• USING LANGUAG

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USING LANGUAGE
01
INTRODUCTION

02
ENGLISH OF ACTION

03 SINO-TIBETAN LANGUAGE :
a rich contrast

04
GUIDELINES
 WHAT IS LANGUAGE?

“
Herbert Clark argues that language use is more than the sum of a speaker
speaking and a listener listening. It is the joint action that emerges when
“
speakers and listeners, writers and readers perform their individual actions in
coordination, as ensembles. He also argues strongly that language use
embodies both individual and social processes.
 SO, WE KNOW THAT:
To communicate successfully,
everybody have to recognize
the power of languages. The The language a group of
main points are how language people speaks imposes a
can charge with feeling, how it unique view of nature, of
can galvanize, and cause existence, on those who
upheaval. speak it. The language
learned from that culture
shapes an explanation of
the universe,
a “world-view”.
Language is so powerful that
through the ages some words
were considered too holy to
speak and so magical that they
were believed to cause injury,
madness, or even death.
 SINO-TIBETAN LANGUAGE :
a rich contrast
The sino – tibetan languages have a complex dialect picture. Much
of the difficulty is in deciding whether the varieties are separate
languages or dialects of the same language. For instance,
consider some varieties of chines dialects, while others call them
languages. Tibetan has several distinct spoken varieties that are in
many instances not mutually comprehensible but that has
over the centuries maintained a common literary tradition,
much like china.

As in most high context cultures, people know and understand each

other and their appropriate roles, words are not necessary to convey
meaning. Many asian cultures minimize verbal comunication and are
comfortable with silence, with the importance of words subordinared
to that of presence.
 Reality is complex and impressionistic
Because the nature of the emphasis is impressionistic and organic, rather than ratio
nalistic and analytical, thoughts about events and linguistic expressions of those
thoughts often include both space and time, making verb tenses irrelevant or
unnecessary. Words and sentences may be condansed or shortened. Time is
viewed as circular, not linier, repetitive, not progresive, “nature” or live is the center
of universe. The role of the individual is to live of harmony with nature, to coincide, m
erge, fuse, to the greatest extent possible, with the cycle of life – a cycle which is
constant , never – ending, ever re-creating it self.
 Massages shold be indirect and impersonal
In the absence of a firm belief familly relationship and loyalty to the group govern be
havior. Religions – such as Confucianism, Shintoism, and Buddhism-support an
orientation to collectivity, a philosophy that considers clear and well-defined
relationships to be the basis for society. People in these cultures value modesty and
play down their own opinions. perceptions, or feelings; they seek social acceptance,
confrontation-free relationships, and group harmony.
 Harmony dominates.
It should come as no surperise, then, that direct expression of personal perceptions
or opinions is usually avoided because they can disrupt group harmony. What is em
phasized in the language is restraint, modesty, and self-deprecation: for example, c
onsider the Japanese proverb, "Boasting begins where wisdom stops". "I" an
d "me" are used very infrequently: most sentences avoid personal pronouns
altogether or use "we."
 GUIDELINES

1. Be aware
2. Choose words carefully
3. Avoid jokes and humor
4. Acomodate: meet your communication partner halfway
5. Develope emphaty and patience
6. Use several communication modes
7. Listen
8. Value silence
9. Select simple, specific, concrete words
10. Use the most common meaning of words
11. "Avoid idioms, slang, jargon, buzzwords, and acronyms."
12. Respect the basic rules of correct grammar and standard syntax
13. Be polite and formal