aa —— | \ = . SKM ACADERMY :. TKRISHANA MATIE H contains an odd permutation) | Toots of Unity Thay, R has 6 odd auncl 6 even peoomut ater | py crnttien ¢ let Fbeatietd and dot m be a AH Nay Ba Positive ntemen . An Qement wer iy | catledl o. pucinitive mi sust of uadty an | Fh wh =! but wt] fox cuuy posltive | | cintegen men, - ee Aa E be the minimafepliting featd i} of foo = 1 a 5 \Then, the roots Yh Go in CegBiipWeatterl! on sent uit | E is called WE associated cyclotomic Field. Remarks NM soot of unity ane algebuote over Q | Greecise : Paove that Hee det of weoots: aff =| ua cyclic qaeup under multip licakoy: DE Prove Hot the eet of all n™ sols [af unity La cyclic guoup undex | rebtiplication and ts of oxelex mn, |Bao? stat U = [acl [x ommauot ef only). SME AGADEMY : KRISHANA MA’ NCADEMY), since, 1€6 and I" =I Since, We hor atmost m sols in © = 160 ws o(u) n | > vt? fut foo x1 : Put = C-{} Then, Boo =ne™ \ cpr that U6 aabgemp of C* since, abl Hye sols of hoo axe men geo, clearly 5 uce anal Hoe only soot of, fy is geno. ot «peu ancl P £0 RTP repeein a of 4 os ie Simcey BK cud sage Now 4 py = Also, o. (xpty"= ar (py = pal > OK) = 5 o(U) = ox) =n ond «EU ~ fen and fice) shes me agiaot te common ” =) xp" €U >) Ub a aubyuup a, ct > Ub a quoup uncle. mult plication. Fox any «EU / | Bow a nM soot of ity be x Ba 5 Ub eyetic. foot of WH! a U=<%> (1 A fatte qeup GB uyotic ff J xea Sut. oft) = 0(G): a There: tet P bea fietd ond Ubeafrike Ss Bag BRE ACADEMY: | subgroup of mult picakive peer Cae pee, oboe 2, pts F-fo}. Thon, U is cyclic. stp 30 --® la) Pop Since, Fv a fietd slot) = be" —_ pre F-§o BO mule pli cat ve abeliax ver: £* ound Since, Ud a feite subgroup of wi, Islsk wt claim Haat each S(fi) U cyctic. | tet ae S(pi) be such Hrat ola) & maximal | © 9a ola) = pi! Since ofa) of Stpe)) Finck psuimes ound 3 >0 Ava finile abedion Also, for any %e S(pi) a PERE oe pe vd pis J ots = pill = pi (« (8) i naxime) ase aiitincl puimes ancl er 70 + Then 4 #23; A = Slp)@-.. @ S(pr) sy Aon who [spol =p ¥i, Isis & 2 pe epi pi anal this cleeempediion Us unique. SAS EPS te 3: So, yh) 5 yb ay——Hy Fever, fou att ceStpe) , her | sikm ACADEMY: = st USIRUKRISHANA MATHEMATICS ACADEMY) S19900032,S88044919 Become, Hie eqpection ybi =| -has atmoct So, by wing His seeult | bE sts se | we ety U = Sth) © Sl)... @ Slba) | 2 pet x o(stbo) = hi |b eyetic - | a \ Tits complete Proof } Se ah Thao: Lot F be « field asd n be a. postive | 2 s7% = —@ [tntegex. Then, 3 a. primitive uct of unity. ! gun® w@ 80 =% < fn seme exterwion E of F ikl ettnox 5 ‘oun “te ‘s(sepo) oe 0% chLPLP ht = fer wife: ola) = 0 (S( pd) Fs | bere cosa peep VG ‘N hel fn. a finite group G ie ston || | then fou = ax"! $0 - Hels Si >) sl g xe 4. 000 =0(G) | | At 3 foo arn distinct roots [edb oteifn and we fro, Of Aand 6 axe cyclic | 9 chieien to 2 net eoti val | ate rete cm ond» af a HEU be He eat of abt mi sol af wutty - agains , (ran) =I. Then, AK india cysts fe UW the set of soos of fin Since, (PNY e ap) =! Since, Hee poup of WH suct of unt avd o(Slp)) = pr Fi, ists Ba cyetic group, "t of washy; ns — neni . { aud o(U)2" | = soo = ne" bo set wbe a penorater af UD: SAP) =0 ax nteif}n, Then, ow =0(U) ke KSI inti 5 ; , | Depinitieg = Any genenotox ia called But wm $1 fou msn | a peumittoe we ect of we . Lot E be tre aplitting -fietl sf BH) EFT | Depinihin: Cyclo temic polynemial | Then, E= Fix) | det an bea pour positive dneger amoltet Fb 3 SE | Guba ace. cote) a =o co¥ Ceuety fae Ht 3 ante | alo) say E oh F cot 4g pam ve vl | We frowe teat if IKE, Hon xR yg sont of unity dog % | - gine, gu peeaittve mm sect af unily eo oh Uf (Ayn) =/ Sayan. | DJ UaK iB (ayn)=1 ( teAsn) BMIOR, 6 1,X,K7, ME ome 1 distinc — | we freee Mnat, esc, dt ae Heqerd (iv soots of 400. co-prime tom w dim { Gales nert Also, deg of foo = 7 | Put bin) =m Hon ) 3 foo tea ne multiple suots Take bed a Serente OU has nn -puditive ni oust of wally. fay Aye apelin (On tae dpliing field Kof ei! Ever F) | fhe pete rornial | Heyl) = LMI) + OK) Ek Cc) 5 a ie Gwe Ti (e%) U called Hem ” tl cyclotomic nine: Theorem: Rxcve NZ TG ywo aes ‘e Rush t Let Pets dy be He 1 snts | oh wit in Hee aplitting field K of x1 ever PF. Then, W=1 = O64) 06%) vee OOM) Het yoo be He d™” cyclotomic potynenial ver kK. suppowe din, Hen n = nel pn some podiltue inkeqee ny + Now, FylO = GB IOCPAd + 2+ CO Bs) anwee 3e= Gd) re fi a mh suot of Udtty. > Oe pr) [be 9 ye | oy Suppese, d'|n wdtd! Suppowe, fax some Y 3 ol =ded'= Hence, ( B00, Fy 00) =| ay ded! OM), a contradichin, 31 Boo for jn 8,00 | 0-1) fut goo = T 9,04) | Thon, gu & monic 7 (y Fash Gurr & monic ){ so kee eH 1h & Yorkor of, 21 came ACADEMY... | Eee Sunn Havant NORM) HAS KB an soot of uty Suppowe , oly=d , Hon A[o(¥) = = ae = RW Bese d|n = Rhee = Ge boo Now, olk)=d a Xx a primitive d™ soot ah unity. DL = (H-1) F00 | i 3 (ex) | Boo | gon jo S81 Et ca i Th K#p 5 Tl dyn € , alo P qen oe ss Now, ff we Pat gue ke den Then, gro ez) and wis $0) 9) Since, v1, goo E24 1 Of fptlows Hook §,00 e2tx] Tria completes abcction -henee Proofs det U be Hae geoup of all 0 aook oF arity» ‘Then U Ga cyelic gusup of puder Ms) Het X be a spudmilue ni soot of unity. ,-Thon Ue Bly eee x" Wwe Knew thet 9 U Pel 4, Gun) det aye ise tne pautmilive on™ aust oh unity da gin) Ten, Bua? . Bylo = Fae) in ine Gfelo temic paty nomi al ao g,00 € 200 easy a1 = TT Oe) or UF bigeye axe sents oy Be eZ) ¥nz!| leet Sknri ACADEMY... ISIRIKRISHANA MATHEMATICS ACADEMY) S199903052.8588044919 TA p bem Juimitive soot of wntty- and tet for € OL be the minimal arene of f- Since, pt primitive sect - pba soot of Goo €Z6) ¢ OCI > foo] B00 2 ,o0 = fey geo ushere geo e0] re Hyedt betty foo cud et p be ary pede auch trot phn 3 (pn) =i 3 pP is prinntve mn’ sort of, wat ty a by lph =o A Ap gph =o — wg @ we ull ahow dat }[ pi)=o | Now, 1 = i 00 = Foo (ee ) | = G0 he) (ary) | = go0 god hv | — uaieg @ Since ale ie goern fo 2) atl the sdks of OcLt) a Us apltiteng fued aay K are distinct —o tet Af, pouible fphl to Hen g[phizo Sine, eer) = (gon)? dae, PO ate"? =(gce)?2 0= (qe) ~) gip=° =) Pa xeot af gi) Also, B Ba sot of foo. fe dpew Gj uae coreluole Haak. pu a sopeated sot af 24-1 uslrich is a corhedi chin to @ This combvactichou dhews Haot , il} sph =° -@ Ae Y be any primitive nM soot of wally, Then, Y=P% whore EZ and (6h) =/ we aay tage 3= pr bs+-- bn utree pj's ae pednred dines (SQ) =I =) x Later New, pis a suct of fo 3 ph G a suot of foo (8g w@) ; = (ph) ta set of 400) Cowtautig, in Judy way, use get am SKM ACADEMY «. TSIRLKRISHANA MATIIAIATICS ACADEMY) SI999TN0 320888044919 pt & asust of $00 | he Ts astoot of 400 Hence, all Ke pouimilive mM sort of unity, exe seeots af fun 2 Golfo — © Abo, fo |g —O uting @ wO , vnc He fact U tat both pabynomialr awe menic » we get | $00 = foo But fou being a minimal Pelymemiat is Boeducible ever 6- =) OO U isoudueible oun and here over Z Tn ©. Then, lx) Hee eplitting, fletd of $00 and atso ah x1 BOT . Fuctrenc, F COU 6 = im) = | O(8%)] oud Tension: det x be pimitive Tn xeot of onthe | IG6) * Galo Ke): mulhpli cative peep farmed by HAR SIRI KRISHANA MATIEM y we frow that $0) Ute mini wits & Yaz Patynomial of x . S Pind the Galois qroup of x71 over 0. Hence, Cow: 6] = deg) SoI"s- Lat R bea commutative sting, wth |, = aed LE) Jat VIR) =f aeR] OU unit an RE i = teal Setanta Ota) w fiike over & =fac R| aba! for some ber} Also, Gx) is apliH ing Prete of, ru over 6 VIA) Ba quoup uncler ruclhiptication: 3) Bia) Le nemal oxteuioy ever 0. ( Take Hote ebomeats uumace teverce exist) (Fernie ermal extent UIA) B cabled Hae poup of wots af aul ch(6) =0 eqg- UZ) =f-4f = <-> | > pers separate over Now, fey = x" So, K=O) & Galois extencion of B tet d= tat) gc au (3) EC > 38%) = [OHI] = gun) Tren, afl te suck of foo axe «é, osterd| |o{e)] = pend The splitting, fied of 400 over © b KHOU Mp8 oe, X™) = Ola) det R= Zaz [Hexe & i a primilfoe m™ soot of unity, ) : : z US all sueots ase qoreratea by & o Define i ¥ . o(%) > u[%)seeing atten KR ACADEMY .. | oS R= OK) O=k Han aude __MBSIRIKRISHANA MATIEMATICS ACADEMY) #199903932,8588044719 sd. [8 = 2 “ oe «i suppote, T + i, " eels deers rr Hyena (00 fate wa wt ~) #(Fntu) = ef0)=0 en mens) | | = (-«)) “ob “a > Gale) = 0 (¥ Eae860 we ¥ [8 =4 IO) tb x soot af §, 034. J eta) = ai ergo Now, yn "9 bez st. ae | 1 aenbtnZ = ltnz (in Ztnz) =) batnd =l4+nz2 (= nbenz ) > (UN Z) (atnZ Flitz) 9 tmz 6 ul *nz) a) te u(%s,) whee Taltnz’sebleree, ld = al ee (i sot) SSC AD wed ML wey EIR KRISHANA M ~~ k=Olx) ,o{Q=2 | tet The Gateis peep of, ete ead (oats ) Beare at Heat af x81 and db of | tence, pb one-one Alo, ola) = q Q. | Solutio $ Note wht] = 2442+] Now, o( (*¥e)] = $(n) = 0 (u(%2}) Pere peaes | But Z4ZH bs mminimod potynemi al of x } a puimiHue asl sect of uedly. So, Hue * | split fietd qh: wcll Comfadus He agyare Hook, oh au = “et et PT 1x * uahewe I | sheet) & Per potynomial swab 24241 He sels axe K ar x> Le w= eth and (e%)2 oh | | St fox p=d , (ue Sretudt & mot meeevracrtty true. Het K be Wee spbittring feed af Rq- G00 aud xb-) have domme Galois qreoup foo =t4441 EO 0x] o(%) 213,514], Me -fetin 4 group Wen, acicee Z=2* , Then, L=HIZ se , vuing We which & mot eyetic. (| “3 hivesach when z= et | Ql, , Then, x= tie \ ay ; ie ne (er), — cer (erly te y= wh _ A 5 8th any, Th we tage xi = 0% Then sools of Pore asce ye Oy — peur e re 7G CO«'): oJ =(K°0] = $(6) =2 = (| | md OS] 2%) =Euys9 , a gnaup af { | onder 2, -«'*) = O(<') Go 2X € OCe i to bea ‘bieed of Bnd by using previous theaxer (sale Hex! *o)) | Depinttien ? An exteneion E of Field Fu an, | extension by sumaticolt (x Rasdical Extention ) | Gy Here axe elements Key May ener Xe EE arc | jue Sabegerd Nea Myesey Me Such Mrot a EP (Hy Mayers Xin) Qs 15% EA fist ex property Hoch caste € Fr, fox some 7 7/1 Romaxkt ene malice Hat K = Fle ery. ue) Fo = Ploneny. rei) yw EF,. 4 | I cae Ni ac CADEMY... LB a suck of Hue Potynmnial 32% 3 fem Fou any patyrorial , over F., i foo = acta ctagx*t. -.+ 7 eves cy Sonat, PA a dumpte OUselracc exlensuy j-fietd F, ux can my Hat. fix) 4 deloabte °b Fy nnal Crreequenbeay by vioali colt cf wre cam obfatne cuny seat of Chri Fig) te feaite , iA by apptying, fist mor of Speen Then, Cie] =CARth ep : ppl aalattiten iptication, subtraction y KP] = CF, all bute] Lise dhulson te tok eu. curd faking ie clear | wm soot ( for ay ‘ es 7) mH FR fideo a eX lenatoy of weit webhicied af eff : Deftathion LAR iehilont potynernia | note: all PGB ored aff chorocterstic goto pou sve OAC Fis toiot #6. Be in Hab topbe dnd containing all prdnaitine a mt saat of ubity, solvable bY saci cals uf Hhe splitting | Tresum? FOEFOI & aalvable by sacticals fietd Kh poo avec Fi contained in” | Tap ah ite aptitting ofleta E over F. O sadicl extention af, F, hes Je qoleis qxeup GLEIF). &g- Ol aR) & a nadical extentiin of @ Posof- Pixtt auppore Hrat alse, B(H, 8) Ba sadical externa; Col Gp) 4 deteadble. ‘ rent Oa cae, ekPIeON Ry penalBb) Nu opting fat 2 feo ouerva | AE meted aches \of\R, eerie yat E be amowmal extentiz eh @ NERO suasterad separable, orfenuy pista F of degree. Futiner , tet F -have Soe) CRSA A ja pedttave whsack ab wily. Tey We is quoup G(EsF) i ic iM 3 Then, we coun futsal & dubnasomad gesies ee t Da idee aide & Go= Gl %) > oe take ; (Ge) 2 6,20,2...26,,2 Gp=tey [qn € ts He uplitting field of Sot. Ge =. i Gen, SHEE Gpeoeape fon asic ny | HO F Let Fr be finedl ies is Gy. then | Se, Ba be ond Gu tue nea" Sides Sot, ch - oy! & oh (6 Sete: Fe) | ord Feu & a | ouer F; » dekerig be amy soot G x bi 41 Ba movmad extensiom of Pr} in Fry . Then, Fir = Felt) and wifeF, . awd (Pir Fe) 2 Ge, Gia wa cyclic pop: Now, Fr comtetns all Hie Pedviitive mi Buols of unity fer every positive inkegocn, , a Hee dame hetds for F. Hence , ue have a aequence Pah CP ERE. CRR=E of fiends Sete Fy, = Fld) for some we eR, and wet Py Heme, E ban extention of F by stoolicals- =) pow is solvable by sucueli cools.Conserve a tn) be TT cals. deppete pay Seluable by o) Spliting etd E of Boo ove F tse na yt Maaieal extension of P, Hence, we | yest yee AE Wo wah Co ase all con-finol & aeaponoe of ‘eloty P= FOR =Fyiy, EAL = Fly) £ p= Ale) in Pz 430 Hat Fy ba uptiting fierd | of wet ever Fe,» 2S G(R, iy) B abetran Now, Py & also a mermal extenuion af Pe, Py Hat fumdamertal meat Galois Hreesy, we & See S Fa = Pri lug) get, Gi = GULP Be cot a tovod subpeocep. 0 ‘ oman Mat Py ka normal of G:., = af and» 0 BBE Conor tee Groups Gal Fir Fee) # Gis | G0, sin desenaing Gi= GUA) iso ay | Ge Fox ony Ot) ke | 9 Po Poy log) chen . Ge=Gr( Far Fo) 2 Gy, 2G,2.5 2G, 2G 685 wath wr | Fey gives Hret each Gz 4 a normal subgroup af Gi WTB O soot of Hie polynomial te , and. a is an abelian group. primitive sy th Soot of, nthe This power drat AC Fay) & a saluable queup | Yat Ye bea } ome, || Sing, Eo @ vermal extenuiog ‘af F, GlharE) ba mere ah ea. uel G(E,F) = Clas PY Glas E) Since Ure bent af Quy Solvable Solvabes. 3 Ge qpeoup i VP) & aq dalvable group. Themen? det E be He seb. a 4 biatd of Ne CFO BRM G Lele) a ts a puimitive 1 seot Tex, by wlliny eel , “ det Mba toe tntegen , aud det F be q celal ink BEE 8 tet of ast fet K be Hee splitting spied of wa ERC] sue F. ‘then k= Bia) where « tk ascy soot ah 4s anol bit gen fi uw abelian, » PEP Alkie) anal hence G(E/p) ts sorable . Now) Suppere Jnat P does mat avtain a Primitive mh sot af unity tet peh be a generators af Hie cyclic group. af, He nM swotfunity tet b be a sust of, La . Then bp & alto g soot. So, P=b"(bp) & ain {Fling fiers) a C Pe Flp)c€ io ob Fy since FUP) & Hrer@peiting fie) of x1, So, G(Eeip)) ¥ a normal durproup of G(Ele) By Pardamontal -Hieanem of Cato theory, But G(Ele(g)) 4 abelian became © iL He aphitting field of Pace oy. Se) §3 4 GE) 4 Glep) wa» Tesenal cercins . Bymin by Punolamental Heescenn aR Gates Heeasuy , - G( Ee) ages = G(FP fe) , wbion & abelian. onal S86 PLP) Ute apbitteing pita of ant, So, GFP ! 2 (ra) Se OlElr) arg BWaries sent a he Remark i Ute frow trak Hae aay rametscic grep Sp ts mot solvable “f n75- Thus, any Polynomial usrove Galois group i Sry ny b met wotvable by sacicnls, | Example: Show that tae polynamiod Low ysere | bs vet delvable by Saclicole over 8, ex TShES € OC] foie Bg se hesanie; forpae, j Pwuirer, by Senile Rule of s stone, spt is froun Het, The mos af pouttive seal sols < Hue no. af Changes tin digns tn fon =2, anol, the mo. of negative real suals < Le no. af Changes in aigns in fon =%or Seeiv | | Wil te traim hatin <5 | SIM ACADEMY, | bin, y thteunedithe wae teasen, | eo Eh re Rd Hore ace fue seal se0tly one in each Symmetsc Function y one in of the drtewals (4-3) 5 (25-1), 1,0), th if F ea tals hate Ya be n (12) axrel (3,4) { een fieed af 3 0 So, fu) har exaelty hoo mon seal sok. porelions Pls, son) OO FL apo is y we prow | O permutation of FLAS nt fe es, © fet fou COO] be amonic juneductble — | | Tay = peer sive toa nati map | Polynomial over 8 ef, (Pp yuexe p | FF PII oy Fa) EL Yn) ‘we peime . Th fou. pRaekte] two voy i geal sols inelb y Bartle Galois = hy qpoup ah fear tionmphic to a. ( So) ae get Gators group +h fe) & S; - antl use prow, Symmebc Pup Sp Chis uw mot solvable foun7ys- Were) © PLY, at] 1In) $0 Hat SF bay authormonplsiany “ eo ; of Flavy 5 570 net salvable . =) Gated 0) i " ted boat | Batt 9 fO0= KUOAFINS & not solvable b Pebittiens An elemaut 2( seacki cals suet §, [Ave Ple] & aaboaste wei =e trot Sexe ahh the eplitind feed & = JourrP dus selvabte gates sour GUEIP) « Girday e-ny4n) ob Pet si) & called symmetscie ae,mtorr OCF Pi Hef fet SIM ACADEMY boy a0 peumutationt of 1, 2,...m , Hatt, eae gaint Reape sien p fox abl eS fra veapete alte cctan y udere ack J $90 % 5m) Befpattions Th ar (5 He coefffcient of x Testa) I We Pebynom all $io= Tt (42) HAS bette ppoup of all Poa ep hins Then, Cnkag & cabled sue sith = Af Ply ds, vey Yn) Corresrponcting to -€5, devel) 24 : epchiog 4,4, srergn caval oler 5 Nowy 400 © E Cyndy. $a) OX] Fo, Hee Naburorl mapping Pg sasenthe) TAP Gnas) induceal by each = ES, Lecures fw Sn = Wider Yn tmatlered . Thus, Kut cocflicints Lia ca He Pineal field. tH SJ- when m=3, s=5+4, 49, Sas Yign FHI, FY I9 35= WedsTeaurnt Jot P be any fiell ancl tet PUG yeas phn) Bethe fleref of satinnall Peunedions in on Jindebermincurts Xa yeony ha Suppose Hrot 5 Lue fiedd af Symmetsie functions» Then 1) CROW 22 %n) /S] = NY FY) S=F(a9% yo2pq) wsbeere O49 M4 004) A ase. elementasey ie fuamehin)£ Ty ene 7 ny oe FW) The qatez Aa taf Hl. 4) 8] | lb uo 8 ‘Sp: | Powe s we neqeeud Sy ad Hyer ree $F | auborterphiims of FU ray sty) cansel ii alr Rae So, | LEU t4y.-0) 4m) £8] =0(8p) = 14 afield KY K be fired fied uncler G, Yeon, CKi fe] = 0(a) | 4et tr seat merical ji) Sine, Fle skM, ACADEMY.. | Par KRISHANN MATH REMY) BISONS NZASINT yu) SS ) 3 F(a 14, v0.3) | %-[PO rn .hn) 25] =n CP aime 2-2) Corridor Hie polynomial Oo pe = tP— aye” on oH)" ty, = (4) lew (oq , Xn) Be Hoe spliticng, fel af, pl) over Flay) 8y-00,2) , However, dey plt) =. Herety CE Csr g soem) # P(A s8.-S)] ern a field F. thon, J a -field-exterttoy E of F ste fo boimsvotinE and Cerf] ) * wwe Rae ae Ge Serer 2 Wi 4M Ser ytear tag = Shas, | b) By simple computation , ik can be Checkeo! Hrot | Di Sey he mS WR {HE HOOK of FE ZeK +B =O WUhEXE = %-Si da so elementary Symmetsdc| I VSMIRIKRISHANA MATHEMATICS ACADEMY) 8199903982.4SH8040919 15- | S82 | 5 pa SAR Sha | Cyotte Exten ston x= SP mL +S, a 5 at} then, te ucbic Cepouter vans . ic : urbore sok core Defbrition 2 tet e be a Gatets extension of, F, Bs Geta) (ae) | Then, € ib cabled, a cychic extenston of, F | aR G(Efp) & a cyctic qoup. | i ] (ser y) tte LEG) Ha7p 0 Now , | Grampte of apsbie Extension (494) Y=) _ a fu Hast , bad 5) Las)” C Pietra ‘nctstusal ba ern ee mata’ a YORE Piet trate) sporing peg RE NES Biroint &. =-a1(p+ 443) | foo over a eagle PLA Ft a Goloes Extension - (EE bide ynermal y separa’) Yourfrors Heat Hue oaler af a iad le fietd le of tee form PP wou pb 4 SiyS 3,02 elenjeut pime mo. gyrnmetaeic eapion of i Hie proup af cademerbrizns of a fied 4 YG. Fy ine, gabon poup G(KIe) ot’ F = i having pe elements f) 5 orale 1. capetie of Ks ia Qamed” (E-ma) (X54) = -2 (pete?) as | whexr of = -! x St +h, B=-S3 Riga 21°35| | wo) we get G (Se) 8 eye. SKM ACADEMY, “+ GAh spitting Sadly oven Aicthe fats Congtyeucliny By Ruler ancl compass ase ic @ toys. Vena ou , ace ceric Krentioyis. Yet S be a set of points ina plane , such Ly- a4 x poonitive ih set of why | thak § contains aHeart two membexs. auel E> Bix) 4 the apbiting—~fiedd TA Line %_aalel tobe conchuetibte fy BP) © O60 | si Then, Et a gatsis extention af 8, oe a . Ii) A cimote Je i 6° Conntsutch ble. ‘ ey a it pe ere 7 © ehh Petynemntat. | fom § ih i webeeRSi a point of S RAS? a” Alo, Eu PR eklonsion and Ls AGREED Capel ts tre citance Bs: | between fod! poids of S | tit A pocak bb aacal f fy be conmhuchibtedot Sbe a mon empty 5 seb of fais ond SEIN, ACADERY... 0} and a(S) UW Hne set af ML pads cometrucile | ye be ha att of two points 0 (0) pum Ss , Coneider oink P | Cth) any Pi es | Ow call - Lu called Gince, S Aas attennut hoo membesus. , unit point. in Ss Fa point BES aliffescent ote AS ees trom P| tee 6, = 96) «Than, & £6, ve Jong 8 ie comatuchtlt Joos, sue Line x'ox paises Hucough tre poo O and Loy Gay pom S. | Again, dnd cincle wily Spentne at 8 _ . oP ‘i 7 savetible g, |e XOX ts cobras x ey | —_ wee b fron & oa Point th also LF Be: e | gown the : cone, a #ABIE Jom 5. at 0 aud modi og =! ct “Pe als) alto couwhuctible pum E, » s ass ate J. UB anbewcction wlth X'oX le He H Ch we Pin He plane vin ushich pois Pot (-1,0) da conthucht ble -from E, axe taken to be RxR , RB He seb ie he point U=Cyo €E, seal rum bews. The wy tien of * “oP "9b Sines, the cimele with contsee 1 ait ordinates are tafeernas X'OX of 1-4 seoolivt | is contbuctible rom Eo sli and Y'OY ob Yarns which ant edema Ht meets years at point @ = (2,0)ACADEMY. PAE, Trduetivety, ure define r MAT | erthax ym on mzn ee Sse Pore x Bye wi tet = be m Meo 6n | To be definite , auppore msn %, Ay poink of ste plane is ated. a5 | ie Em En anol P68 €E, | Conteqpentty, Hae Bine PB tA constructible Pee acti fpem 1 | 53 Huwcapderts P62 €H at. u caubuuctible ) |" Pin tte comioe of C and OR be tte Ruaof: Coneider a Line 1 conehuctibte | geame + yom He 3 9G8,t EN Sete Tran, J 400 ditinet fous PO eH wel Pee, ,8ER, REG d= PO | wk may auppose drat st te de laxqett Mew. H = U En then, FE, be S& | h - ve J nandm sts PEE, ancl 6 €E, Men, HOLA © Eyuty the chele Ct coneburcetibte - >) C © g(Ex) = Gey SH fem Gy Now, tet a fort P be Couture tH ble few H. Mew, ae ExoEn an Gye we ms E,, : suppose Heat, Gyo Cy “GQ, anol Gr, fee PE glEm) = Em © H Hence, plH) CH Hewenery we Frew Hc 8(H) Pemf: dab the Dine 0 th comtuuctble oun fei surctible peink P ties on L. So, J another cometuuesib(e podat 8 onl tne nteusetion poiut Pt Eau ee wilh centee at Pp from Em bo emttsucHible Hk tnterseetion of Hun circle usldtrLine Bt eulto conttsucttote det Hit point be T, Hee torcles mt uth Conbeos at @ oud 7) aia Sool BT axe conttswotibte, dnkewtectton Ws also const . / | which Ue desined tine pani P anal Perpendicular to 0, sai sss, ; MRI KRIMIANA MATHESIATICS ACADEMY) 81 © potar is comiturcH ble . . | Thu tine Fo mating | but qranks Tus, Yeats i comrbsuerilale.. unt Kok, ue abso aeen, in prentout oudult, Hit Pout 2), 1 abso cmitsuurtible, = oo the Line PBR Bsiosioin the poo daterrertioy af” two ebrcles ule Weise coutses at O and fr. and bol Aeuing sodiat A i coubructibte. curel Hd Qine LA paratlel +0 due 1 | Covateurctible Line yloy ail t =) He dive Hoeugn Hanin Lnortectioy i Porscug, Horouglr Hie cotbourctible | poset 'D| Depitthin | A weal me. OO Cmts, SKM ACADERTY: | — a aoe by depintltor + | fares Hyough (4,4) wich bet ase ‘ha tt A We Hews (a0) conmhieet ble Poti ! Alo, +he dine L yam 1 2 Ys-besmmve iF pautes Hreugh hoo dittvet SSCA ACADEMY. | Qneaactiele point (ore) oud Uy!) ts coutteuctinte Gre oh Het potat of, duntensectiny of 4s anol y=o (ie. XOX axis) i commbuuerible, Chute ancl tia tine 0,0). Yes tuples Haat (0/4) Ba cnstsurcliite Tren, N20 bauer Kxmugir two eldulinc fol beeawe Ab As Hie Suderucetoy cmutsuresibte poiwls (a0) aud (aa) “SMe cmatacsite dines ye, [which (a, 0) 4 coubaeriste = (a is Couhcsete) | Petter Hureriglr Ho cibfel comubrucertte (and a te courw gates "sor Pouus (-a,a) FP and “=0 | Se, una t ote iy) = it) EB symmehry [Do rest) | Sindlely , = Ls it, Peter ety te dishinet HW) i) by defeat Hoy constable petals (0)0) oud [@,a). So, tet afo, So, alk ane eq pivatent Steubeupeuts. | ysa & contre iste ee aa pee | lemmas PP a anol bare ceumbunetiote penne, Bee cue bex phen (a)6) ts ce comsbyutcsiole Cott atibte tires. pokuts Sets BD Oy tie inte 11% Yo axk) Pxoofs dtirce, Q U cometech ble no.2) The bine 120 U condherchibee SKM ACADEMY « | (By Previous tema) 1 Also, Hee tine Yoo (ie xox axis) is Also, bU Cmrtyuctle rwumlber. comsrurcrtble - =) Tae Bene y= b i eomsbucH ble (by Previous temma) | Anof (ab) is He potat af inbesiwectioy eh He govabucn’ble Puel Ks a auel yo =) (ab) & demmat of she waste, comehucdibte | so “enue SBis” ath Ue ato The pout af trtoec Hoy (a£b,o) : af Hue about cimcle y dine & | | Waabsunchibee 4 3 ath axe cot seuctiate Woe | | | (EM Ge) is comst surebibster: fae Buofs Cinete Led)*#y*= by ull contre ie ot (a 19) anel paming Hsowalr (ab) Us | oreft ‘The Line . tasstenD tls ((F cosbe taco) & Pros ays rab UB cmrhuditle | Decade it pares Hor nan i Cmateuctthle ,dueto a U eonbuckhle 20. ‘ f cometnstel leAlte, te Line y=o (ie Xox avis) ts SKN ACADEMY... eomubritcet ble . / Le The. pot Mt of denna tio (ablo) vs Hee Pouat af diaterseetiog (aby 0) of | Qinet bX =0-4Y and af He cmibu crete t He Ras corbuccble Lines Yao ancl Y=0 fe comsbruciibles | and (ab yo) te cmutructible . b, LW crthruckble, | auel (abo) | 9 abl & cubuctibte mo. _ A ab UW comthuritbte Ds _ i oe AckUble » Hen ii) Tf =o , en st is ‘1 et mc Ht sovkt ato, wiice be= a Vs b . Caen ‘t 1 Since, Cahricsbte «So Us ihe swale pal oa | (hn) Semone | Hie a WS) ay (er fad «enn vagtosus So, iba, 4 Que, q & cmehuctible Ho. , $0, al Mb) th | Parres Hua (0,0) anol ot Coutwe Then (a) alI-b)) & omrugine nie) | (Se) Ord a coautructible 0. =) (9) fs emuuetiae + Jk ia a consbruchtte cinate, Blso, Hee Lrive y= (te X'0A axis) vB Comicter is tnbesucction willy He, Corbuctible . cmituctinte Line w= /So, (Ja) & Cnetourelible + with conttsuedinle contse (l,i) Gls intorsectioy with w=0, gives | fer all Cane cer, « | SSRIRRISIANR MATIEMINTTCS ACADEMY) siosoonorzqseareiong 8S” | Conaidex Hye cirele bet) +(y-R)*=a+! | Theexoms The seal number c % ile YF el mumbo Vy u, oo vy su 8=R CR =Blu)Ce=Rlule... & Fee) = Bl yva eV, 23 Varn), WER, YEG (Yir%,..5Me,) (0) 8Ja) ca a constructible point | Qusof: Suppose | Thon, Hee cinede uy PARe (oye) avd Hien (Go) & @ ' pawn Rpoytia) will meet | Ase, 3 a isle | ants at Pxpaye) » | guy #(C,0) a $0 [2fa,o) B & comtbructibte poiut-.| at one atep froth PSUS Hy, 00,50] je AJR Be Conttructible 2- | Covaido, 34. | Hence, Ya Ka arnthtittble mo, “r QW cou buctlole Mo» . 2 (aa)(ay! = 8 oe a conrbuchible ap ron, sy tt cmttrucrtole at one tep from Po» sy B Hee ausensecko4y of two Lt auhon cineles a a 2 and a clicle comhuctilte shyomn S. Suppare sy Ub Abe intersection oh Line L given by dun tey +f =0 urbese A,r LEOod ne ale glues by Wye SCM ACADERY,,. where 0,6,0 60 } SH coun be proved that y= bury.) whore | wary, € Olu) whee ye, Wz. Hot wey? . Then, vr EO oud wy, Oly) | Ur Hos way, weget - j 8 CO) COMIC LC OlMarseryVn) | Ste Vere Oly Va, coy we aoe just before He Heeensm . tne OSL. ue show Hot Fol ¥E gta tue sox (=o % Fo = 8. Suppor, Fe SL» we how, uy SL Now, fay, = Bur) + Th Bea = Poe tren, fur £4 (SIREKRISHANA MATHEMATICS ACADEMY) 8199903 9X2 ASRRN4A9U? tet Buy Px Bincey Wo COU Myre) = BCL Vou, Ho omutsuciible Tren, bY aboue tommer, Svar = Yay & cemehuctibte 8, Va, EL. Be Mee) = sk ¢ So, oust ey pel faue fox sel, By wolucekB rR CL fer alt zo da partioulery By cL 3 cel VCH comsuctible Coredlany : T ct @ cmbuuelibte number Then c Wer tn come ox ‘ hace | taHeyals of cleqree a porwer af 2, Proofs Sine, yi" € Bly vu, 1M) ni) = Fey (84 above deexou! | Iand He cinele qe by wig tantby to =0 uhexe O,6,¢ €8 SH coun be proved trek sy = Oury,) whore may, € Olu) whore YEO) 70 ~ jot wey? . Gy es way, weget - © 8 Bly) COlYy Mm) Ces C BLU 5024yVn) oet owal $y = (G0) e 8 (viy¥.).-4¥%) Comeruely 2s BBV sue field af oll Commtarrert ble’ nium bout + we qa just before He Heeexem . Hrot OSL. ue ghow Hot FpoL ¥t- Mu true for [=o Fo, =8- Then, VP EO and xy, COly,) sete Ver © Oly, oy Guppore, BRocols wedhow, Fy, Sb Nowy By) = Fiver) © Lh Buy = Ge Tren, Far £5 Let Buy + Pa | Since vy CBM te) = ROL s | May Ue coutsuettble | een, bY above temma, | Iva, = i eembructible | $0, Ua, EL. Veet © Be Mar) = Ba D9 cel A CH coushuctible « Covellary i Th ct a consbsteettbote number | Wen c Wer tn come extension of the *atimals of cleanse a poures af 2. |frooPs Since, yr © Olay yey) =Fe, (84 above dueaxeus)ve Manshies =u € FG for alt Tus, Ch: Fel = C Fel ys Fu] = beg Dew (F2 1%) | ga | | s Uhni0) = CF nifor J. CR AT... CA E8] | | Hen CU fea: we ane poor. [0:6] = Act c be conataurelibte « New, 8 840 ¢ Fr | and, Ciyi6) = (fn? + pce] (9Cc)# O] By uexedtary! Chy26] = ve Caccr:e] = power ef? | [secause (800709 | (P30) | Cematiruredbre mo. | exhenapsy —— ew _ aisssonsszaseanaiy BL * =) R= power of 2 uthich i et coubradi ction» . CB not cometsurctible By absue sedirlt , we snotice if, cum Ten, Fe Bc) wan & =P) Boe ei Cl coumrurctible 5 ote, the es en hah aie sueault eed mot be teue Fox example, Hiewe is a eel soot. © of, He owducible polynomial oun +2. uthich uv met omitrurerble but Cec) :8] =e Again 5 a A Pastial cmuede tote _ above roll com be “Proved ot 3 of 8 ste “Ce :e] 4 a Power of 2. t | Isl ub soning 0 be E= FU) i comtunetibte . is noua) anol CEPA] =2". i hon, every element in E i eonsbsnctilly Os Ina te pve te nell by ang nding | orn. Jotn= 1. Then CELF] =2, det CEE ach | HOt boxy = Gue(lyc) Then, pix) € EEX) ancl poo= eC ried | Se, c#td CF, cde vumpbies c(cHd)e F > C™+cd CF and ede SB]cer. So. WR cantake Cro: dinee, chu comttructete , Co é= Jar =fa| epeuy element tn E ts comteuctt ble» ant” FoHtCE , se. ACADEMY... : EH & moumal anol CElH*] =001)= 8" | “protlem & Shovo © Haak an angle © ts constructible So, by snaluction| hypottresis ; | Up wine ib cometuuctible. ; Solution: tet angle © be conttsucti ble. Then OA avel 08 axe ceratuuctible. Drow Perpendicular from & on OF Lot it | emeet Of in C. Then, B By srducHon He seult Hen polls. Definition * fin anate bs ws aatol to be corabsaieN ble Ab bs vertex anol aus Degination * phage & constarerible 2 oils af ea atte beeen Then, OC amel OB ane constructible DePiniHey An amale — U cometumuetible | imple angle © is conetsuctibde . by ster amol compas if He point Noke 3 similarly ure con prove Hoot , (osx, sink) 4 constructible from Bx8 Fou uckible ‘ff caso Uconubuuetibte”a) Ruoblemr af cqwaring a circle ,° > OU mot conatsurctible by surler fe. Yu impotsthte to conatauet q sqpore | anak compass ' yal in anom to He wea af a b) Problem of duplicating a cube chuede of suctfus |, . Bo, bi Then, 3 a dubQietol kK R comtatatag Psoblom. , \ uw suchthat EK:o]=9™ . 8 ! positive tnbegex m. te fone | pen by cules. anol om pass «)Buoblen af toiseck Peoblen aM ' . . Then etistan angle feat Guinot be Ser (ero) the pocnt af intersection of loo Hards aunel pexpenoli uulan Leow (4 B) DB abo constructible , Se, w= wade” & comstserabcble | ojo) BS Ginesbefis toc tenda , | Slee) Ub dereduetble over 6. [og feo pra) ancl Sey fou & petolucible over 6+ sx dabdepien an Irreducbte polp novia over © af deaywee 3 tutich is mot a pow ox of a. | IBy wading soLedt. 5 ewanl nas ¢ davifis an baaduite | ay ue oa Petynomial over 6 of dequee & and. | Tahow tat ud enatuch’ ble. RU mot a power of 2. Then, CL met we need to Prove that cmatuuctilole Cow :e] = a%, Rx Fx Unmet comsturcdible . Cicer, 6c O(u) CO(Y) which ix @ conhadt chioy - Hence, fb i impossible e taliect 6o' | by suchese anol Pes { hay Puoblenn hin ago © A xequtax ni-gon tb contteuctcbte . ( (eaptivetentis ye angle a fy (AM eer Clu) Coutsurcttble) iff pin} ts a power ef d. uthich & cleosely an iuneddueilele Now, (ew —cos gu.) ® Selutioy + tel we cosas (at an, Potynemtal over Olu), pasting. Hot n Clos Bly = 2. | whew w it a primitive m4 soot of Since, Cet): 8] = ben) wily . Then w 4 = Lose Km ACADERTY «. . {SIRI KRISHANA MATHEMATICS: ACADEMY) | I; seo sew COLE 8] = Lp) 1 | TRG shows Gat uu BE Perl na power af oa