady Mx. Mr. Mrs. Miss Ms.
ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL TITLES
These are the titles used to signify one’s
level of education, expertise, or position
within a professional environment.
ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL TITLES
Doctor (Dr.) Professor (Prof.) Retired
Professor or Professor Emerita/Emeritus
PhD and EdD Other Professsional Levels
(Engr., Ar., Atty., etc.)
Lesson 7-Cultural Diversity in the
Workplace
What is Culture?
Society consists of individuals with a
culture different in customs, morals,
traits, traditions, and values.
Cultures exist on scales both large and
small, extending from countries and
regions, such as the American culture or
Middle Eastern culture, to such small and
distinct cultures
Cultures are defined by these learned
behaviors and schemata (experiences).
Societies at their simplest can be defined
as groups of interacting individuals
(Edwards, 2014).
Assimilation is the strategy when a co-
culture member wants to fit in or join
with members of the dominant culture.
Accommodation, on the other hand, is
used when co-culture members attempt
to maintain their cultural identity even
while they strive to establish relationships
with members of the dominant culture
Separation. When co-culture members
employ the strategy of separation, they
tend to resist interacting with the other
members they consider outsiders.
Rather than have contact with ‘strangers’
they tend to keep to themselves.
Ethnocentrism is the tendency to see
own culture as superior to all others.
Cultural relativism, on the other hand, is
the opposite of ethnocentrism. When
people experience cultural relativism,
they view the group to which they belong
as superior to all others.

Cultural pluralism advocates respect for

cultural uniqueness, tolerance for
differences, and adherence to the
principle of cultural diversity

High-context cultures such as

Mediterranean, Slav, Central European,
Latin American, African, Arab, Asian, and
American-Indian; leave much of the
message unspecified, to be understood
through context, nonverbal cues, and
between-the-lines interpretation of what
is actually said.

A low-context culture relies on explicit

communication. Hence, more
information is not understood if not
deleted. United States, Australia, and
some parts of Western Europe are
examples of countries with low-context
cultures. Low-context cultures often
display the following tendencies,
according to Hall (2018).

HIGH LOW
CONTEXT CONTEX
CULTURE T
CULTUR
E
Indirect Direct and
communication specific
communication
Fewer words, High value on
more nonverbal words rather
clues than
 nonverbal clues.
Simple and ambiguous messages Structured messages with technical
details.
Very verbal people are seen as Informal, frequent smiles, and frequent
unattractive;
smiling is associated with nervousness. use of hand gestures and facial
expressions
Preference for long-term relationships Temporary personal relationships.
and
underlying messages.
Long-term view of time The short-term view of time.
Emphasis on appointments on time,
Appointments are generally considered management of schedules, and
flexible. punctuality is given high preference.
Vague and non-confrontational Focus on getting a job done, being
language
is preferred. specific, and goal attainment.
Personal relationships are not
considered
Honor and respect are more important that much,
than assumed
business; adjourn power and position. as equals.

Private networks are used to obtain Information is made accessible readily,

information. shared with others.
Values family and group authority Individualism valued.
Email writing is the easiest and industries, and humanities were
cheapest way of communication. It affected. Emails were used to give
is used in formal, semi-formal as instructions like inform staff about
well as in the informal way of skeletal force, work from home
expression or writing. policy, online transactions, or
Informal emails use interpersonal paperless communication. Use
language. Formal emails use standard zoom, google meet, and
language.
Informal email – an email written for
friends, family members, or relatives.
Use of polite, friendly, and casual words
along with proper greetings and closings
are some of the rules of the informal
email.
Example: Suppose you have to write an
email to your friend inviting him or her to
your birthday party.

Semi-formal = an email written for

any teammates or colleagues. You
can use friendly language but have to
maintain the limit and decency, the
length, proper greetings, closing, and
clarity are some of the rules of semi-
formal emails.
Example: writing a letter to inform your
classmates regarding an intra-college
quiz competition.
Formal emails – an email written for
business communication or professional
use. Example: resignation letter
Jodi Harris (2020) stated that during
this pandemic people recognized the
importance of email writing. He
stressed that it seems like every
company under the sun is creating
email content about measures taken to
protect the safety and well-being of
their customers, employees, and
communities.
Consequently, numerous persons,
other gsuite application, but the information m
was received through emails. Without e
emails, communication among staff won’t be
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realized about meeting on zoom, google
meet or webinar schedules. t

Advantages of E-Mail .

1. It reaches the target reader fast.

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2. It confirms an acceptance or rejection
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3. It is less costly than letters and memos.
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4. It can easily reach the farthest parts of the
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5. It is environment-friendly.
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a Tips for writing an E-mail
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s 1. Make the subject line informative or descriptive
of the memo content.
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Avoid vague subject lines such as follow-up,
additional information, and request.
i 2. Keep the subject line simple and short.
n 3. Use the same subject line in answering an
email.
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4. The “TO” line should contain the names of the
o primary readers. Secondary readers must be
placed in the cc line. Primary readers are those
r who are directly involved in the message of the
m e-mail.

a 5. Ensure the correctness of the e-mail address of

the recipients.
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6. Make the file name of the attached
i document meaningful.Instead of using “letter”,
“use”, “request letter barrot”
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7. Never use “all caps” in the main text. This is
n unacceptable.

8. State your purpose in the first sentence of the

memo.
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9. If the message is sensitive, compose it, first
v using the word processor.

e 1o. Avoid emoticons and informal jargon like

LOL and BRB in formal memos.
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3. It can be used to transmit computer
viruses.