) modules: let M be an abelian group written Chal Li Hv ery. » $€Ris a aing. Mis called ql Lt R modube (aa | Heduee on RI If for eath WEN, AER, Ja unigue Cement x? ( Caltdal Me Statarx muctiple Of 4)%) oY M Suh , +hat tne foro win g conolrHonrs Ars satis pied GC) (etary aAKtAK "Oty Zelety = ACH Ay Ui, esr = A USK) . "vy dts a Ug 1ER) : ue "MW GY eEM &ASER : gxambiDrey G be an additive Abwian Poup’ Z be MG | Integers let “EG $ AETZ | Define : wwe ctxt O% 1 names (nee xetutur nn t% te nee Lee ntHmey elem) tteny tr thew Ignse i it 1 (Anh y Hms | 20 if nto ) ety @ | nis alepi s plleedtton 3 b e | | AWS defines a statan must pliat on in a a1 | element of Z- [Now lt Ts cea, thet | OG) Umtny ce me+ nm Co moet yy a mat my NY) (mmo) =m Ln) viva DO = % Ciftez) | Vouyeg and mne ® te . ao ; | gras acl qkuach gieup &con be made Tote A 'ep 2° | moaute: apy s- ler a fsa ring $T thot Tis s we youp ed is atept idead ag Re we Know QR unde addition. Mus T is aN abetian pup unde aston Cre Sep ahony ete let XER deTeThen RET (Tis rept leleat | Ry Ths clepine scatak mutt plication on I hy the Ctemens I &poNnow sg aSeR ge MY em then OG YER there re A sed W lAatsy ee ae t5% (RP caw iP aes LID AOC EY ye 2004+ ay Crp caw !n a) bales bes) el R dgsd dativieyy Nyy) les Cig BERD Hener Tig tept R- modure let R bea sang gM eMmin MmxYN mMabtres over Re Now Mm is an qpetian your unae adcdi tion let AER § M2 LAidmyp EM (au eR) NoW AER, AER PAAVER we have Laas} min EM dying me LaisTmn: ay tag \2 ane element bf R: Gt 7S weer Known that if — bese R $ xjyeM ty (yrs) HF AAT SH Ty alert y= te tay Wiy Cae sr eel sm) | wy pee me CHE PER) hence Mis t R- modure Qx: [er R isa 73 ng & RLM] is re ove, Rsis He indeteminate X loves R) Now REXIAN IS qpetian unde aad ton At am ror tanm” ERCXI=M Cree ait R) CR )E (2 AAA HT ADI KE aH btn Ceo y Lage), e APCKIEM . vow, itis gut do easy, to see not MIs left ( © R- Module / f ' (aR) be me get ay al) defines SC@LON ts pi casey polgnemi aL sing ( ‘ Depine (af ex let R ve a xing, we Know t+nat if Eis le ieteat A ;men F is + Ramodule L since R iS Also a [Yt ielean af R SSpeed re Ris 1eyd-R moelut e: Then (Gt R mooluce'R is a epi neal by met RR = R Pax qh) ¢ ct Vbpea vector space ire af ig vev gd ae F ten auEV yd My ty) = AM, te Ve, Z iy Kt pws XV tb x) Cee «(RE) edd fF) we Rnow tat Viv luz \vev “. wey 4 wAee 1 acne Sa ee geet ova & peed Fis % [ept fod Sushi pots ewny fede AU) jean KE g, ef af unigut eremernt MAEM Jsucn fat ype ase See mre yr , Tey hare sy 2 MATHS wy > as)? Ura) s ~ (id t€®) Rola, tren Mig canted a right Rome cute | gx eat a te Alghe Res | we -D eorry every Right Vleat of ye 4 hy Module: | @O wey polyne mic Rig oven Ry is & pig hm RModue te xn matrices ove R then M fs ™ @ig Miss set Of all ™ a sigue R-Hodulre unde Tr im ng OP posite Rin Re ler Ree a aing me binwy operations Trand +17 We write ab Sn place arb , | | Be aceon (nee om Dyine new Binoy o peat on @ rood ge liow 3 | yet ar ber’ R° te den aankt be thafore ateéR oh a’ Ov? =(atb)” since ab # ba ER thepore A @ bo = Ebay R® ibis Gea Bech = > (arreR?t . oo Flo new Bineuy opeactony ris Ring & Is Call@al tno Obpevige Ay qf * Rs : [appt 4 ther Fo OO Cee a A@b=arb O=+ WO Suppose R isa Commutative Ung Men OrOw= (bays Car)” then a Obzad Oz He (R*, ©, 0) ee a os thn R°= Ras vings Us fromart ts equal ar ¢ Citi) Also, we obsave that ig Ris ory Aing thon CAPPER : > de int ac let Misia Rignt a saure dnen M Can be ma | “a let R% modute Prows. jet x eM $ AXE Ro (as KER) is Ad grt R-Mo cute Now M So xREM Paging Auene : Now if x,y EM $ a’, SER Ty) waltimey) ebety7 te u ee AU TATY Hy (38m hye eC Ars IO = mLAts) = EMA 2AM tern Ni) (AP 0 89> = (M90 = (54) = Oni el ee = AP LH : 2 ASK) iv) Suppes€ 1@R ptren p= ER? 4 1 = mMdem hone Mis | Sirni (arty, pM ts a ly R-modute ; tyre yignt Re Modute ‘ ; Remarks Tf R is Q@ commutative ring Phen R= R oF YS vey R- modute ig ight R~ moa Nencey & a ety ones q toon Ro modute then M Can be madeSince aur ue thepore Axe HH Nhence, over a commutadive Ainfy Ye left Ro moduse is \ j gm Ro medule and conversely + dap. wt. Here ig ho oistinttion, and F% Vine same O5 % sine a Feta Fis q commutative > \%. lee Vector Spas and & righ vettor spacer @ PINES) Gubmodules let be a lget R=mocut es A-non-emPpty subset on simply a modute) . « Yay X Ts catteda @-submo aut of RC yg [OY yy Yneyee Wa eee YOY rs q subgroup ] Kunde } add tion) et VaeRyyey 2 bey(ie VIS clo mutt plitect on) RQ considacd % i | -Exampleg-let R de a afngand xe ac ine Hy q onteps A-module) \ ut Tbe a teyt law yf R \ we Haw Phot ayveZ arab ETlre Ris subgour ed } Also PERE aera) naet R maar +> 7 henu ZT is,Subnmocute R: h ' Fawil’ ° E Qn Remoduse 1@ ler iXplaca re as py R sure ook ut ed He n Remo! 1%, a er ys KA ew tas ; ence be be sudgwour X ,undu addi tion ThOapposer oe KA ver CY iauaity 1s Same for all subgiouPs) aot yen Xn a1 y*9 : : Je is again | Sings Trdtersection Y any numbed 7 sunyoub |S % Q & Woy,oup ara AyY 1 sry is supgioup OLX: ayain ter XERE SY m FEB dute Bf, 3 » sth Xy is % Supiped so Kye Ka ¥ AeA ar*y eA Xywe Pegaee pe submodule yak gdbset ay X consi sting oy of form Wye a HE Ri ARE Ka | @ ler M, % geccuat < det % Frq be , , ' ng e lemont ,J No “ ©, ig MEEK) | then DEX, \ HEH to EX t ho ' nt PAS toa te ' Haut ; ¢ Xn 6 Kady , OH yk ta, then | { ee \ - ce nee Hr Yr Ex, ana’ Ys Ye EX ' MOY = Ot tmare (yi tye) ! PB poy Fey TU) ! Ft Cyt tye) (i-e xis an qbetin 4 eup) i HOY) Ota Yn) EX, FH, Che ia. ane Resin bee coe ye un dey aolditi ‘ Opain it reR ae y x undey on: ; then Aye AO tH) = Am tan, EK EAE ij (ise Xpand %2 au Sub mod ute a X) 8 Tebo e Xp tx, is a submeduce ay X Conrainiy bow : x ne X2 module Generated by ohpes Subset Of an R-Modude @ Byler x bean Ro modute dnd @bea ren-embty Subset 5 Gy X- then tne smallest cubmod ute aq % cortaled . Sis Called the Submodure genuatad by Sand Oanored by £87 & to fe T be ane Seb ay ALL sub-modute ey X lontalny @ Sint KIL submodule y KF Sex : Bo KET 2 CEO ‘« Suppose t= $ xy] 4&4) a Sub Ye A Xu A de ‘ than Y is Sub modute df X lantaini Ss. « Cleat y , THETA Smalieat Submo duce af X, torcaining S « Ciy N isan submodult Of X corstalinny S; thon ‘ Ne ae wet A a Kae Now ¥Fence y? Fre si ~ SPPOSE ) ER UA HE KS? x covctalnd ty Sand 1 \ \ ( ( thon x2 2D MUMS Sainy + Brgy] whee Af aime guises | a i Wuppose nee bacy m0, &20 than naz tee mnaz grasa 3 ~ name rlatiat¢ iat --*lA GeeltR) tT 7 ( nme ctueiers cba Gothen as 1 nme t Pha whaeheR ' hence hes) evay clement of Submodutt porated ry S ¢ 4 os, Wows Bmp whee ATER, Hi ESE M2 O ‘ ». . ( iz / rk Suppose Sis a piwik set Soy Se BMPR” Hn : whith went 4 VQ 4 E87 by Suppling geo co eptidss, we nl wrt (ee aber | d % ee een) nowt neXt or tha Ws anit Aye i ‘ sone ee [2G she nad to deine Pepe aieRs M4 ee Know, itis proms)! In patitular (2 16 R then : We Ayr asMa ton + Ann S rier [ee in ans | Case per) Ginntt ‘ cy cic Modute \ yesuppese S25 fren Ke oe EX Greets gt g-reaulsy V gnen Am XY E X/y iy Doing AULA Y) 2 KAY Suppose KA Y= way Getnis Ore wsets (SUBS! _ gran notey Oe a Ri so Xa) EY (ef ig ce mncluse ) x ie an an’ ey ‘ ean xyzanry ‘ fe atadyys Alery? : : wm Then ave seutos un plication Ts weir cupinedd , Now Mi acteryd nla Ye AOCEAAY) ‘ = ALM EY = TOF ANTY ‘ eanayr anry \ Daley) baceryd wii) Gers) OCtY) = Ketsomay i " = AMtSHTY & “ 2 AKTY rentY s arty) tS OY) ali’) S0AY) = GesyetY a a = Asn 1 2 rc(sxry)= (5 049) ™ VOcrY)= Cry CIP LER) i o¥ ; ’ TSE) ee ees Ye a y a { ene, Ry Ps left Ro melutey CANCA tha Parts Moctute ay X/y"Wom. SUE Romo ¥ pr em Gy Rarhod ules es Dgrs let x & wt Y be [| R- module x Amap tt xay is oes a pomomor PNS™ Cf lye _Remodure VL (hs gy taye OHI TER) VY Wy, tn EX . diy sla ye mginy vy AER AT HEX "Le gicont-on, ren fis carted mono moe PN &r $ ts onto, Hon fis cated epimerP . Q\so 34 Fis woW onsrone And pdt 7A, # Xay's Certted On tao rrowpritm af % Onto YY. ° fertmes, ig Yex, thin gis Catteal an ensomorphicn xX and onto, or gis Camted an Also ig fis one-on Oustomer phism of % Example: often: © ret M Pe Lepr Ro Meoduts ancl yp be Sub- mo pM Consida the fauey Moctuse M/py> Oufine O map ve dd *y Seay smern, em Now, forty ye may TD PHENt YN = ZOO +HEg) Vmyem \go 7 a thy Also WP atR, they pyag” in %) HAW )= AH+N ea ( Mtn) = aS) HER, EM and anus ¢ is an ‘Aovmomorphism ¢ Ie pt R= Moduler #is corlral Nechudl hon morphism: AISe We Know, Hat ip CEN Ey ! whee wen anen Finye wen so, $ 1s epimor Ps my @ Ut ve leptRrmoduse $ ae R (he commutative Rity ) depire map fi Noam ’y f (BO a Now pot ye a tne peak tay = FOO + Hy) _¢ iy EM now fe AER pos AK)? AM s CRAM = ALOK) = AGH)yhen ce ott Oy sears Pee leper Ro moduty ip Mit) Nemes o. Pomomoyphism of N then RI)id gtoyro x diy gt ey) =pb0 “£0 7 iy eH NI) me subset ¥> prem] $0020 yic coped Kear 4 f- Netra grove 0, s° o £Y Wuprose, x yey and AER J Han $ouy2 0 = FLY) 5 so $b wey re Joa $y a sy ury EY ® atso SCA)? agin)» #070 wy . a anxey | Nee y is subren mM roe ‘TL Te gubseatsye Ml + ~ gen) for some nem Bina gp gin vt dunoted cy) FM) Wivou or gto) 2° y so Emig) #P 20-020 & Imts Tae Yr rye ro lg) ana abR 4 a3 Mtr eM seer thet “ Qo Wy gor? Ye Now girye? af) etmly) pean FO") * aso reyy 2 EUD? i fla) & Emp) hente Imig) ts Sub module nn / i" ee dophism pept R-Modwe, i 7 is Subrredux Pros: wow deine Kea $ en] P0070 i and Tmigye | yer/yEH” por some ay Nn pie Emig is comed lept Ro modute of eX 1s submodutt M ; Y nem yay fs subroder - fed f Unsida fauror youp aging g: Ng AY 9 follows (TH atk em, pwn 26M | Hn stare mide) Apne O Cee r= Bla) dabpoge a) 4Xe aut X wher 4) REM whee n & X2 kay) Men yegatX 9araat™ Mow $3 )= araende $C ae refed pea) | ee Ol at xyes OCatR) Q hs wee depined maP wow, if Arty, gtx te Y , and Aer Pen QUE K ay tey ep lataate) so EEF ads FAHY 2g 3,t%)4 bla.tx) Also at Alt D) J= Olea At): ssa nd ts Adlats) So bis Rondndrpusm 44h and | Supposes O(a, 4X2 dared DF e fear) aFldi~ dado 2B) dy dr ekoipe Hoee UKE TY fo dist-l At yeys ameg) then] F BEM uty Heed BCA? Y tow gare M/g and Qtat x)giae y 29 2 8 2 © 98 ee ee we ee a ee ee 3) O js one aad | Hend gM AY 1s an Domorprism Hom Hy onto Ye Hart | ue re flgz ind | vin Parc ed ous _ if gis or ten Flt 8 andl so ene t+ N be @ Submo du qy M (eee e dyinea map Arnusn by | in) nk ¥weN Neeeu i ifs homoy prism a lope R~moatwe | 7 i s Called “Fhe Inthuton He momer Pris mer ; Ty eM yahen Pe is Cott ae teem ty Pere rm ovbh >| Cautomo xphism a mM) | | ait ) s in} ; hoi 4 Nopain ip we aepine 7 x! deine R70, ¥HEM oe i yr Nisan enctomorphism Mi!S. caread bug end? ealecmt Ve Biceet sum i sy of uu = mmo Ye rae jority of tupmodus of Ley R 1 fem : y wm 6 4 4riahee Viens Mp ee pease ap element og +e & ean a wt, but a finn net Sipe and MAFO WM OC ginind mo end grade, za CT IO) x \Uewty 0€ Eun Be ren. . 2 Varco if x E May Hen EX A when | ve Aca isin xX. Stun Macy Vv Aba Viet xp YeX - a put @ finite ho t NHen ne 2 ty ,osnae ey, 4 ee wen | ae ew bub a" lw (Ye zyy , whee ye ee nie he Mu 18 Bfbmad: wre ang Cs, > eee prow mye elu -Yyud li st MER gone gar tem in Mis mM ana Numby ie vere in shun We ap Ren-dee yam none yuo (°4 is ode rest mtn y ise th xe Hn »-Yexs 2M 7 | wee | Npaer 2S Anwi X= & My (otresr | AM er EMe 2% ad rest then deaty EDL. aca (cio rn, n henu XK is Submodure YM Ae re Mais we Soy 7 thet Ke dam is déprect Sum of feriy Pints } ea iFeveag Clement ay Y nog & UNEUL repreentation E hat gHuEN ON in Wis Core ne : Uewen wen rr : we write $M = Osman a ene gs Eng iff m0 ( Emu)efoh ¥ roka ¥ rye wen tea Hay Proetr= let us suppose, & M20 Bru ee vge Plu ¢ Muze ¥ oh bes let te < May tan ue Zny whee MED Pit se ag, coed one mem, a this Acpraendation af x 1% unique an , Ke 24y= Hat EMa ‘ ee Lo) tte , ! a < dim wen ( $04) 2g Ae py ‘ eo ‘ ¢ a 22m ,§ Ma, : ronvesselys [CF aM = ZNud Mae ( re cmwajuea dl Sappose, HEM tren x2 Zug MEOH but a PN of ‘ Sabri: ea pink thin 2 Mud SPS egy yur ¥ bed a finite nom ven ee ga Axdot I te er ae aD) ee ares Yas pai ved Oi YH e- Yu EM, ees 2D Huet Yagz0 2 “Me® Yue x ies : nes wl . Thu Mu2 Yu ¥ wen |x} a Won gus och Hom Phot mand Whe lept Ro Moduse, anol let Horr al MyM )-= fe § Lame vw] Ets homo *PNsm Of tet R-moduu }=W ban map Biman deine by Btxy2 0 V XEM is Q No momowpNism cad Remodurg ,Wegor wed 2) vet fGrg © w they "2, gia be furore rphism 4 \ R- module: deine GEGEN? viby cpa gies FOO * FOO 4 HEM Also ( fegy Oct y) = FOCWt giut gy) Son yyy GO0t 9p) 2 2004 GOOF FYTIY = tg oar epyy ) mY EM ig ER, then (44g) (ane glo + gr j = AZont AGM) = ALE Ot 900) / = AG+G) GO ig _homemowhtm af #ept R- moctusss. ee ee ee hence = $k>) qe gts be “Pis oe uy fr8s of -0t$ y dew et adsition in 9 is amoUotive, thupow (tg) th edt Ute) ¥ 4h EW We few, aging gehen gue 40d Pe ' ey. qew and gegede ans suger’ wis ae gbeuan group (Unda. adutition ) ¥ cuppoie 88 gommustive Rin W jet gew and AER (yashe h B. aeine mga od | agro? E00 Eee 9 vow VED OE D> agua) | = aAlgoot Hy i Ago +494), (modus postudodt = (Ag ya lag ) Yo" iM p tuk aR ei ag) Yay b Hen (peg) (a00* Aglan) > Aad) * Una) 109, note t 2X) gle 3 {Cagoo” , pun 4$ 6 = ale pon) p tHE alyinu a seat, mutt plication in W by the Currents p qa P Now, * is to cue hat j Co at ele agas$ (Asy$# Ap) sek yp URE y nena is op yin pati tf pip Homal ™) pit Ris © ’ y ' betes = define a vine boc Know hod om ue goorg dO, = ipiew Vag eh oe _opeacton thn W goat fons ADO ain a tyr R- Mode em ten = tnd (Rm) Hs oueevion your ve then Homalm) mmusetive, pas let ReoModutey 22ND Ho, R oN m a( REM TEER be anim and Mscaee igt Re moduss 4 UF Homace,,, | ES 4 RIM] gis romero ener R + . i 1+ p- r Tr gao mop gi R> MBA tremor PEM IG Romoay Tree re Hom glam) #4 e+ £4 9 € we Home (aM d ine Cot gyigha mb (gt g tare Ha Fgle srg ig Roemer phism 6f TNs dgpints an Gaboition in w T+ is eony po ser that wert HN Cueetian § group C Prove tad Newt we Pre a etobor met plitation jn Wy By Fre eben R as follows " tit gew $*ER ; : cay cal Lei nel DE PRIM Py (ETE eee : FER DATES PRAM ( Now 8) Crepe glad so 27a EM 1 CARATS) WC Aras 4) eglrat st) lept R~mrod ut, Jah) AER Legs R modutes (Prove i+) \ \ ‘ ‘ ' jon WIS ‘; ¢ addition ee) Q ‘ pee Seen : = Bla Hy 4 fst) “ + gain Vet eR ang = HA) AG HS) t then SER g ' | (4g) (eB) = $llesp ers $l restr) = gist y= Al aH) 6 ti Phen ee FEW Crerewls af Aig ‘ Wes aepina, stodo, must plitaton in Ww, by the Climentyy R ’ Now, if Bg Eh and teR , theo is Clip Coee+ 0d) (a) = CPt gts +)- Fst) tg (ar) ; Sritare dgeag = CE) rs) $t4 QB) Udiysinttary, fp Ur tates att hs ¥ thea Jew cis CH ge AH QwyAlso ig 6A, then EE F tyre Ry gous juan wis lept Ro moctute e Suppose IER Depire Q Mreb PF Home aR MIEW AM a follows 0) 8 og eee = iSinute,R FSo gil) al often ; & — Depine HIg)= LCV q Vow lf fy gew, tren } Towt fC Hen G2 ROM fs a module hermomor phism J wf ter gye CR tgyen = grt gud a, = P(g tag? tr AER tren sedi pliteation . np ongoing OMe NEED a) $ 109) iin (QGR= GOS = PINRO AL ET a), 2 Ag ET Sr pricm 3 hen @ is hormomorpnsm op let R- modure- Suppose £,9 § W be Such trot cg)? Og) PLD? gli RLEEBL AR ASU=r gue gray eg) Yeah Pe Wb ERE RR | 2 Ois on-one Wher “EM ,cupine & mab Sig RIM be £CAEAN Now, Parse Cars me AKASH = ftayt Hl) eASER agoun la teRs ath | wen Ht 2) 2 Grr Flan) = 3g) | henee ge w Now guye lea Olgye ge 2) AQ ts onto , aaa dct Ham glsRi DEA OBESE ATT ® adisan ison for roma beh) M) = ca aac Lape Roos , / u 4 WE Homg (%,R)> Sg nosis jo mor0™P ai of geman 4 (ms oe 1 prmodute am ™ ana yooh abebidn ' ~ Your OEM bY OT yrodube ) 4 ty clerk y OLNON depinas by ane 0 nem 2@eppepse 2 22 a _ yo Rome mos phism =e is q home rorpn b cyrg 002800 4400, 4bM if AER tH (AS) O00) * ALgpon) Were t+ thee tgebric oO and peat ons, w ts eept R>moduceae. No : A : WoWIS Grabetion group Unds the OMY 0 Pu ation CEQ YO? £00) FY OO 1 EM ¢ NOG Suppose phat Wt N=M NOw We Homy tm, mM)? enrol zl) | W is ah abetan group anda biNny H CHA QVOOEFOO tg Onde HEMT J Gew ) Dane Natiplhtcat on ih w as follows Ut 49 ew Dopina (Eg IMM by cégy (mre $l (m& mM) Now (aay cctyre dt (gow F = 4 (go0) + FU = Ef 15a Romomonprism ef abetian gexP opuat! on good xem ( ‘ ‘ i) \ i) ( i) i (qoot gD) ‘ e@g ror aly ‘ 4 4 ‘ ‘ ' e @ Dogo ew CTS depina a mutt pladion in Ww ¢ ) powit $91 Rew ye gtglaoo) 77e 4 (Hera dene q (ne Liaw gp LE Lg bay OO) = $CECALO) | : ie Cg re gga) ) iii) Again : ree Ceo thoy t ( ¢ Ce cgrra) On ed Lge a 00) dipon)# dan) & Gg Ont CEA) @ Miley Ugagy edhe gH = Eg td OO Free CY) tre Venting map TIMAM given b U Ttn)e x is a homomorphism of Abeuian Groups @ s Again Tg=$t°$ ¥ few ; Aehie wis a dn Win arity 4 | ce gt gomodure thin We Homglaynd> Ende (m) e a $ pp ginam| Fis home morprism Of abesian y } isa alm und& pinay opeaton: ‘ Cpe QO? finyt gind, WE ‘ | f CEQ? Hao), nen ‘ aqme 240 MAP Sinan ts the Qoldlitive leuntity yy & | g tiger map remem es OOH p ictive f ‘ \ iyore ty GY Aky W i giman] sis homo mor Phim et Whe Homal tym) + End alm)? Op tebe A-module ) , lus $60! afi MAM ts So. $ be ore oF h D> ge \ 2 witw Wine gue map di mam ogre PY 3 Kemogdute homo morprise so dew => wit W Wow ig es gem , moypN oro of Lept R-moduse: pr mocluse + a homorphism y lege Am mmo duber he prism of obewan goo wes iny20 7 NEN ig a let ‘e tren § 2H 1S pore N 6 $4 js ato a pormomor PS? af vept ; 1 fs i le (S900 ny (iggy aye $a? HOS Nn henu wi is gubviy of w org arte wt NS pe warren Dy oe 3 renee C2 AES simpit Q- mod we gD R ele ie Hy doh and M, Gute Ona) suer - (suppose LER And neo tHED unpe exist , now web X ERM 2 aM #hou) eo ow EET Oy Pee 1 RTA nareto moaures, Hen pmorphs iy ie 7 a 7 mg isa pronormerph'sm . Ye aRon- gue Boom ig nis o cimple Ra=Meaure, TY & ew ohigy Ts cimpie Romodute, gis epi merprism: d al) is a division aint simple, tren En poy Ra 4 non- gee noreomey PEM q Gal Pq) if xis # Prog # t fe rrodust € Bety to x so siml Re mool ute 6 (1) VF Pic Remote. X a aa pesiny R188 simple F : : pow N=kap ts * po is serrtenetee #2 since P#4o $7 5° R-modue “So? wegol . , =) isone one ve fis ne nomorpNsm- Uy ig ys simrl® Reet amples m= tmp 's sured oY Pe sce $8 anbfore ME so (oanewise fe 6) \WY su y ite simp 2 ne Y te Simple R-module « they Mey w Tmtghe fray y he fis an epimey phism: —ad + armodiue \e chiiydg Know tea ig ¥ ise ' edn iiee ene V . VA then Se Homelx, nye gp fee] $ is endomeryrem at to . = Ghda(y 1S q Alm Under binary opeation Atay Ms Che grenye Foot #00) KER Me Q & LPB > Elgood ee : : . 1: | The geo nap ee ee ioletity & s a is unity 4 " And He iOent ty map Li ¥7 % Cleary 022 \ fess ay with atleast poo cement it Ts supfigey 4 Nou, +> prove sis divesion Ady, Ze Clement Sig | to prove thet way none | investivte \ ira | Wt Sages ve praanignensee endo morbhism yx | Sinu x tg simple? ti ects FH one-eno and ont Ra fs | oe auste morpNem of ¥ { é is Inveatble | | | gftrox is i ors cue ort umy asd. i Cie ae : i pane af is 4 division Be i | . || DPE? x ne fept Romoduts : ; we Know +naty Hom al ¥,%)? End gtx)? SP X2*] al |) is a aig unser te binaty opeiosion 4 (peg 0 gp (A)? Hlgon), HEX aclolitive Van ty 4 énol alx) t 4 fond toy UEX { ( Tre gue map x9 Kis \ ano identty mar ri xak ts unity ¢ Erol als) city Kis Gord R- modure then Enda is ayain ang unsie dro bingy opuction marchorty ebove-fet Ro ba i wih Unity anal ala b ARE Ring : Tonsideced aig Aight R-rdboluur, than the fy, ° Sein Ql Re Ho a, RB) 1S (sehmod prte F RL AR = Homa (Res BR (comme Dpnte dp iy R- S Put R= Ra we Know Het Sz enala lx) = Homaly,x) Brac X [fis hemomerPNem af Aight R-mooluesy is a airy Unda binay ope aton (gr pre {00 F go nex \ Uperas Plgoo) HEX KH je0 map be qadtive ioutity of Sand tele rch ity Ra) ROA Grows kmap be unity of s- . kPgire map gs s= Homal Ra, Lt PES tran FE RQARA TEA ome mor prem of y Ripna Rx modut x : Q nin Le RERa lar a set) re grr Rach ni Dyine dtgediy yNovor ig Bq CS Amen D = FADED eH FGLO 4 Aer = oy +Olyy 4 Ol Eq) = Eger gt gin) = fp te gen ge = 644g) i (Af Aomomorprism ® : Pui ant R-moduee « " henu @ is a Aomomorphism af Se md qineR) ty Suppose gi feo ge1ye 0 2 fro v Taboo: $004 flr ArHO wv RER ! =) flayzo v ae a {ene FE Ran Ral home rae) q WANEU i OC Oe te KAdHLOS thts. ~ | ite 30) sO Ol vert we prove @ is oto, an aAtlet ~eR define 4 map Pr Ran Ra Py Pi Br acsy st Raq Now, PCG +IGr)= AUlS4 S$.) = Aes, +AS2 20s) 185.) V S,,52ERa |Avan. AER SE Re then 8 CoH ya AT Sea esters gees? € £$E Enda (Rade s ve GH PUG) SIs Le oe POTS ote LTO AND hone o +f 7 at Ra Rer= ® s fsomerpWemje Hom Sr | a Robe Aig with unity anel RR jar tre eee Ro consi, Bieps s- moctuer. fet ne be ophesits — Rig of &, Nem se tom g CAG, aR F Re Brews let, RR ig a leph Romo ol Ute nefore ca Romalah, ak) 18 % ME cnet opeation | CEQ OWE FOF Jor) pce RE | ($92 O02 FEGOO) 1 +E Rr& Tre Zee map ke cotaitive leletty ap S anol leewtity map be unity ay s binay Sa sic, Sine i dats aa il el a th OP ech on Also R% Sartae Ry is a aig unda tre bins @.t © dagina vy ao @b’= Catvy® =are fe a°® b= arb APO vb? = (war = ba | (Oz 1 Fs the uty GYR Now £2 Homa CRM ar) = ROC preve D | Depine OQ map Od: s=Homala® R&)—> R® ay Pelows i Py geste Bim B® be nom ones PNiem gy 1eyt Ro moodue- and BER= ah, So PIE RFER @ PODZFE RS Dapine g* cH gr? [ i | eH ge Ne Spear e (Cet a ab) Cfeptapys £e°@ any | f = HB ™ CP Ge Cyan) Coegy cr o> Co cgen))= Ca el f9= Ger eay nolrag nee rb birPo relin: . Ledtloatla tig Gi? ea \ Asuppose Ot gz oe O ‘ D gureo argo v AER t \ esc s> Tare vote A a $e oner ont y 2 Kage at ve ts cee ‘ A epcnn pe: aka r® by aay) Croth out Cun v BOOE MH Ho Mowe socr ye (ery) ee ay? OAT)» V igg eR t GE Re Pee yomye Rs Aaron Rac arem ivutive > | gt Bor (BO = Sl 4)# S80) yee SE Momal af ev) 4 OU ge guyauAetee R as ings Home (88 R® = yj renee Oats Ulsie nae ye peo Uept Remoctite nme O®its an lsomorpris? ive Vinee covet Lot gverrtry wien unity @ ee ge modute gf XE 2 R/g ve ‘ wy X is Cyc =17T / jens ak ae yx is gimple R-modute igh x ER, RL? Tis maimas, left jotoat af R feels = is a legt i dent R, wen T is submodule R-modure p&=R, tapore Ys isa pao a i moaure a R PY I Wy Suppose xis t Qe rmodule , ig x is cyeeic , en amex Po guen that yao? / again ER ie Soy Cement ep K Is whee ALR te KF Rx ’ 0 the form XX, se Re ah + xem ’ ’ Define & map 7 EUR) E AM p Now, for evuy A/S & ak ? (mes) = (SIE Ane SH FPHITF) fise if ner ase r® Phen $C AS) = (4S) F Asn) = KES) fis Rome morphism of RKPIF Gory exe rn i’ than ys Ax, for Some AER iN) ow weRs Rat QUA) EAM e meee ee lat nf Te an epimorprsm Of be the Kap), then Tbe e mocluts* left R ute Of R&a Ti, submod Tol eee af by Fun darauctot Hoorn Y Homomorphici, Foe Mod ute, \ R/z. 5 gh yy | Conv : | ensely suppose thas wae Qh whew T be left ~ icteas : r Take az e Rhy «eR Mow 1tR , Go watered Abie T)= RO whae azirl eR/z then evuy exment bye ts of the form ha whue »ER setbore X15 ey wic podure (4 xee¥z) of Sh bat |ier Robe a ing with () for anowne form lept Ro moduee. Tre following (ohatitin M pew ; oo simpe R-rrodwe joruasea by GBD non-a eo whee L ts the manimat [et idea oR a-hadwe FIER is simple Qe mod We ol Prog: ter NpdE ey Sle ot + Ct as yy l | u | ' i I! i ' element of! 2 2 cy 2th supeesé ™ now Mis cimpie 2 RV# 10d ane foy and Mae owt sum od ule af M aoe Le A, thugort aM#{oy 7 M>* fot Tote OF HEM & et een? FRM crea) snu ree &° wenanrtes DB NenMcs Mis simple Rn medtute)+ - Sf fenecm eet by every non- geo Clement ap Me tin we are given Nee y and mc is generated eunevel Ron- geo element af 1 v we Mk, OF MEM Mien MER Gepirs AmMapP Fi eR Mat fottors Mit KERR y then Foe Mt Uso ctepine BAD = A0< Wow Bl aesys CASSIE OCHS F Gimso TE MER & SER Hitin Fl4sy = Lasyre = 7ECS OF ABts) Shen ce fis Remomerpraum ag Felt Ao moduce ig Ye M=RX, Hen Mise he aor mer wow nem zeR c & Slee Hem yf ‘ 2D gis epimorpN sm fetes Sens cen ate f Fe Dea, men v => 12 0 => Amerot a2 m2Goy fa to Wr ati CHion ae * nak apt Volant og Re cove Sig E Ts Sub modi CY R/T te cbt moepriisn witn kesnot T- 2 nr ig Sub medute Cf m gare §ES) apa eR submodute Of eR, ECRIZOS woe Suppose Tze wihrece pean See t o oxyeENemM Br an eget & ) Ry sven a, sucn Hot HE eR had Of hon ps eet near es fa ow Lepr Tee OF @, suum trot TSTS& ot THR fron Cisne TF 4g grows Fis piceas oR. tegen Maintay pese MS By warner Tiss nm 9 Now ter > Be hoy % edoy SncaieR so, AMAL ig-w i Conted Stree ES ey mot S Rismcaure apm nen] wry E, suen treat ny Rene Tg aSesse ty gg Sate EET ee TeR )'g wet Ll Ry, retdea em a me soe se Meh eee ie ete foe eae 1 dempotents 1 ae Salar potent = 7S Catrect an Now 's tis ana coe R 2 0FO a teR & ta 1 i is Tempered oat Enon, ceempo Het LOY Tetam porent> < Ext let Mm F bea pieed pand R be wing “OG ate 2K Lepr foe at of & an aioe ieee ers iS Cotee = mate? = Fo mMatrivcer OVE mascinan \ept icleae op ae \ iaeak Juz a ic ite) yeu of My ® 1 is an tea emportents 1hwoofs Ie be a pesléan etnp, then ann — Wen V XER Take x, yeh | tren ory eR : 2 Cnrgy se ec) iB gypolean) Cae a al Cnty = ery eR] ey eyed yy : HE ES aha G) ' ny ty so wm yeh Tr post Cakes, gore 2. we W2O DuxKEO Derm 4 ER - Now nyr yee a mys yr WF yn ¥ee® | ete a a al } => Aisa tommuxedive Ping’ oan ie ta Mee cage Rome 8 Tab modu i : i e Peis Comed & puive Ct Sure] mig 2 a seer \ Dntagm St mev@% fe en + mn wedey a “theorem: Tee | Bea un Tipe Wap tact YR ea @ F zim und Bi eh surmaa? ce ay-mnen 2 i hye eae ilies h Re Re igs qT is gun vata by an baemposerd in R, g Prey? let R we a ry with unity and J rept folaae Popt a ranen © IS gue , thot Tis ase sum of apes ee ed ie got Re Ter eae 5 qt jd eae req Bow tee OLE STS Bee Pore sennee ties" eee 6 ee L emer ree ene CF il i oleot R vow ee Land tT ener’, % pibrsiee-cuet . Pinoy eht4 ° 4 eo (| and eft TownesIT thegore er eteeger AT dey sre-e2o Sete an e€er Ys icampo tpt toe tren nz aeral DA eReeAgeT ATi YArAes loy PABA teres Res Nr ig Lyd uct te T=Re d 2) LT fs generected Py an jeum potent oes ys geneesed by a iotem poregin © then Taders Re | Take gelee ER a0@ 5o4 teat gengatea by $ So Te ba es ae y ek =Re and yer Re | Wea yr St per some AiSER | Wee elie wow yraee She SEO aa et te c= Ble-e) = &le-e)> © i ree a Mes 0 en Tage fo | ynen RELOT = fer ts Curet summend of Reals go (About IF 4 R and let 23 kedw. eg be a en yy ake fmm ' ou of elementy Ar ee ang | 2a; bi, Ai ET, dIET Ave dtin C} Cub oF Ro Under werdb)s aell'di'en wie Cleany TT is S4OH ; | ( x2 Zaivi, vith bet Gee ae aed Fae,ow K-42 Saibi - ior = § prise fine a a gap hit gl-ci di ert ini finite nen rater [ é aibl) 1 aie dt, bieT finite 2 & a laibi)® é (na bi ge LI (vacer fini pint a Les t tees) © hoe TY te lp ideat wf rf? Vitarty ip both Gant JS am MyM \so if & eR, PLO OLD Yauco a Rigs i oleot: Bisco ig Tis 1p jouuat and g is Right soleat, fun TI iis a tcl cok Die a (eet jolown (rignt & Ehpeehi cuter? ig Jet, teen DIET wideat) ane an ioleot, i olson rig yitn fan eos ou Let R be tormmuctetive As R, auth ane pT en I is genase Beets 5 an jolem potent a PRG. (et A DRM temmurative Rr] with unity ana Z | qnat LL , Suppose \ initts, erectec! Veleod a R, SuUh he no, Fetus geet Tr Qmyymey ~ * ptn? ris of 1 perm My yar since ia thepor ed etumont oy Ain re To Ruy RNa” oe ; atime Of maps ow gorr os fisow, Te ot eee UN yoab pao bez Zant ,P* Bars j ninsg eR MHTIET ie ose A= pure te es (apa) (0) fame abe (é gx) ( 2 284%] ! muctative : cap spay” (ee | 2,6 yy 7) ey) ae : | ae ° oo eo asp et (errs yt igttenl ) dine GG BHI ex) aa cle , * a a Dist Scene tee ee : : [.2Fedan eoeen tt a ft By: CLE RED at ) Pain De DM t D274 + Dan I ee neq OEE , fod Kye Quah aaa 4 Oipkn OH EF | -O ie cee ft Banitn , a ELXn? Appi t Anr%e* * + Onn ny An IA ACAI) y ey ENnIT? Boye fom (") then , +e = Qhbove system 6p eg wetion, e X= AX -@ Gt Tyre Petty Mods x orden eee 2 Gare ° then BX=0 J Premuttiply by ha B qet fy 1 \ on bt Lor Ht ay =) (Adgsind BC gyre 0 (¥ RIS emmatative) e(aolgoint 816) X20 => ((d8t8)T,) x= 0 S(t BE, 0) =o DldtaQx=o -® Nop,3 = Tn-A,whae AEMnLT) (aut 8) =1-a ber some QET hinu @=> crac tin’ 2 Uraygys0 YA Sinn TE ZR re = Cl-ayuzo ¥ XET (ue Bap yy 2 (iar im anol Ris wornmutative Eee uray lair) is = Salirad* = Oo ) eax to Duran ¥ ner En peti usta , A= Aa Cv ater) je a%a (att? =yQis folempotent in T- thw @ fs idtmpottnt tn T ay v MeL, Han =n a pete Tac Ract Caer) = Ts Ra Kar : ' ( ( ( ( ( ( i ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( Thu T fs gencecteal by an foempottrds [Tis OU red Jumma ' oe Ro Yan R-modun)a Neorem’ let bE S argh voir baud Tbe lee udext Mie RE Mae Bo lee A-mogua) then Ti | Snastea by an icempok roy: Theta jaunt af A) The submodur Of ne pemodur a® : \ we AE aka istept Rr moaute epee RO \ ae i j Wis deer ds R> Ry, be yen jsomorphs™ t OWL ER, trerper @tycartt por some aR Also |4T eR ana @ fs onto so ipo et per some beR- WER abe a gtey= arta art 208 H dlor2 Gib ide balid= BLATT) = bat Z~ 2) Ws jars batt ir 2) ’ \-baeT(3) Fee &l | Sin Q ts one ore Une p-ba et © thagor (1-bqyb=0 f © 2D b-barrro gq > ba- (pay ba=0 q pur FPA) thin do ded ca ara famed is Taumpeiens ta 1 Hanen e's an jaempo ers gee Tirys) Vow ete ved Mee welebay » wo lB) “puop er rucpya en © weEL (be) J Hen ¥ met, v 1 re tecR j zRe , aie euteal by an jou pfx iat che be idempotent in Re Re® ath-Fe) frog: ut He net &F » a net SEG HSER, tnin X ua e+ B4~- Se 4G Fe (re tad -afe+ ate) poyeaeg ty = UT ART IR bo wbo ¥ «EL —- net oe? | a go 420 > 1s Alyogsi clamor me ectr leet) potent’ Prove that Ret Rf = t= ALC + BfetSf- Efe ) =(A&+8S) e tal $-he) eget &I5- Se i Ret Rho Ret atpse? -ye) p Conva sey, tove ve Re + RIS Ghee A SER bi Hn meredgts-ge) PY SD aet Sf - Se i = Xe- soe + sf le DArsMersy & get 8S te ) Ret algedey ce Ret Y kek Rg REF RISE j | fe Fotanla RE ana RY is me Same he ane sum lye isuots ge andl Rig-fe) 5 tne Sum gt! if let yeRen Rig- fo some 4K jh eres sige fey # Now, Ae2s ($- $e) 2 FF S(fe-gey= So +0 2 ets ol g- see = spe-Sge i Ce dy dew pedest) j 7 he thagoryrrr 2 0 i He Rea Rg -geroy rc susfs* AEs Re@ aces) Aemoduem, | “hearer: la X4 ¥ be Submodwe od 147 a i. { | | tren AY 2 | | i Hheupan yo, Xey tontainiay Y4 4 Proms Now yrY +4 sabmodule Mts fmodutt) 4 KAY /y is a peor Qe modus 3 Deping a mrp fry potlours M torte “EX, Hewroeray ve x+y & RAY ie duyine fous uty y i ip yuprrex FER 4 [y PECA MADE My Me Ye AYA Ma ay 2 gen tson i BFPAMDe Ary > AWG AY) = al¥ty)) Ke ee Jrpmormerph'3 y yt p-modue, i | oToee RAV EMT mee ge Rty Ee | ta r Now ZHXty dor Fors KEXS yey 1 Ien a tye ye? og 15 orto x be Such hak 2e kot) er ut er $01)? guo Uf RAM y BY er uxvey a wey eo ne ray i wren Kag = XOY ee Ra KY 15 aueRimer prisry wih Kem@e OY ag ners Ce py) pana armen hie thy) of teormomon pn 2” { © sey ) xay CY Wer m ave te gemoasre and 1 MxN= fouy) [rem Herd INaAN 75 OO apeion gow, unolet the bina o pest on gory + ot Yor (eed yey > i wn, KEM, qig emt : (-%,-w) Pe aacitve | a « i ( co,0) 154% acto tive pountity b-bon) = inverse ) ‘ dea cer il AVL YE any ay) © HY Waris cifine seotoe g uiplicedion 1m Mx i+ Srate , porwerd FO reek Hack ARO 13 Qup Rrmedue. Agen ws pe Subrrcdute af ubpmoaute Of 4) AxB IF subset ee ee (abd, Yrlay B? care and #ER bev) ¢€ Ard a-og nach | AO ons bo, Bwes Subir adel es Mana & be 5 men ae Cara, bro Sealey = (Fea, PP eAKrB = ARB IS submodule of MAN fartor Lo OLULt e4 e te pwe consider + Now 7 RA ~mo cul mx is Lerft Cy, # # Factor Medutes) wale AY @ aie Submoctute cy +t Lepr Ro moduse gover | | | M$ N reepectivety, Then Nx | Mx 2 v Ara #* rwMem? {Oy ren, yemy again a tyt R-modue Hiheerou yt ony Ye Gore yey? and AU Kiy) = Laws ay) (oe lompone ‘5 | Rj201u, ied “i PRB eee oe M 4anve eys A-module . We Know yt wise Addition 4,, B : “ ute Mon) Since © 4 @ are Submoduiy af (Gt & Beaute t PUspecti vary Te Mind Mg ay alse 14 7B hen) pee 1S Q leet R-modlute | AlSo AXBiS A Submoaute ay MXN Define a map {Man > AA YN as follows | h | UF OLY E MAN, Hun wen Yer anal trearpore r | POREM 4 y+ Gen ana rapt , | Cut a, gt 6) Ena | So, 2¢ & , i § CUM = (tea, ys A) é | 1) Now, ve cx My ENEN, then FS +08, tise $Ocne, ye eOe te 4a y ¥+8) 4 = Ger atn't nyt a ryt a) | SOA year Geng ylto) | = FOGy) + $08, y) rthen $UAOGD)= Pot, Ay) | | \ i } | Also, if ER = ex te, AY SB) = (Avera), AlytO)) | ; SF HLKt A, Kt B)S AC Sly, ; hapu 2 15 Domomo phism oy peta, i, RIPE ® ryt adem x my, hee Cn vy ! | POU = Gra yt) oe ; | > pis can eplmonp yan BLAVG y) Exo be Bu PAT OGY) Ekerp > Pou ye arog LAX =CA,8) deg CUPRA Yt BIE (A, BY : fa Xt =A, YtBeR | a xerA, YER & Oy) €CAXB) ' hene Kegs ALB and thegore by Cunclamental Hux oe homomorphism Min Y My Nv AB” ROG eoWw - pigtea m pe a Aik Remo dudes Hig caved +—|-4 VMHple Remote fy J a de mvty Mal i serie J supra ut or af M sue Het (Ae f simple me sup t at yen f NX gewi simpie Uroadure i satso called a fom p ¢ Reaudibie A= moelute » oO em ate - eqgamls Let Pls SMa, where each My 1s simple submoolute . Meg bop NY vis a Sanmodute ay M, 4 subset TY Suen anak MM Y® (© 204) = 1© (@ E75), gr gewie sim ple, evarBop mores 1? LiLo cl Gea Ve g Simple gubmoctuse aM FSORY Lot Ms 2M A, whee MA is ven. m. ig ye Hy, | suppose Y 19% sub moduce OF eV foye YO My hee Te - meYe M@ foy= ¥ (x) P ’ Pnente HO Aesuet, Fret when YM laypw, suppose Wt ye mie Y om ves = sme m=: 2 MPs YEM ; yes * ; ey yao £ Suen that Mao t ¥ ( gthew ise M >y=em ) ' bmoduse Y Myroy 224 May 1s Simple: foh & Myo Vy? MAG (Anbee = ace > a wrtradicion ) ey Vee | DMs Sz Masy now MWe Ts su . al S Bae oY = OU Mae NY = Mpo ! HU Mo = Y { P, ULE Mody ANE {OY : * Yt Mag = Y@ May by let es .. te ge fren/ yt £2 -VO(Ork ny Cteaty Lai rot ed 2 Je Detine. a doh on 2 RE az, tre td. we sag the Tze Cleoiky 2 1s peetor ty aha: in £. efor (fizrrisae poser (OQ paritary quolered set) Lr c be any Chain in Fy (tote rol eel Subs Linealy arctekeot suloset ) in fo folloues re Tis et, OLA‘ hainwt$ Ty gr Fil wema ane (cise aay Sanat 2 ty at Ee, 24) / si gy by Aepnasion ay Tay vem: YOO f fae mi) ( € oa cs J) wo let Te 1 “ett ys (cay h Consta eg: Vern “ Vet x oa a, wnae 2 mu fy4 g mi 4 uot tice op EES nm) woe 2 eae ne eam op ner ap | ae eM, and “vue d Mi sie ty, ae aa buppore hac, Ty £T,¢ Th, But : Me yer ot eel Ye (® ine So . (F ty, ee} Fath pr tr gE LV tet , ee Iy ¥4er we have +o Show Teg g Tiisan upper vouna por cin f vee, eee oe a elena Prenat iy) fas gt oaine " Upper pound. hint, thetor by rors : lemma sf hod co yma ect CLemtnt \ Say T, by aah of 4 os 4 ti L Y+emy =v (©ém,) det sey ¢ EmMpri2y « 6 We Wodm nor m= ee Yt ies : moaluee op ML Subse YE EMA Em lye gy 15 Soe a") hen Led’ ot =a 4,64 enn HET fap Sith trad 4, boar Yes m4 (Rte ke bed 2 Ly kyla DOM gal y Zn bsp) me (gers Pe cas’ (OE; ) dT SoU fay Jet, > wy,€ ¢ Eo gay L 1 SerA ae wha) os [erie ctiction ey TIS 6 purine eursnt op f F M= VG eM i { nin = YD (Of 4) 5 TEA i alpPete Oa im 12 Simple p-rmodure( Submodyy gS rue Y= 404 un Yok anen J Subse TE A SU mz yO (Be 4) get m= Oem det J | se Mis Wreet summed oF sirable sled Mi be o inky gpm execteel ly 4 Subme duis: - bop pe a finder geneated | Remote , Zr 4M a aw Mn? (rhe, BG igveR eM SRY; HEH " igv4e) ae q ei aE Subroduser of M- Re moduse ser mM has se fet get pes, Mae yes fe $y 1g saorodlute af my en} y Pow y= oth \ ayéeg ? fede Dyin & pstotion 2 IP fas poltemss Wee ys Yad $e MH Yony, lp Ys ie supmoas Yo: Veteay 2, is & powrely arwued Lor f: be Cq.29 13 4 pioset 2 poset) luy ¢ be 97g chaining | suppose 6+ BINS pen ER aE ere and Yue) |tame Yeu Ya | fen ; ee | wow yasy bY ove Aer gyyis Sue a | > y*d foar Sar atu et MED mn eu, # HE YG, for some aye IG Gy ey the So we ma Suppose that Yous 2 Yay Sinu Cig aundn, bur then yea, anh menae Moy bya, £Y '$ 2ER then Ay EYa, SY Rena yrs cuprmrodiut 4 Ms : Suppose y= Me (4%, %a, 7 tn?) Her ie Yi) Vien 7 ZA men st My EY aj Fe dot Vy 2%a,2 77 2Yu, eae C ig chain, So we M4 OHume ny . ma, AneY ay >We M thoy fee nu mo 4m) ( nN li Do ts st IS Simble R-modute a ws | -toncFo Theorem! Us M be Q left R-moauute , Hin fo Howrey iy i Oe equivatent: ( | i } mi-simpble R~modute. ¢ | > Misa se : . ( ae i nal bd i, every Sub moclute M is CUivect Summe af v \ ', \; ( ( ( ( ( { | Wy MTs, the olimect Stummest simple submodule, af M | Diy LDU ( ts Summa sum) 4 | > (hy & A ‘. \ | Vek pea Serie simple R-modute, than da gonily ( i i Submod Ul y th jh Wuca simple mo aay Mi sun at | M2 eMy { Lt y asp modus ay 1, we Mn vu tras, T super Ta | | A tun wed Ms VO (Oj) ( Jey Toda, ye@snq AS Ubme dure yi y ‘I jer” ( | Hen Mey ®y! > yls direct Summend ay ™ ( | boa uiy ( | Weay given traty Cyu Submo dul Y M ts Bred summed, pM 8 first o AW we prove thoy Mm hay simple submodule) TT et ,y. No Oe KEM ancl IEF Meer UO) : Sow xis finitugy Pneucted Qemoduse, thudore X has Qyasimal Supmodult, elau)() ato Y 14 submodule 4 X and vis Surbrrodl ute aM os) ¥ js Submoduu of M ne Vis aired Summehel GomeVOry por some submod we via My Ginn ye X , Hepore xeyolrayd Scyvex4 xaye X he Yeleny EX Qo Gh ex en nem yO!) wey ey THEM FEY cp yey E xa yl UF meyer a yey Ana YEXS a weytyle Ye leay!) ¢ YELLOW) ¢ @ XL cytixay) ea xvelyt ROY) D _ gy cul Sue dow ¥aliny) eyay' Foy (anencrd sane) q2ya Cray = $o4 qana rene x2 YO (xay!) gow Jove lin) S Kay! © xay = xay! jee io { Ye yatxay!) 40h UWew Yis a mani \ qn xi mal itp mad ull a X, thufex x, Is NW cimple R-modur (eye cbove ) f hen yay is a simple submoduteap M (Faved Gn) Ys as gimple subrrod lt i es M paca be +e fom qd qit M. Het ze 2M panen Zs subme dur gf M and theodore Mee Me7 oz pr some submodus z! oe M i} alto then as PAOr zilae” Sine Su ee ee) J iet Zy ve simple Sip rroture Of i phen Fe ( alee henw ty ¢foy batt 246297 2 $04 /@ tontractittion MBA, huni ZieSoy ieteZ= emu pie MTS direth Summeol simple submocl ute. Wt but ten Me @émMn pwhu TS 4 (%# eeslouencerm ) 407 ° gimple Submo autes Y be ah Dy it) 2228 2Fr P Clip ys) ci . Mis dive Summers 4 Sim\ple Sth mocluce y mM, Hetn 3+ is 4a Q\S_ sure simple Serbrroel we Mire me@ EM, whee ny: . 4 en simple Aen => Ms an whee Muis simple Ya4en i . dé 2) Mis semi-simple: “for conveienu, state Theexm |, hooxm. \ t 5 ( Ex anadls at +h Cede a this \ Theorem: Prove that Submocdule ana Fachoy Moduee a q } { { if ( é Semi-simple R-modue doar cyain semi-simple. Frogs Set M be alept A: moautr, we Know that rts send T[2hor simple ft wey Sutsroduts a M is Clvect Summing M. Pylet A be send- simple Rrmedure and der N bea sulemodut, oy + Toke o submodule Y tf N then VY is submodur g M)Stree mM igv semi-simple, then Vis cre Summing &t M, then J sabmoause ¥! a M Such hot lex ne YOY 1 (ep nis supmodue afm ) N, then néMe YY (4 He we yty! for som yey de yey! D neyry! gor some yEW en Take yy ens weytn aye Yay’) Hone, wey +(wovientReN) thus Ne y tinayl) again Yalwayevay!s fo4 (pireersummed ) yacnay! )2 OY hank we¥@® lnayl) 2 Yrs oureer summed YN DUG stenting side Hu factor Modute +) Gly het oN be submodue Y M, Or i ji ho SUb hodule Min Sina M is send Simple and ni i ¢ direct Summers 4 M. then Nis pow some 5 ub module nig lM ' > Me n@n! ad \ te yy yd how Mi efntn =F ee o WEE an! Yoh 4 ( ¢ ( ( ( ( Fhen, w-y aylenn y! i ( { ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( (