Chhattisgarh

Chhattisgarh (Hindi pronunciat ion: [ˈt ʃʰət̪ːiːsgəɽʱ]) is a landlocked and heavily forest ed st at e
locat ed in t he region of Cent ral India. Formerly part of Madhya Pradesh it was grant ed st at ehood
on 1 November 2000. It is t he 9t h-largest st at e in India, wit h an area of 135,192 km2
(52,198 sq mi). As of 2021, it has a populat ion of roughly 30 million (3 crores), making it t he 17t h
most populat ed st at e in t he count ry.[6]
 Chhat t isgarh
State

From top, left to right:Chitrakote Falls at Jagdalpur, Sirpur Group of Monuments, Bhoramdeo Temple, Mahanadi
River, Kanger Ghati National Park, Naya Raipur, Achanakmar Wildlife Sanctuary, Bastar Dussehra and Satrenga
Reservoir

Emblem

Anthem: "Arpa Pairi Ke Dhar"[1][2]

(The Streams of Arpa and Pairi)
Coordinates (Chhattisgarh): 21.25°N 81.60°E (https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename
=Chhattisgarh&params=21.25_ N_ 81.6_ E_ region:IN-CT_ type:adm1st)

Country India
Location of Chhattisgarh in India
Formation 1 November 2000†
Capital(s) Raipur
Largest cities Raipur
Districts List of districts of Chhattisgarh
Government
• Body Government of Chhattisgarh
• Governor Anusuiya Uikey
• Chief Minister Bhupesh Baghel (INC)
• Legislature Unicameral (90+1 seats)
• Parliamentary constituencies Rajya Sabha (5 seats)
Lok Sabha (11 seats)
• High Court Chhattisgarh High Court, Bilaspur
Area[3]
• Total 135,192 km2 (52,198 sq mi)
Area rank 9th
Population (2020)[4]
• Total 29,436,231
• Rank 17th
• Density 220/km2 (560/sq mi)
Languages
• Official Hindi
• Additional official Chhattisgarhi
Time zone UTC+05:30 (IST)
ISO 3166 code IN-CT
HDI 0.613 (medium)
HDI rank 31st (2017)
Literacy 77.3% (2017) [5]
Website cgstate.gov.in (http://cgstate.gov.in/)
 Symbols of Chhattisgarh

Emblem Emblem of Chhattisgarh

Song Arpa Pairi Ke Dhar

Mammal Wild water buffalo

Bird Hill myna

Flower Rhynchostylis gigantea

Tree Shorea robusta

The st at e was formed by t he part it ion of t en Chhat t isgarhi and six Gondi-speaking dist rict s in
t he sout heast of Madhya Pradesh.[7][8] It s capit al cit y is Raipur. It borders 7 st at es – Ut t ar
Pradesh t o t he nort h, Madhya Pradesh t o t he nort hwest , Maharasht ra t o t he sout hwest ,
Jharkhand t o t he nort heast , Odisha t o t he east , and Telangana and Andhra t o t he sout h.[9]
Current ly, it comprises 32 dist rict s.

Chhat t isgarh is one of t he fast est -developing st at es in India.[10] It s Gross St at e Domest ic

Product (GSDP) is ₹3.63 lakh crore (US$48 billion), wit h a per capit a GSDP of ₹102,762
(US$1,400).[11] A resource-rich st at e, Chhat t isgarh provides elect ricit y, coal, and st eel t o t he rest
of t he nat ion.[12]

In 2020, it again won t he t it le of cleanest st at e wit h more t han 100 Urban Local Bodies, as
announced by Minist er for Housing and Urban Affairs Hardeep Singh Puri following t he 'Swachh
Survekshan 2020'.[13]

Etymology

There are several t heories as t o t he origin of t he name Chhattisgarh, which in ancient t imes was
known as Dakshina Kosala (Sout h Kosala).[14] The nat ive place of bhagwan Rama as his mot her
name was Kausalya, daught er of Kaushal Naresh. "Chhat t isgarh" was popularised lat er during t he
t ime of t he Marat ha Empire and was first used in an official document in 1795.[15]

The most popular t heory claims t hat Chhat t isgarh t akes it s name from t he 36 ancient fort s
(from chhattis meaning t hirt y-six and garh meaning fort ) in t he area. The old st at e had 36
demesnes (feudal t errit ories): Rat anpur, Vijaypur, Kharound, Maro, Kaut garh, Nawagarh, Sondhi,
Aukhar, Padarbhat t a, Semriya, Champa, Lafa, Chhuri, Kenda, Mat in, Aparora, Pendra, Kurkut i-kandri,
Raipur, Pat an, Simaga, Singarpur, Lavan, Omera, Durg, Saradha, Sirasa, Menhadi, Khallari, Sirpur,
Figeswar, Rajim, Singhangarh, Suvarmar, Tenganagarh and Akalt ara.[16] However, most hist orians
disagree wit h t his t heory as 36 fort s have not been found and ident ified.

According t o t he opinion of Hiralal, it is said t hat at one t ime t here were 36 st rongholds in t his
area, t hat is why it s name was Chhat t isgarh. But even aft er t he increase in t he number of
st rongholds, t here was no change in t he name, Chhat t isgarh is t he St at e of India which has been
given t he st at us of 'Maht ari' (Mot her). There are t wo regions in India which are named for special
reasons – one was 'Magadha' which became "Bihar" due t o t he abundance of Buddhism viharas
and t he ot her was 'Dakshina Kosala' which became "Chhat t isgarh" due t o t he inclusion of t hirt y-
six st rongholds.

Anot her view, more popular wit h expert s and hist orians, is t hat Chhat t isgarh is t he corrupt ed form
of Chedisgarh meaning Raj or "Empire of t he Chedis". In ancient t imes, Chhat t isgarh region had
been part of t he Chedi dynast y of Kalinga, in modern Odisha. In t he medieval period up t o 1803, a
major port ion of present east ern Chhat t isgarh was part of t he Sambalpur Kingdom of Odisha.

History

Ancient and medieval history

Carved statue in the medieval city of Sirpur

Sit abega caves are one of t he earliest examples of t heat re archit ect ure in India locat ed on
Ramgarh hill of Chhat t isgarh dat ed t o Mauryan period of 3rd cent ury BCE. Jogimara caves
cont ain ancient Brahmi inscript ion and t he oldest paint ing known in India. The inscript ion can be
t ranslat ed as eit her a love proclamat ion by a girl or a dancer-paint er creat ing a cave t heat re
t oget her.[17] In ancient t imes, t his region was known as Dakshina Kosala. This area is also
ment ioned in Ramayana and Mahabharat a. One of t he earliest st at ues of Vishnu has been
excavat ed from Shunga period sit e at Malhar. Bet ween t he sixt h and t welft h cent uries,
Sharabhpurias, Panduvanshis (of Mekala and Dakshina Kosala), Somavanshi, Kalachuri and
Nagavanshi rulers dominat ed t his region. The Bast ar region of Chhat t isgarh was invaded by
Rajendra Chola I and Kulot hunga Chola I of t he Chola dynast y in t he 11t h cent ury.[18][19][20]

Colonial and post-independence history

Chhat t isgarh was under Marat ha rule (Bhonsales of Nagpur) from 1741 t o 1845 CE. It came under
Brit ish rule from 1845 t o 1947 as t he Chhat t isgarh Division of t he Cent ral Provinces. Raipur
gained prominence over t he capit al Rat anpur wit h t he advent of t he Brit ish in 1845. In 1905, t he
Sambalpur dist rict was t ransferred t o Odisha and t he est at es of Surguja were t ransferred from
Bengal t o Chhat t isgarh.
The area const it ut ing t he new st at e merged int o Madhya Pradesh on 1 November 1956, under
t he St at es Reorganisat ion Act , 1956 and remained a part of t hat st at e for 44 years. Prior t o t hat ,
t he region was part of t he Cent ral Provinces and Berar (CP and Berar) under Brit ish rule. Some
areas const it ut ing t he Chhat t isgarh st at e were princely st at es under t he Brit ish rule, but were
lat er on merged int o Madhya Pradesh.[21]

Separation of Chhattisgarh

Mantralaya in Naya (New) Raipur

The demand for Chhat t isgarh t o be a separat e st at e first rose in t he 1920s, wit h similar demands
appearing at regular int ervals; however, a well-organised movement was never init iat ed. Several
all-part y plat forms were creat ed and usually resolved around pet it ions, public meet ings,
seminars, rallies and st rikes.[22] The demand was raised by t he Raipur Congress unit in 1924 and
was also discussed in t he Indian Congress at Tripuri. A discussion about forming a Regional
Congress organisat ion for Chhat t isgarh t ook place. In 1954, when t he St at e Reorganisat ion
Commission was set up, t he demand was put forward but was reject ed. In 1955, t he demand was
raised in t he Nagpur assembly of Madhya Bharat .[22]

In t he 1990s, t he demand became more prominent , result ing in t he format ion of a st at ewide
polit ical forum known as t he Chhat t isgarh Rajya Nirman Manch. The forum was led by Chandulal
Chadrakar and several successful region-wide st rikes and rallies were organised under it , all of
which were support ed by major polit ical part ies, such as t he Indian Nat ional Congress and t he
Bharat iya Janat a Part y.[22]

The new Nat ional Democrat ic Alliance government sent t he Separat e Chhat t isgarh Bill for
approval by t he Madhya Pradesh Assembly, where it was unanimously approved and t hen
submit t ed t o t he Lok Sabha. The bill was passed in t he Lok Sabha and t he Rajya Sabha, which
allowed t he creat ion of t he st at e of Chhat t isgarh. K. R. Narayanan gave his consent t o t he
Madhya Pradesh Reorganisat ion Act on 25 August 2000 and t he government of India set 1
November 2000 as t he day Chhat t isgarh would be separat ed from Madhya Pradesh.[22] As such,
Chhat t isgarh was formed from Madhya Pradesh.[7][8]

Geography

The nort hern and sout hern part s of t he st at e are hilly, while t he cent ral part is a fert ile plain. The
highest point in t he st at e is t he Gaurlat a near Samri, Balrampur-Ramanujganj dist rict .[23]
Deciduous forest s of t he East ern Highlands Forest s cover roughly 44% of t he st at e.[24]

The Mahanadi River, in Chhattisgarh

The st at e animal is t he van bhainsa, or wild Asian buffalo. The st at e bird is t he pahari myna, or hill
myna. The st at e t ree is t he Sal (Sarai) found in Bast ar division.
Sal- The State Tree of Chhattisgarh

In t he nort h lies t he edge of t he great Indo-Ganget ic plain. The Rihand River, a t ribut ary of t he
Ganges, drains t his area. The east ern end of t he Sat pura Range and t he west ern edge of t he
Chot a Nagpur Plat eau form an east –west belt of hills t hat divide t he Mahanadi River basin from
t he Indo-Ganget ic plain. The out line of Chhat t isgarh is like a sea horse.

The cent ral part of t he st at e lies in t he fert ile upper basin of t he Mahanadi river and it s
t ribut aries. This area has ext ensive rice cult ivat ion. The upper Mahanadi basin is separat ed from
t he upper Narmada basin t o t he west by t he Maikal Hills (part of t he Sat puras) and from t he
plains of Odisha t o t he east by ranges of hills. The sout hern part of t he st at e lies on t he Deccan
plat eau, in t he wat ershed of t he Godavari River and it s t ribut ary, t he Indravat i River. The Mahanadi
is t he chief river of t he st at e. The ot her main rivers are Hasdeo (a t ribut ary of Mahanadi), Rihand,
Indravat i, Jonk, Arpa and Shivnat h. It is sit uat ed in t he east of Madhya Pradesh.[25]

The nat ural environment of Koriya in Chhat t isgarh includes forest s, mount ains, rivers and
wat erfalls. Koriya was a princely st at e during t he Brit ish rule in India. Koriya is also known for it s
mineral deposit s.[26] Coal is also found in t his part of t he count ry.[27] The dense forest s are rich in
wildlife.

The Amrit Dhara Wat erfall, Koriya's main at t ract ion, is a nat ural wat erfall which originat es from
t he Hasdeo River. The fall is sit uat ed seven kilomet res from Koriya on t he Manendragarh-
Baikunt hpur road. The Amrit Dhara Wat erfall falls from a height of 27 m, and it is approximat ely
3–4.5 m wide. Chirimiri is one of t he more popular places, known for it s nat ural environment and
climat e, in Chhat t isgarh.[28]

https://daac.ornl.gov/VEGETATION/guides/Decadal_LULC_India.html
Climate

Chhat t isgarh has a t ropical climat e. It is hot and humid in t he summer because of it s proximit y t o
t he Tropic of Cancer and it s dependence on t he monsoons for rains. Summer t emperat ures in
Chhat t isgarh can reach up t o 49 °C (113 °F).[29] The monsoon season is from lat e June t o
Oct ober and is a welcome respit e from t he heat . Chhat t isgarh receives an average of 1,292
millimet res (50.9 in) of rain. Wint er is from November t o January. Wint ers are pleasant wit h low
t emperat ures and less humidit y. Ambikapur, Mainpat , Pendra Road, Samri and Jashpur are some of
t he coldest places in t he st at e.[30]

Transport

Roads

Chhat t isgarh has four-lane or t wo-lane roads t hat provide connect ivit y t o major cit ies. A t ot al of
11 nat ional highways pass t hrough t he st at e, t oget her measuring 3,078 km. Many nat ional
highways exist only on paper and are not fully convert ed int o four-lane, leave alone six-lane or
eight -lane, highways. These include:

NH 130A New

NH 130B New

NH 130C New

NH 130D New

NH 149B New

NH 163A New

NH 343 New

NH 930 New

NH 6

NH 16

NH 43

NH 12A

NH 78
 NH 111

NH 200

NH 202

NH 216

NH 217

NH 221

NH 30

NH 930 New.

The st at e highways and major dist rict roads const it ut e anot her net work of 8,031 km.

Rail network

Raipur Railway Station Entrance

Almost t he ent ire railway net work spread over t he st at e comes under t he geographical
jurisdict ion of t he Sout h East Cent ral Railway Zone of Indian Railways cent red around Bilaspur,
which is t he zonal headquart ers of t his zone. Almost 85% of t racks are elect rified, t he non-
elect rified rout e is Maroda–Bhanuprat appur line from Durg–Bhanuprat appur branch line, which is
120 km long. The main railway junct ions are Bilaspur Junct ion, Durg Junct ion and Raipur, which is
also a st art ing point of many long-dist ance t rains. These t hree junct ions are well-connect ed t o
t he major cit ies of India and also t hese st at ion comes under t he t op 50 booking st at ions in
India.[31]
The st at e has t he highest freight loading in t he count ry, and one-sixt h of Indian Railway's revenue
comes from Chhat t isgarh. The lengt h of rail net work in t he st at e is 1,108 km, while a t hird t rack
has been commissioned bet ween Durg and Raigarh.[32] Const ruct ion of some new railway lines
include Dalli–Rajhara–Jagdalpur rail line, Pendra Road–Gevra Road rail line, Raigarh–Mand Colliery
t o Bhupdeopur rail line and Barwadih–Chirmiri rail line.[33] Freight /goods t rains provide services
most ly t o coal and iron ore indust ries in east –west corridor (Mumbai–Howrah rout e). There is a
lack of passenger services t o nort h and sout h of Chhat t isgarh.

Major railway stations of Chhattisgarh

Bilaspur Junct ion

Durg Junct ion

Raipur Junct ion

Ambikapur

Raigarh

Korba

Champa Junct ion

Mahasamund

Rajnandgaon

Dongargarh

Gevra Road

Pendra Road

Air

Swami Vivekananda Airport Raipur

The air infrast ruct ure in Chhat t isgarh is improving. Swami Vivekananda Int 'l Airport in Raipur and
Bilasa Devi Kevat Airport in Bilaspur are t he only t wo airport s wit h scheduled commercial
services, t hat t oo only t o met ro cit ies. Jagdalpur Airport (Maa Dant eshwari Airport ) is anot her
small airport . A massive reduct ion in sales t ax on aviat ion t urbine fuel (ATF) from 25 t o 4% in
Chhat t isgarh in 2003 cont ribut ed t o a sharp rise in passenger flow. The passenger flow increased
by 58% bet ween 2011 and November 2012.[34]

Other Airstrips

Ambikapur Airport , Darima, Ambikapur

Governance

The St at e Legislat ive assembly is composed of 90 members of t he Legislat ive Assembly. There
are 11 members of t he Lok Sabha from Chhat t isgarh. The Rajya Sabha has five members from
t he st at e.

Administration

Chhat t isgarh st at e consist s of 5 divisions wit h 32 dist rict s (one new dist rict named "Gaurela-
Pendra-Marwahi" creat ed wit h effect from 10 February 2020).

Divisions
 Raipur Bilaspur
Bastar Division Durg Division Surguja Division
Division Division

Bast ar (Jagdalpur) Kabirdham Dhamt ari Bilaspur Koriya

(Kabirdham)
Bijapur Gariaband Mungeli Surajpur
Rajnandgaon
Sukma Raipur Korba Surguja
Balod (Ambikapur)
Dakshin Bast ar Baloda Bazar Janjgir-
Dant ewada (Dakshin Durg Champa Balrampur-
Mahasamund
Bast ar) Ramanujganj
Bemet ara Raigarh
Kondagaon Jashpur
Mohla- Gaurela-
Narayanpur Manpur[35] Pendra- Manendragarh-
Marwahi Chirmiri-
Ut t ar Bast ar Kanker
Bharat pur[35]
(Ut t ar Bast ar) Sarangarh-
Bilaigarh[35]

Shakt i[35]

Districts

Districts of Chhattisgarh state in 2020

Chhat t isgarh comprises 32 dist rict s.[35] The following are t he list of t he dist rict s of Chhat t isgarh
St at e wit h major cit ies:
 District Headquarter Largest City Other Major Cities

Raipur Raipur Raipur Arang, Tilda-Newra

Bilaspur Bilaspur Bilaspur Kot a (Kargi Road), Bilha

Durg Durg Bhilai Charoda, Kumhari, Pat an

Korba Korba Korba Kat ghora, Dipka, Pali

Kharsia, Gharghora, Sarangagarh,

Raigarh Raigarh Raigarh
lailunga

Rajnandgaon Rajnandgaon Rajnandgaon Dongargarh, Dongargaon

Koriya Baikunt hpur Chirmiri Manendragarh

Surguja Ambikapur Ambikapur Sit apur

Balrampur-Ramanujganj Balrampur Balrampur Ramanujganj

Jashpur Jashpur Nagar Jashpur Nagar Kunkuri, Pat t halgaon, Tapkara

Surajpur Surajpur Surajpur Telgaon, Bishrampur

Janjgir-
Janjgir–Champa Janjgir Sakt i, Akalt ara, Shivrinarayan
Naila,Champa

Mungeli Mungeli Mungeli Lormi, Takhat pur

Kabirdham Kawardha Kawardha Pandariya, Pandat arai

Bemet ara Bemet ara Bemet ara Nawagarh, Saja

Balod Balod Balod Dalli-Rajhara

Baloda Simga, Palari, Lawan, Kasdol,

Baloda Bazar-Bhat apara Bhat apara
Bazar,Bhat apara Bilaigarh

Gariaband Gariaband Gariaband Rajim, Deobhog

Mahasamund Mahasamund Mahasamund Saraipali, Bagbahra

Dhamt ari Dhamt ari Dhamt ari Kurud

Bijapur Bijapur Bijapur Sangampal, Kasiguda

Narayanpur Narayanpur Narayanpur Kodenar, Orchha

Kanker Kanker Kanker Bhanuprat apur

Bast ar Jagdalpur Jagdalpur Bast ar

Dant ewada Dant ewada Dant ewada Kirandul, Geedam

Kondagaon Kondagaon Kondagaon Keshkal

Sukma Sukma Sukma Tadmet la, Murt onda

Marwahi, Bast i-Bagra,

Gaurela-Pendra-Marwahi Gaurella Pendra
Rajmergarh, Pasan

Manendragarh-Chirmiri- Bharat pur, Khadgawan,

Manendragarh Chirmiri
Bharat pur Amrit dhara

Mohla Manpur Mohla Mohla Chilamt ol

Shakt i Sakt i Sakt i Sont hi

Sarangarh-Bilaigarh Sarangarh Sarangarh Bilaigarh

Major cities

Largest cities in Chhattisgarh

(2011 Census of India estimate)[36]
Rank City District Population

1 Raipur Raipur 4,063,872

2 Bhilai-Durg Durg 3,343,872

3 Bilaspur Bilaspur 2,663,629

4 Rajnandgaon Rajnandgaon 1,537,133

5 Raigarh Raigarh 1,493,984

6 Korba Korba 1,206,640

7 Ambikapur Sarguja 2,359,886

8 Jagdalpur Bast ar 125,345

9 Chirmiri Koriya 100,656

10 Dhamtari Dhamt ari 90,254

11 Mahasamund Mahasamund 85,000

Economy
 Economy of
Chhattisgarh

Statistics

GDP ₹383,098 crore (US$51 billion) (2021–22 est.)[37]

GDP rank 18th

GDP growth 5% (2020–21)[37]

GDP per capita ₹104,943 (US$1,400) (2020–21)[38]

GDP by sector Agriculture 26%

Industry 38%
Services 36% (2020–21)[37]

Public finances

Public debt 28.3% of GSDP (2021–22 est.)[37]

Budget balance ₹−17,461 crore (US$−2.3 billion) (4.56% of GSDP)

(2021–22 est.)[37]

Revenues ₹79,645 crore (US$11 billion) (2021–22 est.)[37]

Expenses ₹102,483 crore (US$14 billion) (2021–22 est.)[37]

All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

Chhat t isgarh's nominal gross st at e domest ic product (GSDP) is est imat ed at ₹3.26 lakh crore
(US$43 billion) in 2018–19, t he 17t h largest st at e economy in India. The economy of
Chhat t isgarh recorded a growt h rat e of 6.7% in 2017–18.[37] Chhat t isgarh's success fact ors in
achieving high growt h rat e are growt h in agricult ure and indust rial product ion.

Agriculture

Agricult ure is count ed as t he chief economic occupat ion of t he st at e. According t o a

government est imat e, net sown area of t he st at e is 4.828 million hect ares and t he gross sown
area is 5.788 million hect ares.[39] Hort icult ure and animal husbandry also engage a major share of
t he t ot al populat ion of t he st at e.[40] About 80% of t he populat ion of t he st at e is rural and t he
main livelihood of t he villagers is agricult ure and agricult ure-based small indust ry.
The majorit y of t he farmers are st ill pract icing t he t radit ional met hods of cult ivat ion, result ing in
low growt h rat es and product ivit y. The farmers have t o be made aware of modern t echnologies
suit able t o t heir holdings. Providing adequat e knowledge t o t he farmers is essent ial for bet t er
implement at ion of t he agricult ural development plans and t o improve product ivit y.[41]

Considering t his and a very limit ed irrigat ed area, t he product ivit y of not only rice but also ot her
crops is low, hence t he farmers are unable t o obt ain economic benefit s from agricult ure and it
has remained as subsist ence agricult ure t ill now.

Chloroxylon is used for pest management in organic rice cultivation in Chhattisgarh

Medicinal rice of Chhattisgarh used as an immune booster

 Aloe vera farming in Chhattisgarh

Herbal farming in Chhattisgarh: Gulbakawali

Herbal farming in Chhattisgarh: Safed Musli with Arhar

Agricultural Products

The main crops are rice, maize,[42] kodo-kutki and ot her small millet s and pulses (tuar[43] and
kulthi); oilseeds, such as groundnut s (peanut s), soybeans[44] and sunflowers, are also grown. In t he
mid-1990s, most of Chhat t isgarh was st ill a monocrop belt . Only one-fourt h t o one-fift h of t he
sown area was double-cropped. When a very subst ant ial port ion of t he populat ion is dependent
on agricult ure, a sit uat ion where nearly 80% of a st at e's area is covered only by one crop,
immediat e at t ent ion t o t urn t hem int o double crop areas is needed. Also, very few cash crops are
grown in Chhat t isgarh, so t here is a need t o diversify t he agricult ure produce t owards oilseeds
and ot her cash crops. Chhat t isgarh is also called t he "rice bowl of cent ral India".[39]

Kodo Millet is used as a life saving medicine in Chhattisgarh

Bastar beer prepared from Sulfi

Irrigation
In Chhat t isgarh, rice, t he main crop, is grown on about 77% of t he net sown area. Only about 20%
of t he area is under irrigat ion; t he rest depends on rain. Of t he t hree agroclimat ic zones, about
73% of t he Chhat t isgarh plains, 97% of t he Bast ar plat eau and 95% of t he nort hern hills are
rainfed. The irrigat ed area available for double cropping is only 87,000 ha in Chhat t isgarh plains
and 2300 ha in Bast ar plat eau and nort hern hills. Due t o t his, t he product ivit y of rice and ot her
crops is low, hence t he farmers are unable t o obt ain economic benefit s from agricult ure and it
has remained as subsist ence agricult ure t ill now, t hough agricult ure is t he main occupat ion of
more t han 80% of t he populat ion.[41]

In Chhat t isgarh region, about 22% of net cropped area was under irrigat ion as compared t o 36.5%
in Madhya Pradesh in 1998–99, whereas t he average nat ional irrigat ion was about 40%. The
irrigat ion is charact erised by a high order of variabilit y ranging from 1.6% in Bast ar t o 75.0% in
Dhamt ari. Based on an average growt h t rend in t he irrigat ed area, about 0.43% addit ional area is
brought under irrigat ion every year as compared t o 1.89% in Madhya Pradesh and 1.0% in t he
count ry as a whole. Thus, irrigat ion has been growing at a very low rat e in Chhat t isgarh and t he
pace of irrigat ion is so slow, it would t ake about 122 years t o reach t he 75% level of net irrigat ed
area in Chhat t isgarh at t he present rat e of growt h.[41]

Chhat t isgarh has a limit ed irrigat ion syst em, wit h dams and canals on some rivers. Average rainfall
in t he st at e is around 1400 mm and t he ent ire st at e falls under t he rice agroclimat ic zone. The
Large variat ion in t he yearly rainfall direct ly affect s t he product ion of rice. Irrigat ion is t he prime
need of t he st at e for it s overall development and t herefore t he st at e government has given t op
priorit y t o development of irrigat ion.[39]

A t ot al of four major, 33 medium and 2199 minor irrigat ion project s have been complet ed and five
major, nine medium and 312 minor project s are under const ruct ion, as of 31 March 2006.

Industrial sector

Power sector

Chhat t isgarh is one of t he few st at es of India where t he power sect or is effect ively developed.
Based on t he current product ion of surplus elect ric power, t he posit ion of t he St at e is
comfort able and profit able. The Chhat t isgarh St at e Elect ricit y Board (CSEB) is in a st rong
posit ion t o meet t he elect ricit y requirement of t he st at e and is in good financial healt h.
According t o Cent ral Elect ricit y Aut horit y (CEA), Chhat t isgarh provides elect ricit y t o several
ot her st at es because of surplus product ion.[45]
In Chhat t isgarh, Nat ional Thermal Power Corporat ion Limit ed (|NTPC) has Sipat Thermal Power
St at ion wit h a capacit y of 2,980 MW at Sipat , Bilaspur; LARA Super Thermal Power St at ion wit h
a nameplat e capacit y of 1600MW and Korba Super Thermal Power St at ion wit h a capacit y of
2,600 MW at Korba, while CSEB's unit s have a t hermal capacit y of 1,780 MW and hydel capacit y
of 130 MW. Apart from NTPC and CSEB, t here are a number of privat e generat ion unit s of large
and small capacit y. The st at e government has pursued a liberal policy wit h regard t o capt ive
generat ion which has result ed in a number of privat e companies coming up.[46]

The st at e has a pot ent ial of 61,000 MW of addit ional t hermal power in t erms of availabilit y of
coal for more t han 100 years and more t han 2,500 MW hydel capacit y. To use t his vast pot ent ial,
subst ant ial addit ions t o t he exist ing generat ion capacit y are already underway.[46]

Steel sector

The st eel indust ry is one of t he biggest heavy indust ries of Chhat t isgarh. Bhilai St eel Plant , Bhilai
operat ed by SAIL, wit h a capacit y of 5.4 million t onnes per year, is regarded as a significant
growt h indicat or of t he st at e. More t han 100 st eel rolling mills, 90 sponge iron plant s and ferro-
alloy unit s are in Chhat t isgarh. Along wit h Bhilai, t oday Raipur, Bilaspur, Korba and Raigarh have
become t he st eel hub of Chhat t isgarh. Today, Raipur has become t he cent re of t he st eel sect or,
t he biggest market for st eel in India.[47]

Aluminium sector

The aluminium indust ry of Chhat t isgarh was est ablished by Bharat Aluminium Company Limit ed,
which has a capacit y of around 5,700,000 t onnes each year.[47]

Natural resources

Mineral deposit s

Chhat t isgarh is rich in minerals. It produces 50% of t he count ry's t ot al cement product ion. It has
t he highest out put of coal in t he count ry wit h second-highest reserves. It is t hird in iron ore
product ion and first in t in product ion. Limest one, dolomit e and bauxit e are abundant . It is t he only
t in ore-producing st at e in India. Ot her commercially ext ract ed minerals include corundum, garnet ,
quart z, marble, alexandrit e and diamonds.
 Mineral deposits in the Maikal Hills

Mineral Wealth from Chandidongri

Informat ion and t echnologies

In recent years, Chhat t isgarh is also receiving exposure in informat ion t echnology (IT) project s
and consult ancy. It s government is also promot ing IT and has set up a body t o t ake care of IT
solut ions. The body, known as CHiPS, is providing large IT project s such as Choice, Swan, and so
fort h.

Major companies

Major companies wit h a presence in t he st at e include:

Met al: Bhilai St eel Plant , Jindal St eel and Power, Bharat Aluminium Company

Oil: Indian Oil Corporat ion, Hindust an Pet roleum Corporat ion Limit ed
 Mining: NMDC, Sout h East ern Coalfields

Power : NTPC, Lanco Infrat ech, KSK Energy Vent ures, Jindal Power Limit ed

Exports

Chhat t isgarh's t ot al export s were US$353.3 million in 2009–10. Nearly 75% of export s comes
from Bhilai and t he remaining from Urla, Bhanpuri, and Sirgit t i. The major export s product s include
st eel, handicraft s, handlooms, blended yarn, food and agri-product s, iron, aluminium, cement ,
minerals, and engineering product s. CSIDC (Chhat t isgarh St at e Indust rial Development
Corporat ion Limit ed) is t he nodal agency of t he government of Chhat t isgarh for export
promot ion in t he st at e.

Media

Mainline print media present in Chhat t isgarh are Hari Bhoomi,[48] Dainik Bhaskar, Pat rika,
Navabharat , and Nai Duniya.

Human Development Indicators

HDI

As of 2018 Chhat t isgarh st at e had a Human Development Index value of 0.613 (medium), ranks
31st in Indian st at es & union t errit ories. The nat ional average is 0.647 according t o Global Dat a
lab.[49]

Standard of living

The st andard of living in Chhat t isgarh is ext remely imbalanced. The cit ies such as Durg, Raipur,
Bhilai and Bilaspur have a medium t o high st andard of living, while t he rural and forest ed areas lack
even t he basic resources and amenit ies. For example, Bhilai has a lit eracy rat e of 86%, while
Bast ar has a lit eracy rat e of 54%.[50]

Raipur, t he capit al of Chhat t isgarh, is one of t he fast est developing cit ies in India.[51] At al Nagar
(Formerly Naya Raipur[52]) is t he new planned cit y t hat is t out ed t o become t he financial hub of
t he Cent ral Indian region. New world class educat ional inst it ut ions and hospit als have already
been est ablished in t he cit y.[53]
Education Index

School children in Chhattisgarh

Chhat t isgarh has an Educat ion Index of 0.526 according t o t he 2011 NHDR, which is higher t han
t hat of t he st at es of Bihar, Jharkhand, Ut t ar Pradesh, Rajast han. The Average Lit eracy rat e in
Chhat t isgarh for Urban regions was 84.05 percent in which males were 90.58% lit erat e while
female lit eracy st ood at 73.39%. Tot al lit erat es in t he urban region of Chhat t isgarh were
4,370,966.[54]

According t o NSS (2007–08), t he lit eracy rat e for Scheduled Tribes (STs) and Scheduled Cast es
(SCs) was bet t er t han t he corresponding nat ional average.

Among t he marginalized groups, STs are at t he bot t om of t he rankings, furt her emphasizing t he
lack of social development in t he st at e. Bast ar and Dant ewada in sout h Chhat t isgarh are t he
most illit erat e dist rict s and t he dropout rat io is t he highest among all t he dist rict s. The reason
for t his is t he ext reme povert y in rural areas.

Ramakrishna Mission Asharama Narainpur serves t he t ribals at t he abhjhmad jungle region of

Chhat t isgarh for t heir uplift ment and educat ion.[55]

As per census 2011, t he St at e has populat ion of 25.5 million and six medical colleges ( five
Government and one privat e) wit h int ake capacit y of 700 st udent s and doct or pat ient rat io of
1:17,000.[56] Under The NITI Aayog released Healt h Index report t it led, "Healt hy St at es,
Progressive India", Chhat t isgarh has an index of 52.02 Out of 100, which is bet t er t han st at es
such as Madhya Pradesh, Haryana, Rajast han, Odisha, Bihar, Assam and Ut t ar Pradesh.[57]

Despit e different healt h-relat ed schemes and programs, t he healt h indicat ors such as t he
percent age of women wit h BMI<18.5, Under Five Mort alit y Rat e and underweight children, are
poor. This may be due t o t he difficult y in accessing t he remot e areas in t he st at e. The
prevalence of female malnut rit ion in Chhat t isgarh is higher t han t he nat ional average—half of t he
ST females are malnourished. The performance of SCs is a lit t le bet t er t han t he corresponding
nat ional and st at e average. The Under Five Mort alit y Rat e among STs is significant ly higher t han
t he nat ional average.

Net state domestic product

Chhat t isgarh is one of t he emerging st at es wit h relat ively high growt h rat es of net st at e
domest ic product (NSDP) (8.2% vs. 7.1% All India over 2002–2008) and per capit a NSDP (6.2%
vs. 5.4% All India over 2002–2008). The growt h rat es of t he said paramet ers are above t he
nat ional averages and t hus it appears t hat Chhat t isgarh is cat ching up wit h ot her st at es in t his
respect . However, t he st at e st ill has very low levels of per capit a income as compared t o t he
ot her st at es.

Urbanisation

Out of t ot al populat ion of Chhat t isgarh, 23.24% people live in urban regions. The t ot al figure of
populat ion living in urban areas is 5,937,237 of which 3,035,469 are males and while remaining
2,901,768 are females.

Raipur, Durg, Bhilai Nagar, Bilaspur, Korba, Jagdalpur, Rajnandgaon, Ambikapur and Raigarh are some
of t he urban t owns and cit ies in t he region.[54]

Sex ratio

There are more t han 13 million males and 12.9 million females in Chhat t isgarh, which const it ut es
2.11% of t he count ry's populat ion. The sex rat io in t he st at e is one of t he most balanced in India
wit h 991 females per 1,000 males, as is t he child sex-rat io wit h 964 females per 1,000 males
(Census 2011)

Fertility rate

Chhat t isgarh has a fairly high fert ilit y rat e (2.4) as of 2017 compared t o All India (2.2) and t he
replacement rat e (2.1). It has a rural fert ilit y rat e of 2.6 and urban fert ilit y rat e of 1.9
SC and ST population

Wit h t he except ion of t he hilly st at es of t he nort h-east , Chhat t isgarh has one of highest shares
of Scheduled Tribe (ST) populat ions wit hin a st at e, account ing for about 10 percent of t he STs
in India. Scheduled Tribes make up 30.62% of t he populat ion. The t ribals are an import ant part of
t he st at e populat ion and mainly inhabit t he dense forest s of Bast ar and ot her dist rict s of sout h
Chhat t isgarh. The percent age increase in t he populat ion of t he scheduled list of t ribals during
t he 2001–2011 decade had been at t he rat e of 18.23%. The Scheduled Cast e (SC) populat ion of
Chhat t isgarh is 2,418,722 as per 2001 census const it ut ing 11.6 percent of t he t ot al populat ion
(20,833,803). The proport ion of Scheduled Cast es has increased from 11.6 percent in 2001 t o
12.8% in 2011.

Poverty

Tendu Patta (Leaf) collection in Chhattisgarh, India.

The incidence of povert y in Chhat t isgarh is very high. The est imat ed povert y rat io in 2004–05
based on uniform reference period consumpt ion was around 50 per cent , which is approximat ely
double t he all India level. The incidence of povert y in t he rural and urban areas is almost t he
same.
More t han half of t he rural STs and urban SCs are poor. In general, t he proport ion of poor SC and
ST households in t he st at e is higher t han t he st at e average and t heir communit y's respect ive
nat ional averages (except for rural SC households). Given t hat more t han 50 percent of t he
st at e's populat ion is ST and SC, t he high incidence of income povert y among t hem is a mat t er of
serious concern in t he st at e.

This indicat es t hat t he good economic performance in recent years has not percolat ed t o t his
socially deprived group, which is reflect ed in t heir poor performance in human development
indicat ors.

Access to drinking water

In t erms of access t o improved drinking wat er sources, at t he aggregat e level, Chhat t isgarh
fared bet t er t han t he nat ional average and t he SCs of t he st at e performed bet t er t han t he
corresponding nat ional average. Scheduled Tribes are marginally below t he st at e average, but
st ill bet t er t han t he STs at t he all India level.

The proport ion of households wit h access t o improved sources of drinking wat er in 2008–09 was
91%. This proport ion was over 90% even in st at es like Bihar, Chhat t isgarh, Madhya Pradesh and
Ut t ar Pradesh. This was largely because t hese st at es had over 70% of t heir households
accessing t ube wells/hand-pumps as sources of drinking wat er.

Sanitation

Sanit at ion facilit ies in t he st at e were abysmally low wit h only about 41 percent having t oilet
facilit ies before t he Swachh Bharat Mission was Launched by t he Government of India. The
Urban areas of Chhat t isgarh at t ained t he t it le of open defecat ion free on 2 Oct ober 2017 and
t he rural areas have achieved a 90.31% sanit at ion coverage. What set s Chhat t isgarh apart from
ot her st at es of India is an approach t o bring in behavioural change in order t o get open
defecat ion free st at us. In Chhat t isgarh, people don't get t oilet incent ives, t hey have t o
const ruct t he t oilet wit h t heir own money, aft er using t he t oilet for 3 mont hs t hey are ent it led
for t he incent ive amount .[58]

Teledensity

Across st at es, it has been found t hat t eledensit y (t elephone densit y) was below 10 percent in
2010 for Chhat t isgarh and Jharkhand, reflect ing a lack of access t o t elephones in t hese
relat ively poorer st at es. But due t o development of new t echnology t he t eledensit y in 2017 is
68.08 percent which shows improvement of t elecom infrast ruct ure. On t he ot her hand, for
st at es like Delhi and Himachal Pradesh and met ropolit an cit ies like Kolkat a, Mumbai and Chennai,
t eledensit y was over 100 percent in 2010 implying t hat individuals have more t han one t elephone
connect ion.

Road density

The t ot al densit y of Nat ional Highways (NHs) in Chhat t isgarh is at 23.4 km per 1,000 km2 out of
t he t ot al lengt h of 3,168 km in t he St at e, t he Cent ral Government has informed. Chhat t isgarh
Government had complet ed const ruct ion of 5,266 cement concret e (CC) roads having a t ot al
lengt h of 1,530 km in various villages of t he St at e as on 31 May 2016 under 'Mukhyamant ri Gram
Sadak Yojana'.[59]

Witchcraft

Social Mission Against Blind Faith

To bring about social reforms and wit h a view t o discourage undesirable social pract ices,
Chhat t isgarh government has enact ed t he Chhat t isgarh Tonhi At yachar (Niwaran) Act , 2005
against wit chery. Much has t o be done on t he issue of law enforcement by judicial aut horit ies t o
prot ect women in t his regard, bringing such persecut ion t o an end.[60]

Some sect ions of t ribal populat ion of Chhat t isgarh st at e believe in wit chcraft .[60] Women are
believed t o have access t o supernat ural forces and are accused of being wit ches (tonhi) oft en
t o set t le personal scores.
As of 2010, t hey are st ill hounded out of villages on t he basis of flimsy accusat ions by male
village sorcerers paid t o do so by villagers wit h personal agendas, such as propert y and goods
acquisit ion.[60] According t o Nat ional Geographic Channel's invest igat ions, t hose accused are
fort unat e if t hey are only verbally bullied and shunned or exiled from t heir village.

Demographics

Populat ion Growt h

Census Populat ion %±

1901 4,181,554 —

1911 5,191,583 24.2%

1921 5,264,976 1.4%

1931 6,028,778 14.5%

1941 6,814,886 13.0%

1951 7,457,000 9.4%

1961 9,154,000 22.8%

1971 11,637,000 27.1%

1981 14,010,000 20.4%

1991 17,615,000 25.7%

2001 20,834,000 18.3%

2011 25,540,198 22.6%

Source:Census of India[61][62]

Chhat t isgarh has an urban populat ion of 23.4% (around 5.1 million people in 2011) residing in urban
areas. According t o a report by t he government of India,[63] at least 34% are Scheduled Tribes,
12% are Scheduled Cast es and over 50% belong t o t he official list of Ot her Backward Classes.
The plains are numerically dominat ed by cast es such as Teli, Sat nami and Kurmi; while forest
areas are mainly occupied by t ribes such as Gond, Halba, Kamar/Bujia and Oraon. There is also a
large Odia populat ion. A communit y of Bengalis has exist ed in major cit ies since t he t imes of t he
Brit ish Raj. They are associat ed wit h educat ion, indust ry and services.

Danteshwari Temple is one of the Shakti peethas

Religion

Religion in Chhattisgarh (2011)

Hinduism (93.25%)
Islam (2.02%)
Christianity (1.92%)
Buddhism (0.28%)
Sikhism (0.27%)
Jainism (0.24%)
Other (Tribal religion) (1.94%)
None or not stated (0.09%)
According t o t he 2011 census, 93.25% of Chhat t isgarh's populat ion pract ised Hinduism, while
2.02% followed Islam, 1.92% followed Christ ianit y and smaller number followed Buddhism,
Sikhism, Jainism or ot her religions.[64]

Hindus are t he majorit y in t he st at e and are t he dominant religion in all dist rict s of t he st at e. One
sect part icular t o Chhat t isgarh are t he Sat namis, who follow Guru Ghasidas, a saint who
promot ed bhakt i t owards God and against t he cast e syst em. Chhat t isgarh has many famous
pilgrimage sit es, such as t he Bambleshwari Temple in Dongargarh and Dant eshwari t emple in t he
Dant ewada, one of t he Shakt i Peet has. Buddhism was once a major religion in Chhat t isgarh.

Islam is t he second-largest religion, concent rat ed in t he urban cent res. Most Christ ians are
t ribals from t he Surguja region. Many t ribals st at ed t hey belonged t o a t ribal religion such as
'Gond' in t he census, especially in t he Bast ar region.[64]

Language

Language data from 2011 census [65]

Chhattisgarhi (61.9%)
Hindi (10.61%)
Surgujia (6.8%)
Gondi (3.95%)
Halbi (2.76%)
Odia (2.68%)
Sadri (2.53%)
Kurukh (2.02%)
Others (6.75%)
The official languages of t he st at e are Chhat t isgarhi and Hindi. Chhat t isgarhi, a variet y of east ern
Hindi, is spoken and underst ood by t he majorit y of people in Chhat t isgarh and is t he dominant
language in t he Chhat t isgarh plain. Chhat t isgarhi is called Khalt ahi by t ribals and Laria in Odia.
Chhat t isgarhi is it self divided int o many dialect s, one of t he most dist inct being Surgujia from t he
Surguja region, which is somet imes considered it s own language. Near t he Ut t ar Pradesh border
t his dialect merges int o Bhojpuri, while it merges wit h Bagheli near t he Madhya Pradesh border.
Surgujia also merges int o Sadri in t he nort heast along t he border wit h Jharkhand. Hindi is spoken
by many migrant s from out side t he st at e, and is a major language in t he cit ies and indust rial
cent res, while many whose dialect is act ually Chhat t isgarhi. Odia is widely-spoken in east ern
Chhat t isgarh especially near t he Odisha border. Telugu and Marat hi speaking minorit ies can be
found along t he Telangana and Maharasht ra borders respect ively. In t he east ern Bast ar region,
Halbi and Bhat ri are major languages.

In addit ion, Chhat t isgarh has several t ribal languages. Kurukh and Korwa are bot h spoken in t he
Surguja region. Gondi is a major language in sout hern Chhat t isgarh. Gondi has many dialect s, such
as Muria in nort h Bast ar, which t ransit ions t o Madia furt her sout h and Dorli, t ransit ional bet ween
Gondi and Koya, along t he borders of Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. In t he east of Bast ar. Most
Gonds in t he nort h and east of Bast ar, as well as t he rest of t he st at e, speak regional languages
and have largely forgot t en t heir original t ongue.[66][67][68][69]

Gender ratio

Chhat t isgarh has a high female-male sex rat io (991)[70] ranking at t he fift h posit ion among ot her
st at es of India. Alt hough t his rat io is small compared t o ot her st at es, it is unique in India because
Chhat t isgarh is t he 10t h-largest st at e in India.

The gender rat io (number of females per 1,000 males) has been st eadily declining over 20t h
cent ury in Chhat t isgarh. But it is conspicuous t hat Chhat t isgarh always had a bet t er female-t o-
male rat io compared wit h nat ional average.

Year 1901 1911 1921 1931 1941 1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2011

India 972 964 955 950 945 946 941 930 934 927 933 940

Chhat t isgarh 1046 1039 1041 1043 1032 1024 1008 998 998 985 989 991

Rural women, alt hough poor, are independent , bet t er organised, and socially out spoken.
According t o anot her local cust om, women can choose t o t erminat e a marriage relat ionship
t hrough a cust om called chudi pahanana, if she desires. Most of t he old t emples and shrines
follow Shakt ism and are goddess-cent ric (e.g., Shabari, Mahamaya, Dant eshwari) and t he
exist ence of t hese t emples gives insight int o hist orical and current social fabric of t his st at e.
However, a ment ion of t hese progressive local cust oms in no way suggest s t hat t he ideology of
female subservience does not exist in Chhat t isgarh. On t he cont rary, t he male aut horit y and
dominance is seen quit e clearly in t he social and cult ural life.[71]

Culture

A carving in the 10th- or 11th-century Hindu temple of Malhar village. This area, 40 km from Bilaspur, was supposedly a
major Buddhist centre in ancient times.

Pandwani
Raut Nacha

Suwa Nacha at Khudmudi Village, Chhattisgarh

Natya Samaroh by IPTA

Red Velvet Mite is used as medicine in traditional healing in Chhattisgarh

The st at e host s many religious sect s such as Sat nampant h, Kabirpant h, Ramnami Samaj and
ot hers. Champaran is a small t own wit h religious significance as t he birt hplace of t he saint
Vallabhacharya, increasingly import ant as a pilgrimage sit e for t he Gujarat i communit y.

Chhat t isgarh has a significant role in t he life of t he Lord Rama. Lord Rama along wit h his wife Sit a
and his younger brot her Lakshmana had st art ed his Vanvas (exile) in t he Bast ar, t hen known as
Dandakarayna. They lived more t han 10 of t heir 14 years of Vanvas in different places of
Chhat t isgarh. One of t he remarkable places is Shivrinarayan which is nearby Bilaspur dist rict of
Chhat t isgarh. Shivrinarayan was named aft er an old lady Shabari. When Ram visit ed Shabari she
said "I do not have anyt hing t o offer ot her t han my heart , but here are some berry fruit s. May it
please you, my Lord." Saying so, Shabari offered t he fruit s she had met iculously collect ed t o
Rama. When Rama was t ast ing t hem, Lakshmana raised t he concern t hat Shabari had already
t ast ed t hem and t herefore unwort hy of eat ing. To t his Rama said t hat of t he many t ypes of
food he had t ast ed, "not hing could equal t hese berry fruit s, offered wit h such devot ion. You
t ast e t hem, t hen alone will you know. Whomsoever offers a fruit , leaf, flower or some wat er wit h
love, I part ake it wit h great joy."

The Odia cult ure is prominent in t he east ern part s of Chhat t isgarh bordering Odisha.

Literature
Chhat t isgarh is a st orehouse of lit erat ure, performing art s and craft s—all of which derives it s
subst ance and sust enance from t he day-t o-day life experiences of it s people. Religion,
myt hology, social and polit ical event s, nat ure and folklore are favourit e mot ifs. Tradit ional craft s
include paint ing, woodcarving, bell met al craft , bamboo ware, and t ribal jewellery. Chhat t isgarh
has a rich lit erary herit age wit h root s t hat lie deep in t he sociological and hist orical movement s
of t he region. It s lit erat ure reflect s t he regional consciousness and t he evolut ion of an ident it y
dist inct from ot hers in Cent ral India.

Crafts

Chhat t isgarh is known for "Kosa silk" and "Dhokra or Bell met al art ". Besides saris and salwar suit s,
t he fabric is used t o creat e lehengas, st oles, shawls and menswear including jacket s, shirt s,
achkans and sherwanis. Works by t he int ernat ionally renowned sculpt or, Sushil Sakhuja's Dhokra
Nandi, are available at t he government 's Shabari Chhat t isgarh St at e Emporium, Raipur.

Dance

Pant hi, Raut Nacha, Pandwani, Chait ra, Kaksar, Saila, Khamb-swang, Bhat ra Naat , Rahas, Raai,
Maao-Pat a and Soowa are t he several indigenous dance st yles of Chhat t isgarh.

Pant hi, t he folk dance of t he Sat nami communit y, has religious overt ones. Pant hi is performed on
Maghi Purnima, t he anniversary of t he birt h of Guru Ghasidas. The dancers dance around a
jait khamb set up for t he occasion, t o songs eulogising t heir spirit ual head. The songs reflect a
view of nirvana, conveying t he spirit of t heir guru's renunciat ion and t he t eachings of saint poet s
like Kabir, Ramdas and Dadu. Dancers wit h bent t orsos and swinging arms dance, carried away by
t heir devot ion. As t he rhyt hm quickens, t hey perform acrobat ics and form human pyramids.[72]

Pandavani

Pandavani is a folk ballad form performed predominant ly in Chhat t isgarh. It depict s t he st ory of
t he Pandavas, t he leading charact ers in t he epic Mahabharat a. The art ist s in t he Pandavani
narrat ion consist of a lead art ist and some support ing singers and musicians. There are t wo
st yles of narrat ion in Pandavani, Vedamat i, and Kapalik. In t he Vedamat i st yle, t he lead art ist
narrat es in a simple manner by sit t ing on t he floor t hroughout t he performance. The Kaplik st yle
is livelier, where t he narrat or act ually enact s t he scenes and charact ers. Padma Shri, Padma
Bhushan, and Padma Vibhushan Teejan Bai is most popular art ist of Pandavani[73]

Raut Nacha
Raut Nacha, t he folk dance of cowherds, is a t radit ional dance of Yaduvanshis (clan of Yadu) as
symbol of worship t o Krishna from t he 4t h day of Diwali (Goverdhan Puja) t ill t he t ime of Dev
Ut hani Ekadashi (day of awakening of t he gods aft er a brief rest ) which is t he 11t h day aft er
Diwali according t o t he Hindu calendar. The dance closely resembles Krishna's dance wit h t he
gopis (milkmaids).[74][75]

In Bilaspur, t he Raut Nach Mahot sav folk dance fest ival is organised annually since 1978. Tens of
hundreds of Raut t dancers from remot e areas part icipat e.[76]

Suwa Nacha

Soowa or Suwa t ribal dance in Chhat t isgarh is also known as Parrot Dance. It is a symbolic form
of dancing relat ed t o worship. Dancers keep a parrot in a bamboo-pot and form a circle around it .
Then performers sing and dance, moving around it wit h clapping. This is one of t he main dance
form of t ribal women of Chhat t isgarh.[77]

Karma

Tribal groups like Gonds, t he Baigas and t he Oraons in Chhat t isgarh have t he Karma dance as part
of t heir cult ure. Bot h men and women arrange t hemselves in t wo rows and follow t he rhyt hmic
st eps, direct ed by t he singer group. The Karma t ribal dance marks t he end of t he rainy season
and t he advent of spring season.[78][79]

Theatre

Theat er is known as Gammat in Chhat t isgarh. Pandavani is one of t he lyrical forms of t his
t heat re. Several acclaimed plays of Habib Tanvir, such as Charandas Chor, are variat ions of
Chhat t isgarhi t heat re.

Cinema

Chhollywood is Chhat t isgarh's film indust ries. Every year many Chhat t isgarhi films are produced by
local producers.

Lat a Mangeshkar sang a song for Chhat t isgarhi film Bhakla of Dhrit i pat i sarkar.
Mohammed Rafi sang a song for Chhat t isgarhi film. He had also sung songs for various
Chhat t isgarhi films like Ghardwaar, Kahi Debe Sandesh, Punni Ke Chanda, et c.[80][81]

Cuisine

The St at e of Chhat t isgarh is known as t he rice bowl of India and has a rich t radit ion of food
cult ure.

The t ypical Chhat t isgarhi t hali consist s of rot i, bhat , dal or kadhi, curry, chut ney and bhaji. Few
Chhat t isgarhi dishes are Aamat , Bafauri, Bhajia, Chousela, Dubkikadhi, Farra, Khurmi, Moong Bara,
Thet hari, and Mut hia.[82][83][84][85][86][87]

Festivals of Chhattisgarh

Major fest ivals of Chhat t isgarh include Bast ar Dussehra/ Durga Puja, Bast ar Lokot sav, Madai
Fest ival, Rajim Kumbh Mela, and Pakhanjore Mela (Nara Narayan Mela).

Tourism

Chhat t isgarh, sit uat ed in t he heart of India, is endowed wit h a rich cult ural herit age and at t ract ive
nat ural diversit y. The st at e is full of ancient monument s, rare wildlife, exquisit ely carved t emples,
Buddhist sit es, palaces, wat erfalls, caves, rock paint ings, and hill plat eaus.

Mainpat is mini Shimla of Chhat t isgarh.

There are many wat erfalls, hot springs, caves, t emples, dams and nat ional parks, t iger reserves
and wildlife sanct uaries in Chhat t isgarh.

India's first man-made jungle safari is also sit uat ed in Raipur.

Sports

Abujhmad Peace Marat hon is t he largest sport s event of Narainpur.

Education
According t o t he census of 2011, Chhat t isgarh's lit eracy, t he most basic indicat or of educat ion,
was at 71.04 per cent . Female lit eracy was at 60.59 percent .

Absolute literates and literacy rate

Dat a from Census of India, 2011.[88]

Description 2001 census 2011 census

Tot al 20,833,803 25,540,196

Male 10,474,218 12,827,915

Female 10,359,585 12,712,281

% Tot al 64.66 71.04

% Male 77.38 81.45

% Female 55.85 60.99

See also

Out line of Chhat t isgarh

List of st at es and union t errit ories of India by area

Notes

Books on Chhat t isgarh

डाॅ. सुरेश चन्द्र शुक्ला एवं डाॅ. (श्रीमती) अर्चना शुक्ला - छत्तीसगढ़ का समग्र इतिहास (मातुश्री पब्लिके शन, रायपुर,
ISBN 978-81-939385-0-8)

Dr. Suresh Chandra Shukla & Dr. (Smt .) Archana Shukla - Chhat t isgarh Ka Samagra It ihas
(Mat ushree Publicat ion, Raipur ISBN 978-81-939385-0-8)

ड़ा.संजय अलंग- छत्तीसगढ़ की जनजातियाँ Tribes और जातियाँ Cast es (मानसी पब्लीके शन,दिल्ली 6,
ISBN 978-81-89559-32-8)

ड़ा.संजय अलंग- छत्तीसगढ़ की पूर्व रियासतें और जमीन्दारियाँ (वैभव प्रकाशन,रायपुर 1, ISBN 81-89244-96-5)
DR Sanjay Alung-CG Ki Riyast e & Jamindariya (Hindi) (ht t ps://www.scribd.com/doc/720309
61/Dr-Sanjay-Alung-CG-Ki-Riyast e-Jamindariya-Hindi)

Deshbandhu Publicat ion Division, "सन्दर्भ छत्तीसगढ़"

 Deshbandhu Publicat ion Division, "छत्तीसगढ़ के तीर्थ और पर्यटन स्थल"
Deshbandhu Publicat ion Division, "Chhat t isgarh: Beaut iful & Bount iful (St udy in Biodiversit y
of Chhat t isgarh)"

Ramesh Dewangan & Sunil Tut eja, "Chhat t isgarh Samagra"

C.K. Chandrakar, "Chhat t isgarhi Shabadkosh"

C.K. Chandrakar, "Manak Chhat t isgarhi Vyakaran"

C.K. Chandrakar, "Chhat t isgarhi Muhawara Kosh"

Lawrence Babb, "The Divine Hierarchy: Popular Hinduism in Cent ral India"

Saurabh Dube, "Unt ouchable Past s: Religion, Ident it y and Power among a Cent ral Indian
Communit y, 1780–1950" (on t he Sat namis)

Ramdas Lamb, "Rapt in t he Name: Ramnamis, Ramnam and Unt ouchable Religion in Cent ral
India"

Chad Bauman, "Ident ifying t he Sat nam: Hindu Sat namis, Indian Christ ians and Dalit Religion
in Colonial Chhat t isgarh, India (1868–1947) (Ph.D. dissert at ion, Princet on Theological
Seminary, 2005)

"List of books by Prof H. L. Shukla (ht t p://www.dkagencies.com/doc/from/1023/t o/2133

0/Aut hor/Shukla,%20H.%20L.%20(Hira%20Lal),%201939-/Books-By-Indian-Aut hor.ht ml)

Raipur dist rict gazet t eer Hindi रायपुर- रश्मि (ht t ps://36.gurt urgot h.com/2019/09/raipur-rash
mi-gazet eer-hist ory-of.ht ml) Archived (ht t ps://web.archive.org/web/20190911032006/
ht t p://36.gurt urgot h.com/2019/09/raipur-rashmi-gazet eer-hist ory-of.ht ml) 11
Sept ember 2019 at t he Wayback Machine [89]

Durg dist rict gazet t eer Hindi दुर्ग- दर्पण (ht t ps://36.gurt urgot h.com/2019/08/1921-hist ory-o
f-durg-dist rict -durg.ht ml) Archived (ht t ps://web.archive.org/web/20190912230840/ht t
p://36.gurt urgot h.com/2019/08/1921-hist ory-of-durg-dist rict -durg.ht ml) 12 Sept ember
[90]
2019 at t he Wayback Machine

Bilaspur dist rict gazet t eer Hindi बिलासपुर- वैभव (ht t ps://36.gurt urgot h.com/2019/08/192
[91]
3.ht ml)

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41757/ht t p://www.cgst at e.gov.in/en/web/guest /home)

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