THE EFFECT OF COLORS OF LIGHT ON PLANT GROWTH

Aguilar AK, Murillo JD, Onofre AS, Ramirez MFD, and Taborada J

BIO108 Lab Activity 06 Group 03

Science Department, College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics
Mindanao State University, Brgy. Fatima, General Santos City 9500 Philippines
10 December 2023

ABSTRACT

Light intensity influences plant’s production, stem length, leaf color and
flowering. A low or intense amount of light could either lead to a slender growth and
light-green leaves or a larger, dark green leaves and shorter, finer branches. This
experiment investigates the effect of the color of light to increase plant growth without
the use of fertilizers. Four colors of light have been used to test which color would have
the greatest effect on the growth of radish seedlings. Four seedlings on each of the 3
replicates inside cardboard boxes were prepared. Each of the boxes was exposed to a
specific light, using colored light gels (with colors of blue, red, green and white) on the
light bulb. The plants have the same soil type and quantity, receive the same amounts of
water, have similar container size and were placed under each light color with common
durations. The growth of the plants per day for 1 week was observed and the average
was recorded. The results have shown that the blue- and red-colored lights caused the
greatest plant growth average among the four colors of light.

INTRODUCTION
Light is a type of electromagnetic radiation that can have a very narrow range of
wavelengths, ranging from radio waves measured in meters to gamma rays with wavelengths over
an extremely wide range. Visible light is a range of wavelengths that are detected by plant
photoreceptors and human eyes, ranging from approximately 700 nm for red light to 400 nm for
violet light. (Cavallaro & Muleo, 2022). The initial energy source for photosynthesis and plant
growth is light. Plant growth and development can be impacted by a variety of light-related factors,
including wavelengths, intensity, duration, and direction (Bayat et al., 2018).
Plant pigments take in and reflect light. Plants use chlorophyll a and b as their primary
pigments for photosynthetic processes. The light spectrum's blue and red wavelengths are mostly
absorbed by them. Frąszczak (2013) states that light is essential to plant life as it determines the
rates of photomorphogenesis and photosynthesis. Plant photoreceptor cells participate in plant
growth and development, which is influenced by the light spectrum composition that reaches them.
Particularly sensitive to blue light are cryptochromes and phototropins, while phytochromes are
more responsive to red than blue light. Different plant species can react differently physiologically
to changes in spectral properties. The primary light colors that have a positive impact on plant
growth, yield, and nutrient quality are blue, green, and red. Sometimes, in certain circumstances,

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other light colors—such as UVA, orange, and far red light—are also advantageous (Olle & Alsiņa,
2019).
The objective of this activity is to give students the knowledge about how light colors affect
plant growth, particularly in terms of water uptake and mineral nutrition. The goal of the
experiment is to measure the plant's growth (based on height) over the course of seven days while
it is exposed to the four light colors—blue, red, white, and green. To support their hypothesis that
plants grow more quickly in blue and red light, they employed three replicates and measured the
average height in each replicate. They also search for journal articles that are related to their
designed experiment to support the hypothesis they made.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A hypothesis regarding the effects of colors of light to the plant’s nutrition was crafted and was
tested whether to accept or reject it. For this activity to be fulfilled, the following materials were utilized:
12 same species of plants for 3 replication (with similar soil type and quantity, water amount, seed type,
duration of light, and container size), blue-, red-, green- and white-colored light gels, 4 bulbs, and 4
cardboard boxes with a hole on each top.
There were 3 radish seedlings being put inside each of the 4 cardboard boxes, representing the 3
replicates. All plants have the same soil type and quantity, were given the same amount of water, have been
exposed to respective lights with similar durations, and were planted in same-sized containers. Each of the
cardboard boxes were exposed to different environments using various colors of light in varying
wavelengths: blue, red, green and white lights. The lights with different colors were produced by covering
each bulb with various colors of light gels. These plants were observed for 7 days. Their growth rate on the
3rd, 5th and the last day of the observation was recorded and the average growth rate of each plant in
centimeters was determined and each average was solved. The plant growth caused by each color of light
has been compared and studied.
After the whole procedure, the students have cited some articles and research to support their
hypothesis as well as the results of this activity.

RESULTS

In this section, the result obtained from a scientific study guided by simple experiment design
(hypothesis, variables and design) which aims to understand how light colors affect plant growth. The data
gathered are represented through tables and descriptions.
Hypothesis: Blue and red lights are absorbed more strongly by photosynthetic pigments than green
light. Hence, plant growth rate is highest under blue and red lights.
Independent Variable: soil type and quantity, water amount, seed type, duration of light, and
container size

Dependent Variable: Plant growth

Control: Color of Light (wavelength)

Design of the study: This experiment exposed radish seedlings to four different colored lights to
see their effects on plant growth without fertilizer. The four colors tested were blue, red, white, and

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green. In each trial replication, four radish seedlings were grown under each color. Colored theater
lighting gels were placed over the bulbs to produce the different light wavelengths inside cardboard
boxes. The seedlings were in matching containers with equivalent soil, watering, and placement
under the lights for the same duration daily. Multiple replicated trials followed the same
methodology of growing four seedlings per color treatment by controlling variables like materials,
container size, soil, hydration, and lighting exposure times. Metrics on plant development under
the colored light exposures were then compared to determine if certain wavelengths promoted
increased growth rates without fertilizer.
The experiment had 4 color treatments - blue, red, green, and white light. 4 radish seedlings were
grown under each color, across 3 replicated trials. The table tracks the height growth measurements for
each radish plant overtime. The "Original Height" column shows all plants beginning at 15cm tall. Plant
growth was then measured on the 3rd, 5th, and 7th days of the experiment in centimeters. The last 3 columns
calculate the average growth per plant across the 3 measurement days. The data indicates the blue light
treatment consistently enabled faster growth than the other colors tested. For example, Plant A1 under blue
light grew 0.52 cm on average, compared to just 0.36 cm for Plant D1 under white light. This growth
enhancement under blue light was replicated in Plants A2 and A3 as well. In all 3 trials, the measurements
show blue light > red light > green light > white light in terms of daily height increases. This suggests the
blue wavelength is particularly beneficial for radish growth versus full spectrum white or specific colors
like red and green. The controlled experimental setup allows this effect of light color on growth rates to be
isolated.

Table 1.1. The average plant growth of radish seedlings with 3 replicates under different colors of light.

Plant Color of Plant Growth (cm)

Light Original 3rd day 5th day 7th day Average
Height (cm)
Replicate 1
A1 Blue 15 0.52 0.53 0.51 0.52
B1 Red 15 0.44 0.43 0.42 0.43
C1 Green 15 0.41 0.39 0.42 0.41
D1 White 15 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.36
Replicate 2
A2 Blue 15 0.53 0.52 0.53 0.53
B2 Red 15 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.43
C2 Green 15 0.39 0.40 0.42 0.40
D2 White 15 0.36 0.36 0.37 0.36
Replicate 3
A3 Blue 15 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.53
B3 Red 15 0.43 0.43 0.42 0.43
C3 Green 15 0.40 0.41 0.42 0.41
D3 White 15 0.36 0.35 0.36 0.36

Plant growth rates under different light conditions across three experimental replicates. It
specifically shows the height increases measured in centimeters for four groups of plants labeled A, B, C

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and D. Each group was grown under separate light treatments that were kept consistent for all three
replicated trials, though the specific wavelength or color details are not provided. The growth metrics are
shown per replicate - R1, R2, and R3 – to demonstrate the consistency of the results across repeated
experiments. The “Average” column at the end calculates the mean growth rate for each group across all
three tests. The data indicates group A plants exhibited faster growth on average (0.527 cm) compared to
group B (0.430 cm), group C (0.407 cm) and group D (0.360 cm). This suggests the light condition for set
A was most beneficial to increasing seedling height out of the wavelengths tested. By tracking growth over
three replicated trials, the table allows analysis of whether the impact of each light treatment was a
statistically reliable effect. Since group A repeatedly outperformed the others, the data implies that specific
light wavelength does enhance plant development relative to the other light spectra.

Table 1.2. The average plant growth of plants A, B, C and D, with 3 replicates each, under different colors
of lights.

Plants Growth (cm)

Replicate 1 Replicate 2 Replicate 3 Average

Plants A 0.52 0.53 0.53 0.527

Plants B 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.430

Plants C 0.41 0.40 0.41 0.407

Plants D 0.36 0.36 0.36 0.360

The line chart below depicts plant growth data comparing four different light wavelength treatments
labeled A, B, C, and D. The y-axis quantifies growth in centimeters, while the x-axis divides the results by
replicated trials R1, R2, and R3. The graphical representation clearly shows treatment A plants achieving
greater height increases consistently across all three repetitions of the experiment. On average, group A
grew about 0.53 cm compared to around 0.43 cm for group B, 0.41 cm for C plants, and 0.36 cm increases
under condition D. The separation on the chart emphasizes treatment A's growth enhancement was
statistically significant and replicable, versus the tighter clustering of results for groups B-D. The
consistently higher bars each time also indicate this was likely due to the controlled variable of light
wavelength rather than another external factor. While the exact light spectra behind A-D are undefined, the
visualization does demonstrate one wavelength substantially promotes superior plant development versus
the others tested. The magnitude of deviation suggests both a sizable and reliable effect resulting
specifically from that isolated variable.

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Figure 1. Average plant growth per day in accordance with different light colors Plants A which were
exposed to blue light had the highest growth rate with an average growth per day of 0.527 cm; followed by
Plants B being exposed to red light with an average growth of 0.430 cm. These plants have the greatest
growth rates compared to Plants C and Plants D with an average growth of 0.407 cm and of 0.360 cm,
respectively.

DISCUSSION
This laboratory activity demonstrated and thoroughly explained the impact and relationship of light
to plant growth and development, specifically in varying light wavelengths and how plants’ photosynthetic
pigments react to the different wavelengths of light.
The students hypothesized that blue and red wavelengths of light are more absorbed by the
photosynthetic pigments than green light, hence plant growth rate is higher when under blue and red lights.
To test this hypothesis, the students have conducted an experiment about the effects of blue, green, red, and
white lights on seed and plant development using radish as the subject. In this design, the independent
variable included soil type and quantity, water amount, seed type, duration of light, as well as the container
size, while the dependent variable included plant growth. The control for this experiment was the color of
light or the light wavelength. The design was to investigate which color of the light would be the most
effective for plant growth, withdrawing the use of fertilizers. The plants were inside the cardboard box with
a hole on the top. The plants being exposed to different wavelengths were of the same seed type, had the
same soil type and quantity, received the same amounts of water, had similar container size, and were
placed under different light colors with common durations, all of the succeeding replicates had undergone
the same processes as the first one.
Table 1.1 presented the data regarding the growth progress of each radish plant that was subject to
blue, green, red, and white light respectively. All of the plants had an initial height of 15 cm before being
put through to different wavelengths of light and were checked three times, specifically on the 3rd day, 5th

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day and 7th day, during the span of one week, in order to measure the growth of each of the plants that
absorbed the specific light wavelengths or colors. This process will have 3 replicates in order to compare
and contrast the results of the experiment. Plant A was subjected to blue light, plant B was subjected to red
light, plant C to green light, and plant D to white light. Plant A replicate 1 growth progress during the 3rd
day was 0.52, 5th day with 0.53, and 7th day with 0.51 which had an average of 0.52, meanwhile plant A
replicate 2 had a growth progress of of 0.53 on both the 3rd and 7th day, and a growth progress of 0.52 on
the 5th day, with an average of 0.53; and lastly, plant A replicate 3 had a consistent growth progress during
the 3rd, 5th, and 7th day at 0.53 and had an average of 0.53. For plant B, its first replicate during the 3rd
day had a growth progress of 0.44, 0.43 on the second check (5th day), and 0.42 during the 7th day with an
average of 0.43. The second replicate of plant B consistently had a growth rate of 0.43 on all of the 3
checking, and had an average of 0.43 as well; while the third replicate of plant B had a growth progress of
0.43 on the 3rd and 5th day and increased by one on the 7th day, resulted to having an average growth rate
of 0.43. Plant C’s replicate 1 had growth values of 0.41 (3rd day), 0.39 (5th day), and 0.42 (7th day), and
had an average of 0.41. Its replicate 2 had growth values of 0.39 on the 3rd day, 0.40 on the 5th day, and
0.42 on the 7th day, which resulted in a growth progress average of 0.40. Plant C’s final (3rd) replicate
gave growth values of 0.40 for the 3rd day, 0.41 on the 5th day, and 0.42 on the 7th day, having an average
of 0.41. Lastly, plant D’s replicates are as follows: in replicate 1, it had growth rate values of 0.35, 0.36,
and 0.37 (0.36 as the average); meanwhile in replicate 2, it had a growth progress of 0.36 on the 3rd and
5th day and 0.37 on the 7th day and had an average of 0.36; while as for the replicate 3 of plant D, it had
growth values of 0.36, 0.35, and 0.36 and had an average of 0.36.
Table 1.2 had summarized the average plant growth in centimeters (cm) of the 4 plants in all 3
replicates and computed it to have a final average for each of the radish plants that underwent each of the
light wavelengths. Plant A which was subjected to blue light had a final average of 0.527, the plant B which
was put through red light had a final average of 0.430, 0.407 was the final average of plant C that was
subjected to green light, and finally, Plant D (white light) with a final average of 0.360. The researchers
stated major findings in the experiment. It was proven with the use of this experiment that plant growth rate
was highest under blue light which had an average of 0.527 cm per day, while the lowest plant growth rate
was under white light that had an average of 0.360 per day. Meanwhile red light had an average of 0.430
cm per day and green light with a final average of 0.407 cm per day, respectively. These major findings
supported the students’ hypothesis that plants grow most when under blue light and red light since the
exposure in these lights resulted in the first two highest additional heights of the plants.
Figure 1 visually shows the average plant growth of each of the plants that underwent different
light wavelengths. Plants A which were exposed to blue light had the highest growth rate of 0.537 cm, and
was followed by plants B, being exposed to red light with an average growth of 0.430. If compared, these
plants have the greatest growth rate than plants C and plants D that had an average growth of 0.407 cm and
0.360 cm.
The following are the review of related literature (RRL) that supported the hypothesis made by the
students:
As per Blum et al. (1992), red and blue light both induce growth and ion accumulation in bean
leaves, particularly those of Phaseolus vulgaris L. Previous research had already established that
phytochrome and a blue-light receptor drive this growth response. The findings of the journal article titled
"Stimulation of Growth and Ion Uptake in Bean Leaves by Red and Blue Light" validate that growing cells
contribute to additional photosynthesis, supporting ion uptake and plant growth. The researchers found out

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that exogenous K+ and Rb+ enhanced disc expansion in the presence of light, but this effect was not specific
to anions. Light quality did not affect K+ accumulation and Rb+ uptake by discs in comparison to darkness
(Blum et al., 1992). Moreover, light quality led to differences in the short-term kinetics of leaf surface
growth and acidification. Under comparable fluence rates, prolonged exposure to blue light increased bean
growth rates by threefold after a 2-minute delay, whereas red light triggered a smaller growth response after
a 12-minute lag. In contrast to the earlier statement, the acidification of the leaf surface, typically associated
with growth, was stimulated threefold by red light and slightly by blue light. Blum et al. (1992) concluded
from this study that, in addition to acidification caused by red light, a second mechanism specifically
stimulated by blue light operates normally in light-driven leaf growth.
According to a journal written by Tremblay N. et al entitled, “Effects of Light Spectral Quality on
Nutrient Uptake by Tomato”. The researchers examined the effects of different light spectra on nutrient
uptake in young tomato plants. Three light sources were tested, high-pressure sodium (HPS) lamps, white
deluxe fluorescent lamps, and gro-lux fluorescent lamps. The plants were grown in controlled environments
and fertilized with nutrient solutions labelled with 45Ca, 86Rb, 54Mn, or 59Fe isotopes to trace uptake.
Key findings related to the proposed study: Calcium uptake was higher under the white deluxe and grow-
lux fluorescent lamps compared to the HPS lamps. This is attributed to greater stomatal opening and
transpiration rates under light with more blue wavelengths. This suggests light spectrum can affect mineral
nutrient uptake by influencing associated physiological processes like transpiration. Rubidium uptake was
highest under the gro-lux fluorescent lamps. This is proposed to potentially involve interaction between red
and blue wavelengths in controlling uptake (Tremblay N. etal, p.2.). This points to another aspect of light
quality influencing mineral uptake. There were no differences between light treatments in iron or
manganese uptake. This suggests effects of light quality on mineral uptake may depend on the specific
mineral element. Other relevant points: The study demonstrates effects of light spectral quality on mineral
nutrient uptake in whole plants, adding to previous cell culture-based studies. Differences in uptake
occurred despite equal light intensity between treatments, emphasizing that intensity and quality can have
distinct effects. The results highlight the need to potentially tailor supplemental lighting and fertilizer
practices to account for effects of different spectra on plant nutrition. Overall, the study provides evidence
supporting the effect of light spectral quality on mineral nutrient and water (via transpiration) uptake in
plants through associated physiological processes. A review should cover these main findings and relevance
to researching the topic further (Tremblay N. et al., p.2.).
Lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. Youmaicai) was cultivated in three different light-emitting diode
(LED) configurations: white, red only, and a combination of red and blue. The results were reported in a
journal article titled "Effects of Red and Blue Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) on the Growth and
Development of Lettuce (var. Youmaicai)" by Tang et al. (2009). Relevant lettuce plant growth traits were
examined. According to their study's findings, blue light was beneficial for lettuce plants' transverse
extension and the synthesis of pigments needed for photosynthesis, whereas red light could encourage the
plants' radial growth. Plants can be grown in the light of red and blue LEDs since they can absorb visible
light in the wavelength ranges of 400–510 nm (blue light) and 610–720 nm (red light). Research has shown
that certain plants, such as spinach, strawberries, peppers, wheat, and barley, can grow healthily when
exposed to red and blue LED light. Higher plants require both red and blue light, though the amounts of
each type of light required may vary depending on the plant. For example, strawberries thrived in an
atmosphere with 70% red light and 30% blue light; dasheen and orchids grew best in an environment with
80% red light and 20% blue light; wheat yielded maximum yields when the ratio of red to blue light was

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9:1. Furthermore, red and blue light had distinct effects on the growth of higher plants. Blue light promoted
the synthesis of carotenoid and chlorophyll, while red light enhanced the growth of higher plants' stems and
leaves. Certain other plants could not grow in red light; only wheat could grow from seed to seed. According
to their findings, lettuce (var. Youmaicai) could not grow normally under red light alone; rather, a
combination of 90% red and 10% blue light was best for lettuce growth.
Light quality has a significant impact on plant morphology and photosynthetic properties. The
growth, DQI, and net photosynthetic rate of cucumber seedlings were higher when the proportion of red
light was higher than that of blue light, with a higher proportion of blue light indicating that red light was
beneficial to the growth of cucumber seedlings and promoted the healthy growth of the plants. The DQI
and net photosynthetic rate of the R9B1 control group, in particular, were not the greatest (Jin D. et al. ,
2023). The results showed in the article “Effect of Red and Blue Light on Cucumber Seedlings Grown in a
Plant Factory” that when the proportion of red light in the light source was higher than the proportion of
blue light, seedling height, leaf size, stem diameter, Dixon Quality Index (DQI), relative chlorophyll
content, and net photosynthetic rate were higher than in the experimental group with a relatively high
proportion of blue light. The stem diameter, DQI, and net photosynthetic rate of seedlings in R7B3 (70%
red light and 30% blue light) were 14%, 57%, and 22% greater than the minimal value, respectively. This
research investigated and standardized the effect of red and blue light on plant development characteristics
during actual manufacturing. In summary, red and blue light play distinct roles in regulating plant
development and photosynthesis. To irradiate cucumber seedlings, a higher proportion of red and blue light
can be used, but it must be assured that the proportion of red light is not too high in order to give more
appropriate lighting conditions for seedling growth under protected growing conditions (Jin D. et al., 2023).
More research is needed to understand the phenomena of red-blue light coupling and its effect on plant
growth.
According to the journal study of Srivasta, M. P. et al., entitled “Effect of different light on the
growth and development of pea plants” three researchers have found out that, in an experiment analyzing
the impact of blue, red, yellow, green, and natural sunlight on pea plant (Pisum sativum) growth parameters
including plant height, leaf number/size, branching, flowering time, and yield over a 60 day period. Key
findings suggest blue light promoted vegetative growth the most followed by red light, while yellow and
green light were less effective. The researchers propose blue light’s effect in stimulating stomatal opening
and transpiration enhances water and nutrient uptake, facilitating greater growth. Red light also increased
stem elongations and leaf expansion supporting development. Although mineral nutrition was not directly
monitored, light influences on associated processes like water balance and photosynthesis suggests potential
secondary effects on nutrient uptake. While further study directly measuring mineral levels under different
light colors would confirm implications for nutrition, results illustrate light quality can influence water
movement and processes involved in plant growth and metabolism that tie to nutrient access and
availability. Overall the experiment provides evidence supporting that wavelength composition in addition
to intensity mediates important physiological effects in plants such as water uptake which intersect with
nutrition.

CONCLUSION
This laboratory activity provided an insight about the effects of light color on plant growth. As light
promotes the development of plant morphology and sustains photosynthesis, the primary means of
sustenance for life on Earth. The students' hypothesis, which predicted that plants would grow most under

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red and blue light, had been supported. The results show that blue light promoted the fastest growth in
plants, with red light coming in second. Red light has a higher quantum efficiency than blue light, which
has an impact on the photosynthetic system and limits the rate at which plants can photosynthesize. While
blue light helps control the stomata's opening and closing, it also affects leaf expansion, photosynthesis,
and branching processes. Red light promotes flowering and fruiting stages and production. Moreover, with
the use of the five journal articles, the hypothesis was supported because of the similarities in the results.
In addition, plants appear green because they reflect most of the green light away from them; however, only
a small amount of green light is actually absorbed by plants during the process of photosynthesis. White
light had the least impact on plant growth. However, white light—which has a higher ratio of chlorophyll
a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids—contained all the photons in the visible light spectrum and offered an
optimal growing environment.

LITERATURE CITED

Bayat, L., Arab, M., Aliniaeifard, S., Seif, M., Lastochkina, O., & Li, T. (2018). Effects of growth under
different light spectra on the subsequent high light tolerance in rose plants. Aob Plants, 10(5).
https://doi.org/10.1093/aobpla/ply052.
Blum, D. E., Elzenga, J. T. M., Linnemeyer, P. A., & Van Volkenburgh, E. (1992). Stimulation of growth
and ion uptake in bean leaves by red and blue light. Plant Physiology.
https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.100.4.1968.
Cavallaro, V., & Muleo, R. (2022). The effects of LED light spectra and intensities on plant growth. Plants,
11(15), 1911. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11151911.
Frąszczak, B. (2013). Effect of short-term exposure to red and blue light on dill plants growth. Horticultural
Science, 40(4), 177–185. https://doi.org/10.17221/149/2013-hortsci
Jin, D., Su, X., Li, Y., Shi, M., Yang, B., Wan, W., Wen, X., Yang, S., Ding, X., & Zou, J. (2023, January
17). Effect of red and blue light on cucumber seedlings grown in a plant factory. MDPI.
https://www.mdpi.com/2311-7524/9/2/124
Olle, M., & Alsiņa, I. (2019). Influence of wavelength of light on growth, yield and nutritional quality of
greenhouse vegetables. Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B, Natural, Exact
and Applied Sciences, 73(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.2478/prolas-2019-0001
Srivasta, M. P., Shadhary, K. R., & Awasti, K. (2023, May 5). Effect of different light on the growth and
development of pea ... - IJRES. https://www.ijres.org/papers/Volume-11/Issue-6/11069498.pdf
Tang, Y., Guo, S., Ai, W., & Qin, L. (2009). Effects of Red and Blue Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) on the
Growth and Development of Lettuce (var. Youmaicai). SAE Technical Paper Series.
https://doi.org/10.4271/2009-01-2565.
Tremblay, N. et al. (1988) ‘Effects of light spectral quality on nutrient uptake by Tomato’, Canadian
Journal of Plant Science, 68(1), pp. 287–289. doi:10.4141/cjps88-036.

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