Chapter I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Agriculture plays a vital role in the growth and development of the country.
According to the Institute of Entrepreneurship Development (2015), almost all
countries around the world rely on the field of agriculture in terms of economic
growth. And a part of this sector is the Europian Union which has around 25
million people wherein 58% of men population are working full time in the farm.
On the other hand, Africa’s agricultural population increased by 63% from 1980
to 2011. And on the same span of time, Asia, as the largest continent in the
globe, grew its agricultural population by 20% while the Oceania’s agricultural
population escalated by 49% (Worldwatch Institute, 2014).

The development of the Asian continent over the last 50 years has
reached significant production improvements but the yield that it produced
decreases compared to the other regions (Chew and Soccio, 2016). Because of
this, different countries in the continent account the growth of their economy in
the field of agriculture. The Philippines is one of the many countries in Asia that
relies on the sector of agriculture as a source of economic development.

Accordingly, the field of agriculture is considered as a very important

factor to the economy. Through the years, agriculture has changed and evolved
to a point where it boosts the development of a country. In fact, Deere (2016)
said in his journal that in his country, one of the great achievements in its
progress is caused by agriculture. And in this modern time, the sudden increase
in the population has given a huge challenge for those who are in the field of
agriculture.

An article written by Elferink and Schierhorn (2016) in the Harvard

Business Review website, states that the sudden surge in global population

1
dramatically increased the food demand and in order to counter this world
problem, one solution written by Langridge (2014) in his article was that, the
future of food production will rely on science and technology to monitor the plants
growth from using genetics to various gadgets that will consider the factors that
may affect the plants’ growth. As a result of the past researches and studies
concerning the use of the different colors of light and its respective effects on
plants, it was discovered that light, more specifically the various colors that it
contain manifests significant effects on plants.

Researches revealed that the use of LEDs showed a significant effect to

the growth and development of plants. As supported by the study conducted by
Incesu et al, (2015), supplemental LEDs lighting significantly increases the Pansy
plant (Viola Cornuta) in terms of biomass weight, flower number, and leaves at
the rate of 52%, 72%, and 47% respectively. In terms of plant growth rate, LED
lighting increases the plant growth rate (0.109 and 0.306 grams of fresh weight)
compared with no artificial light control.

Aside from this, the American Society for Horticultural Science (2013)
released an article stating that scientists from the Department of Horticultural
Science at Chungbuk National University found out in their study about the use of
LED’S in farming lettuce, that blue and red LEDs show positive impacts on the
growth of lettuce. The build-up of antioxidant phenolic compound was also
determined to gain positive impacts from the blue and red colored LED lights.

Another supporting study by Frąszczak (2013) was that he determined in

his research the different effects of the artificial light which are white, red and
blue LED lights after a short-term of exposure on dill plants at an exact period of
time. Thus, indicating a significant effect on the dill plants after its exposure.
Moreover, a project performed by Clipsham, et. al. (n.d.) using different
wavelengths of light in the germination stage of Arobidopsis thaliana seedlings,
resulted to the red treatment having the most growth in the first four days while

2
on the remaining days, the plant grew faster in the darkest treatment than any of
the other treatments.

Aside from these findings, researches done by Ba et al (2016) regarding

the effects of different colored LED lights and photoperiod regimes to the growth
of hydrophonic lettuces (Latuca Sativa L.) showed that among the different
colored LED, two (2) purple LED (80μmol/m2.s) at 18/6 and 24/0 (light/dark)
treatments displayed the best results compared to the white colored LED’s in
terms of weight, chlorophyll value, leaf number, leaf length, and leaf width. The
three (3) white LED treatments, on the other hand, gave the highest length of the
main stem among the different treatments.
In accordance to this study, research done by Chong et al, (2017)
regarding the effect of different Blue- and Red-LEDs to the growth and
photosynthetic characteristics of Mesembryanthemum crystallinum showed that
plants grown under 10B condition had the highest shoot and root biomass and
even the shoot/root ratio compared to the plants that are grown under 0B.
Kim et al (2014), on the other hand, found out that different light intensities
affect the growth enhancement of the plant in their study “Influence of Green,
Red and Blue Light Emitting Diodes on Multiprotein Complex Proteins and
Photosynthetic Activity under Different Light Intensities in Lettuce Leaves
(Lactuca sativa L.)”. It was also found out that Blue LEDs showed significant
effects to the plants’ growth by increasing the physiological responses of the
chloroplast sub-compartments proteins, including those active in stomatal
opening and closing in the leaf of a plant. Increasing the integrity of chloroplast
proteins optimizes and increases the photosynthetic performance of the plant or
their food production.
Another research conducted by Handayani et al, (2014) regarding the
influence of light wavelengths on the growth of tomatoes shows that in the
germination phase, the wavelength of 680 nanometers has the greatest growth
rate compared to the other wavelengths used in the study, even greater than the

3
germination of the plants under direct sunlight. While in the vegetative phase, it
shows that wavelengths of 680 nanometers showed no effect at all compared to
wavelengths of 650 nanometers.
Hence as a consequence of the effect of human activities that alter the
organized network of the ecosystem, the ability of plants to adapt to the different
conditions of the environment are being tested and the plants would need to use
different methods in order to increase their survival rate. Thus, the effects of
different wavelengths of light in the growth response of plants, more specifically
the Camote tops Ipomoea batatas, when it comes to stem length, stem height
and number of leaves needs to be addressed to further help in understanding the
different response and performance of the plant on adapting to the different light
conditions. Previous studies utilized the use of LED lights as the main source of
light for their study. Thus, this research challenges the other existing studies by
using a different medium in analyzing the growth response of Camote tops
exposed in different colors of light.
The conceptual paradigm of the study (Figure 1) shows the relationship of
the input used in the research and the output that will be done as linked by the
process. The following variables were used in the study, the independent and
dependent variables serve as the input which consists of the materials that will
be used and their significant relationship to the growth and development of
Camote tops Ipomoea batatas. On the other hand, the process involved is the
use of different experimental setups (with one controlled setup) to gather the
necessary data needed in the study, as well as the use of appropriate statistical
tools that can be used in analyzing the gathered data. The expected output was
that the study will determine the growth response of Camote tops Ipomoea
batatas to different wavelengths of light and that the researchers would also give
appropriate recommendations that will serve as the baseline for the good
production of the plant.

4
Statement of the Problem

This research focused on the growth response of camote tops Ipomoea

batatas under different colors of light. Specifically, the researcher sought to
determine answers to the following queries:

1. What color of light gives the most significant growth response to

camote tops Ipomoea batatas in terms of:
a. leaf diameter
b. stem height?
2. Is there a significant difference on the growth response of camote tops
Ipomoea batatas exposed under different colors of lightin terms of:
a. leaf diameter
b. stem height?
3. Is there a significant difference on the growth response of the camote
tops Ipomoea batatas between the controlled set-up and the
experimental set-ups in terms of:
a. leaf diameter
b. stem height?
Hypothesis
Ho1: There is a significant difference on the growth response of Ipomoea
batatas exposed under different colors of light in terms of leaf diameter
and stem height.
Ha1: There is no significant difference on the growth response of Ipomoea
batatas exposed under different colors of light in terms of of leaf diameter
and stem height.
Ho2: There is no significant difference between the growth response of
Ipomoea batatas exposed to different colors of light and the growth
response of the same plant in the controlled set-up.

5
 Ha2: There is a significant difference between the growth response of
Ipomoea batatas exposed to different colors of light and the growth
response of the same plant in the controlled set-up.

Conceptual Framework
Figure 1: Paradigm of the study

Input Process Output

Independent
Variables
1. Color of light
a. Red
b. Green
1. The growth
c. Blue
d. Violet Analysis of the response of
collected data Camote tops
2. One controlled through the use of Ipomoea
set-up different batatas in
3. Soil experimental setups different colors
Composition of light are
4. Water (with one controlled
setup), and determined.
5. Sunlight
appropriate statistical
Dependent treatment. 2. Proper
Variables recommenda-
Growth Response of tions about the
Camote tops study will be
Ipomoea batatas given.
terms of:
a. Stem height
b. Stem diameter

Sognificance of the Study

Agriculture is one of the most important in an economy. This is where
the raw supplies came from, like foods and clothing. Knowing different methods
in growing plants are important. By conducting this study and experiment, the
researcher will expand the knowledge of everyone about growing plants and may
help people who cannot plant outdoors or with limited space only. With this study

6
conducted, people will not only plant outdoors but can also start planting ang
growing indoors.

Scope and Delimitation

The study was conducted at Brgy. Binday, San Fabian, Pangasinan. This
study focused only on the growth response of Camote tops to different
wavelengths of light, in terms of: stem diameter, height and number of leaves.
The result of the study was based on the use of different colored greenhouses.

Definition of Terms

For further understanding, the researchers have operationally defined the

following terms used in the study:

Chlorophyll. molecules found in the leaves of plants that allows plants to

absorb energy from the sun.
Electromagnetic spectrum. the entire range of wavelengths from the
longest to shortest wavelength.
Growth. the process in which the plant starts to sprout, grow and
increases in size.
Growth response. the observable reaction of the plant to the different
wavelengths of light.
Hypocotyl. the part of the leaf wherein it absorbs the light
Legumes. type of plant with seeds that grow in pods.
Light energy. basically the energy that comes from the sun and is needed
by the plants to survive.
Pigment. refers to the part of the leaf that is responsible in the color of a
specific plant
Photosynthesis. the process used by plants to convert light energy to
chemical energy that is used by plants to produce their food.

7
 Stem diameter. the measure around the stem of the plant nearest to the
ground.
Sunlight. the light and energy that comes from the sun which the plants
absorb and use.
Visible light. a part of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the
human eye ranging from 380 to 700 nanometers.
Wavelength. used to denote the specific range of a specific color of light.

SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS

cm (centimeters) refers to the unit used in getting the stem height and
stem diameter.
nm (nanometers) is the unit used to denote the wavelengths of the
different color.

8
 Chapter II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the food-making process happening on plants that

allows them to grow and develop. This process requires water, carbon dioxide
and sunlight to continue with the process of producing oxygen and energy-rich
organic compounds essential for the plant growth. And as defined by Lambers
and Bassham (2018), photosynthesis is the process of converting light energy to
chemical energy carried out by certain photosynthetic organisms. This denotes
that light energy is the main factor that drives the process of photosynthesis. The
intensity of light is directly proportional to the rate of photosynthesis. Thus,
indicating that the stronger the intensity of sunlight, the higher the rate of
photosynthesis.

Visible light

The sun serves as the driving force that initiates the start of
photosynthesis Papagiorgio (2018). Without the sun, photosynthesis could not
take place. However, not all wavelengths of sunlight will be absorbed by the
leaves of the plant.

According to the Institute of Agriculture in the University of Tennessee

(n.d.), sunlight is composed of an estimated 50% infrared light, 40% visible light
and about 10% ultraviolet light. But it is only the visible light that is used in the
process of photosynthesis. Ultraviolet light contains massive amounts of energy
that is too high that could destroy the cell of the plant. Infrared light, on the other
hand, contains minimal amounts of energy that is too low that could excite the
electrons present in the leaves of the plant.

9
 The wavelengths of the visible light ranges from about 390 nm to 760 nm,
which is just a small section of the electromagnetic spectrum. Arranged from
shortest to the longest wavelength, the visible light is related to the colors violet,
blue, green, yellow, and red that are used in the resembling of a rainbow
(LivePhysics, n.d).

In visible light, violet, blue and red are the colors that help greatly in the
process of photosynthesis, while the green light is the least effective wavelength.
Violet (ranges from 390 nm to 455 nm) and blue (ranges from 455 nm to 492 nm)
wavelengths have much shorter wavelengths compared to the other colors thus,
they contain more energy that can excite the electrons enough. Even though
green light does not contribute mainly in photosynthesis because most plants
reflect green, according to the investigation conducted by Wollaeger, H. (2014),
about the different wavebands of light, LEDs influence the growth of the
seedlings, plants grown with 50% green light and 50% red light were 25% shorter
compared to the plants grown in red light only but the combination of red and
green light suggests that the 50% that are taller than all plants are grown under
25% blue light. Red, on the other hand, has the longest wavelength in the range
of visible light. Red light, with a wavelength of 622 nm to 780 nm, is important to
the blooming and flowering stages of the plant, but less essential during the
vegetative stage of the plant’s growth (Lumi-growth, nd). It is also said that red
light which helps in the promotion of developmental stage, increases the
hypocotyl growth of plants while blue light, which has the shortest wavelength,
decreases the growth of hypocotyl.

Meanwhile, yellow light, which ranges from 577 nm to 597 nm, is also one
of the least effective colors in the electromagnetic spectrum. Like the green light,
the leaves of the plant, particularly the pigment chlorophyll, reflects the yellow
light. Bonny (2012) mentioned that a plant fed by only one of the wavelengths
would die as quickly as one kept in the dark, thus yellow light is not that helpful in
photosynthesis.

10
 In this study, the researchers used different colors of the visible light to
determine its effects to the plants’ growth and development. For each growth
phase, plants use different wavelengths of light and the range of wavelengths
that plants use is called Phytosynthetically Active Radiation with a measure of
400 to 700 nanometers (Epic Gardening, 2016). Another supporting article from
Gardening and Home (2017), states that each color of the light spectrum may act
on a specific part in the growth stage and has their own effect on the plant.
Wavelengths of light also have an effect to the rate of photosynthesis. Given by
Khan Academy (2018), organisms that use photosynthesis to live have light-
harvesting molecules called pigments that reflect other wavelengths of light and
absorb only specific wavelengths.

Light Harvesting Complex

Light energy is utilized by plants in order to produce their own food. More
specifically this energy is consumed on the light harvesting complex of the plants.
This complex is divided into two photosystems namely: Photosystem I and
Photosystem II, Lui (2015). Moreover, these photosystems contain a specific
type of chlorophyll a that absorbs light best at a specific wavelength. These
pigments are called the chlorophyll a P700 found in the photosystem I and
chlorophyll a P680 at the photosystem II. The P680 absorbs light best at 680
nanometers while the P700 is efficient at absorbing light with a wavelength of
700nm. These special types of chlorophyll a are essential in transporting
electrons needed for the process of photosynthesis.

Camote Tops
Camote (Kamote) is a spreading, prostrate, herbaceous, smooth or
somewhat hairy vine. Stems or runners, sprawling several meters long, take root
when in contact with soil. Leaves are ovate to oblong-ovate, 6 to 14 centimeters
long, somewhat entire, with alternate heart-shaped or palmately lobed leaves,
pointed at the tip, and heart-shaped at the base. Flowers are sympetalous like

11
that of morning glory, 5 centimeters long, funnel-shaped, purple, self sterile, and
rarely producing seeds. Stamens are 5, of different lengths attached to corolla
(epipetalous) with hairy filaments. Sepals are about 1 centimeter long and
greenish with pointed lobes. Corolla is funnel shaped, 4 to 5 centimeters long,
pink, purple, and whitish. The edible and sweet-tasting tuberous root is long and
tapered with a smooth skin of varying colors from red, purple, brown and white.
The flesh varies from white, orange, purple and yellow.

12
 Chapter III

METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The research design used in the study was the experimental research
design. More specifically the Completely Randomized Design (CRD). This type of
research design as defined by Khurram (2015), is the simplest and a non-
restricted experimental design in which the treatments were given an equal
number of chances; each treatment can be accommodated in the plan, and the
replication for the treatments are unequal. The CRD research design was used to
determine the effect of different colored lights in the growth of Camote tops
Ipomoea batatas in terms of its stem height, stem diameter, and number of
leaves. The significant differences of the treatments and the process of
identifying which color of light gave the most observable positive growth
response of the plant was assessed using the CRD research design.

The following treatments were used in the study. Each treatment, which are T 1 -
Red-colored greenhouse, T2 - Blue-colored greenhouse, T3 - Violet-colored
greenhousw and T0 - controlled set-up (no greenhouse applied) has five (5)
plants.

13
Location of the Study (Google Map)

The study was conducted at Brgy. Binday, San Fabian, Pangasinan. This is
where the researcher lives and where she conducted the study.

14
Experiment Lay-out
1 4 5

2 3

Sources of Data

The following data were collected in the duration of the study; Height (in
millimeters), this was obtained by measuring and recording the height of the plant
every week. Stem diameter (in centimeters), this was obtained by measuring and
recording the diameter of the stem of the plant which is closest to the soil. This
was done every 3 days. Number of leaves, this was obtained by counting and
recording the number of leaves of the plant every week.

Materials and Procedures

Materials

The following materials were used in the studyincludes; plastic bottles are
re-used as pots for the plants. Styrofoam as wall and roof to prevent the other
lights from entering. Glue gun and tapes to hold the styrofoam together. Bamboo
tubes are cut (lengthwise) are built to be the the base. Laundry tub are used to
be the drainer tray. It will be cleaned every week. Pen and notebook is used to
list the necessary information needed.

15
 Procedures

The procedure used to perform the study was adapted from a science project by
Beran (n.d.). Some revisions of the procedure were applied by the researchers to suit
the main objective of the study.

Finding a dark place for the greenhouses.

Preparation Cleaning and clearing the area.
of Planting
Site

Gathering of materials to build the greenhouses.

Preparation Building the greenhouses.
of the
Greenhouses

Cutting healthy camote tops to plant.

Seedling Putting soil in the reused plastic bottles.
Preparation

Removing the leaves for better outcome.

Planting the seedling by pricking it into the soil.
Planting

Daily checking and watering every other day.

Care and
Maintenance

Observation Checking and measuring every week.

and Record
keeping

Tallying of Having all data needed.

Gathered
Data
Figure 1. Procedures

16
Instrumentation and Data Collection

The researchers used four (4) experimental set-ups having different

treatments and a controlled set up in gathering the data needed for the study.
The experimental set-up was composed of four (4) greenhouses with varying
colors namely; red, green, blue and violet, and each greenhouse contained three
(3) seed bags corresponding to the test subject that was used in the study. The
color of the greenhouse covering corresponded to the color of light that struck the
plant throughout their growth stage. Whereas, the controlled set-up was exposed
directly to the natural light, as a reference for the assessment of the data those
were collected. The experimental and controlled set-ups provided the necessary
data that the researchers analyzed to find out the growth response of Camote
tops Ipomoea batatas, which is the test subject of the study, under different
colors of light in terms of seed emergence, stem height, stem diameter, and the
number of leaves. Also, the significant differences of the colored light and the set
ups in the growth response of the test subject were gathered from the
experimental and controlled set-ups.

Analysis of Data

The Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) and the Scheffe’s Test

in the IBM SPSS version 21 were used to analyze the collected data. The
Multivariate ANOVA is the extension of the univariate Analysis of Variance
wherein it examines and compares the statistical differences of one continuous
dependent variable by an independent grouping variable. The MANOVA
essentially tests whether or not the independent grouping variable
simultaneously explains a statistically significant amount of variance in the
dependent variable. In this case, this tool was used to determine whether the
different colors of light affected the growth and development of the Ipomoea
batatas (Camote tops). After which, the Scheffe’s test was used to find out which

17
specific pairs of means are significant. Scheffe’s test was used to determine if
there was a significant difference in the growth of Ipomoea batatas (Camote
tops) in controlled set-up compared to the different experimental set-ups.

Experimental Flowchart

Observatio
Preparation of and Record
Planting Site Keeping

Preparation Care and

of the Maintenan
Greenhouses

Seedling
Preparation Planting

18
 Chapter IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Light has been known to be essential on plant growth. Hence, the

researchers utilized this important abiotic resource and evaluated the effect of
the separate colors that make up the visible light on the growth response of
camote tops under certain colors of light. The researcher used five (5) different
setups namely: T1 - Red-colored greenhouse, T2 - Blue-colored greenhouse, T3 -
Violet-colored greenhouse, T4 - Green-colored, T0 - controlled set-up (no
greenhouse applied). The four (4) colored greenhouses were selected as the
experimental setup of the research while the treatment with no greenhouse
applied was taken as the controlled setup. Each setup contains three (3) pots
wherein each pot has one (1) camote top. The data gathering procedure lasted
for 35 days from the month of March to April, 2021 wherein the needed data
were collected weekly.

Growth Response of Camote tops Ipomoea batatas

The Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) (see page 41 onwards)
shows significant differences among the groups. The same observation was
seen on the treatments as per the week that the study was conducted and when
the two variables – group and week, were combined. However, the Post Hoc test
revealed the specific effects and differences of the setups. And it was discovered
on the results of the test that some treatments do not have significant differences
compared to the controlled setup while some were significantly different to the
control treatment. Hereafter, the following data were the results of the performed
experiment by the researchers.

19
Wavelengths of Lights
The researcher used four different color for each greenhouse. Violet that
have 390nm-455nm, blue have 455nm-492nm, green have 495nm-570nm and
red have 620nm-780nm. Each greenhouse have 2 lightbulbs with 0.8w each that
made it 1.6w each greenhouse.

20
Table 1. Mean Leaf Diameter per Treatment

Treatments Mean (cm)

T0 - controlled set-up 6.324

T1 - Red-colored greenhouse 4.468

T2 - Blue-colored greenhouse 4.988

T3 - Violet-colored greenhouse 3.176

T4 - Green-colored greenhouse
3.312

Table 1 shows the mean leaf diameter of each treatment after the
exposure of the test subjects under different colors of light. The plants on T0 -
controlled set-up attained the largest leaf diameter with a mean length of
6.324cm. This can be attributed to the quality of light that it absorbed from the
sunlight since the visible light produces more lush greenery. Sunlight is
necessary for plants to regulate plant growth, as it helps to create strong stems
and also helps create the chlorophyll necessary for plant processes. This is the
reason why the plants on the sunlight set-up engross the nutrients they need.
Whereas, the plants on T3 –Violet-colored greenhouse gained the least length of
diameter which is 3.176cm. This can be due to the fact that
the plant's antioxidants are able to perform their functions more efficiently, which
prevents the cells in the plant from being damaged. Generally speaking, violet

21
light is much less important. On the other hand, the plants exposed under red,
green and the sunlight shows no major difference.

Table 2: Results of the Post-Hoc Test in Terms of Leaf Diameter by Setup

Mean
Dependent
(I) Treatment (J) Treatment Difference (I- P-Value Sig.
Variable
J)

Red 1.85 1.18 0.141

1.18
Blue 1.99 0.106
Leaf Diameter Control
1.18
Violet 3.14 0.667

1.18
Green 3.01 0.095

*significant at 0.05 level of significance

As seen in the tabulated data, there is no significant difference between

the mean leaf diameter of the control group when compared to the mean leaf
diameter of the red, blue, violet and green treatments at 0.05 level of
significance. This indicates that there is a significant difference on the leaf
diameters of the plants exposed on T 1, T2, T3 and T4 compared to T0 which is
under natural condition.

As supported by the article of Kim, et al. (2014), they found out that blue
LED lights with high intensity speed up plant growth because it manipulates the
use of chloroplast proteins that in turn boost the photosynthetic activity in the

22
 surroundings. In the table the green treatment has the second highest mean
stem diameter falling just behind the control group, this indicates that aside from
the natural light the color green augments the growth of plants.

Figure 2. Mean Leaf Diameter per Treatment

Mean Leaf Diameter per Treatment

7

5
Leaf Diameter (mm)

0
p .. .. .. ... T0 - controlled set-up
t-u nh. n h. en. ee T1 - Red-colored greenhouse
se ee ee e gr
d gr gr gr ed T2 - Blue-colored greenhouse
lle ed ed ed or
tro or or lor co
l T3 - Violet-colored greenhouse
on l l -co n-
-c -co -co let e T4 - Green-colored greenhouse
ed ue io re  
T0 l -G
T1
-R
T2
-B Treatments
T3
-V
T4

Figure 2 illustrates the graphical differences of the treatments used in the

study. As observed, the plants exposed on violet light exhibit the smallest leaf
diameter whereas the plants that are directly exposed to sunlight achieved the
largest diameter. Hence, the plants on the other treatments show little variance
on their stem diameter.

23
Table 3. Mean Stem Height per Treatment

Treatments Mean

T0 - controlled set-up 19.48

T1 - Red-colored greenhouse 18.68

T2 - Blue-colored greenhouse 16.86

T3 - Violet-colored greenhouse 19.88

T4 - Green-colored greenhouse
17.724

Table 3 shows the mean stem height of the treatments after being
exposed to different colors of light. Among all the treatments, plants exposed to
T3 - Violet-colored greenhouse gained the longest length of stem with a mean of
19.88, while plants on T3- Violet-colored greenhouse gained the least stem height
with a mean of 23.6333. On the other hand, T0 - controlled set-up gained the
second longest length of stem with a mean of 19.48 while the two other
treatments, T1 - Red-colored greenhouse and T 2 T4 - Green-colored greenhouse
almost had the same stem height with a mean of 18.68 and 17.72 respectively.

24
 In the study of Clipsham, et al. (2014), they found that in terms of growth,
red light best promotes growth followed by green then blue. But in this case, the
green treatment proved to be better than the red treatment in terms of Stem
Height. And still the one that gained the highest mean Stem Height was the
Green treatments followed by the other three.

Table 4: Results of Post-Hoc Test in Terms of Stem Height by Setup

Dependent Mean
(I) (J)
Difference P-Value Sig.
Treatment Treatment
Variable (I-J)

0.000049 0.614
Red 0.8

0.000049
Blue 2.26 0.556
Stem Height Control
0.000049 0.589
Violet 2.6

0.000049 0.253
Green 1.6

*significant at 0.05 level of significance

The table shows the mean height of the control compared to the mean
height of the other treatments at 0.05 level of significance. It shows that there is
asignificant difference between the mean height of the control group and the
other treatments; red, blue, violet, green, having significance levels less than
0.05.

25
 This finding is similar to the observation of Incesu, et al. (2015), in which
they concluded that added lighting using LED would notably have an increase
the growth of pansies. In this case, the use of the greenhouses, that uses LED
lights covered with pastry cellophane colored red, blue, violet and green, have a
significant effect to the Ipomoea batatas height as compared to the height of the
control group.

Figure 3. Mean Stem Height per Treatment

21

20
Stem Diameter (mm)
19

18

17

16

15
T0 - controlled set-up
T1 - Red-colored greenhouse
T2 - Blue-colored greenhouse
T3 - Violet-colored greenhouse
Treatments T4 - Green-colored greenhouse
 

In figure 3, the mean stem height per treatment is shown and it shows that
out of the 5 treatments the T2 - Blue-colored greenhouse has the lowest mean
followed by the T4 - Green-colored greenhouse. On the other hand, the T3-violet
treatment has the highest mean stem height followed by the T0 - controlled set-up
and T1-red treatments. This implies that the plants in the experimental set-ups
from T1 to T4 would most likely grow taller than the control group that is exposed
to direct sunlight.

26
Summary of Findings
The controlled set-up achieved the greatest leaf diameter among
the five treatments. The treatment that used violet light produced the highest
mean stem height among the other treatments/set-ups. The sunlight gave the
best results in terms of stem diameter and stem hight.

27
 Chapter V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary

This study was conducted in order to determine the effect of the different
colors of lights on camote tops plant in terms of its stem height and leaf diameter.
The experimental setup of the study was composed of four treatments with
varying colors of greenhouses namely: T1 - Red-colored greenhouse, T2 - Blue-
colored greenhouse, T3 - Violet-colored greenhouse, T4 - Green-colored, and one
controlled setup that is directly exposed to sunlight – T0 - controlled set-up (no
greenhouse applied). There was a total of 25 test subjects used in the study in
order to gather the needed data in interpreting the effect of the treatments on the
growth response of the Camote tops.

The Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) was used as a statistical

tool in treating the data gathered in the study. And it was revealed that there
were significant differences on certain parameters of the study. Aside from the

28
MANOVA, the results of the post-hoc tests showed in which specific parameters,
the treatments and other variables, have differed from each other.
The result of the statistical treatment of the study showed that there was a
significant difference, at 0.05 level of significance, on the height of the plants on
the experimental setup of the study compared to the controlled set-up. Whereas
on the leaf diameter, the controlled setup obtained the largest diameter and was
significantly greater than the plants on the violet setup but has small variation
with the other plants on the red, green and control group. In the comparison of
the blue and green setup to the other set-ups by their mean number of leaves, it
shows that both green and blue have the greatest mean number of leaves and at
0.05 level of significance has significant differences compared to the other
treatments, red, violet and control setup treatments.
Conclusion
Based on the results of the study, the following conclusions were
drawn. Plants exposed to different colors of light have longer stems compared to
those who are only exposed to natural light (control group). Plants exposed to
natural light have larger diameters compared to the plants only exposed to
specific colors of light (experimental group). Plants exposed to sunlight are
healthier than the plants exposed to LED lights only.

Recommendation
Based on the results of this study, the researcher recommends that
this research should be subjected to further and more thorough studies. The
duration of this study should be prolonged to observe the effects of the different
colors of light on the flowering and fruit bearing stage of the plants. Future
researches and studies should conduct series of experiments regarding this topic
by using better equipment/treatments and combining other colors to produce
more results and data.

29
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JOURNALS

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 Appendices

APPENDICES
Appendix A
Raw Date

Table a. Raw data of the plants in 1-3 days.

Leaf Diameter

Sunlight Red Blue Violet Green

5.3 0 3.1 3.2 3.9

35
 5.4 5.3 3.3 3.7 0
4.5 3.1 5.7 0 4.7
4.8 5.4 6.1 2 1.8
5.7 3.8 3.3 2.4 0

Stem Height

Sunlight Red Blue Violet Green

16.6 15.7 18.3 13.6 17.5
24.1 17.3 17.9 22.1 16.6
22.2 19.7 18.4 18.5 20.9
16.6 17.6 19.3 21.3 18.8
12.3 21.9 14.3 21.3 11.3

Table b. Raw data of the plants in 4-6 days.

Leaf Diameter

Sunlight Red Blue Violet Green

5.7 2.4 3.8 3.5 4.2
5.8 5.8 3.7 4 2.1
4.9 3.6 6 2.5 5

36
 5 5.8 6.4 2.4 2.5
6 4.1 3.7 2.6 3.1

Stem Height

Sunlight Red Blue Violet Green

16.9 16 18.5 13.9 17.6
24.4 17.5 18.2 22.3 16.8
22.5 19.9 18.7 18.7 21.2
16.9 17.8 19.5 21.4 20
12.6 22.1 14.6 21.5 11.6

Table c. Raw data of the plants in 7-9 days.

Leaf Diameter

Sunlight Red Blue Violet Green

6 2.8 4.1 3.7 4.4
6.2 6 4 4.4 2.5
5.2 3.8 6.3 2.6 5.2
5.3 6 6.6 2.7 2.7
6.4 4.4 4.1 2.8 3.3

Stem Height

Sunlight Red Blue Violet Green

17.3 16.5 18.7 14.2 17.9
24.8 17.8 18.7 22.5 17
22.8 20.2 19 19 21.5

37
 17.3 18.1 10.8 21.6 20.3
13.2 22.5 15 21.8 11.9

Table d. Raw data of the plants in 10-12 days.

Leaf Diameter

Sunlight Red Blue Violet Green

8.3 3.1 4.4 4 4.6
7.2 6.2 4.2 4.7 2.7
7.4 4 6.5 2.9 5.5
6.1 6.1 6.9 3 2.9
8 4.7 4.5 3 3.6
Stem Height

Sunlight Red Blue Violet Green

18.1 17 19 14.7 18.1
25.4 18.3 19.2 22.8 17.5
23.3 20.5 19.6 19.4 21.9
17.9 18.6 11.3 22 20.7
14.7 22.9 15.4 22.1 12.2

Table d. Raw data of the plants in 13-15days.

Leaf Diameter

Sunlight Red Blue Violet Green

38
 8.7 3.3 4.7 4.3 4.9
7.8 6.4 4.5 5 3
7.8 4.2 6.9 3.2 5.7
6.2 6.4 7.2 3.3 2.3
8.4 5 4.7 3.5 4

Stem Height

Sunlight Red Blue Violet Green

19.7 17.5 10.5 15 18.4
29.4 8.7 19.5 23.1 17.8
23.6 20.8 19.9 19.6 22.1
18.7 19 11.6 22.3 21
15.7 23.1 15.7 22.3 12.5

39
 Statistical
Computation

Leaf Diameter

40
 Sunlight Red Blue Violet Green
5.14 3.52 4.3 2.26 2.08
5.48 4.34 4.72 3 3.38
5.82 4.6 5.02 3.24 3.26
7.4 4.82 5.3 3.52 3.86
7.78 5.06 5.6 3.86 3.98
6.324 4.468 4.988 3.176 3.312

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Column 1 5 31.62 6.324 1.41148
Column 2 5 22.34 4.468 0.35172

ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 8.61184 1 8.61184 9.768421 0.014112 5.317655
Within Groups 7.0528 8 0.8816
DIFFERENCE COMPARISON
SR 1.85 SR 1.84
Total 15.66464 9
SB 1.99 SB 1.84
SV 3.14 SV 1.84
SG 3.01 SG 1.84
RB -0.52 RB 1.84
RV 1.19 RV 1.84
RG 3.16 RG 1.84
BV 1.81 BV 1.84
BG 1.68 BG 1.84
VG -0.13 VG 1.84

Stem Length

41
Sunlight Red Blue Violet Green
18.36 18.44 17.64 19.36 17.02
18.66 18.66 17.9 19.56 17.44
19.08 19.02 16.44 19.82 17.72
19.88 19.46 16.9 20.2 18.08
21.42 17.82 15.44 20.46 18.36
19.48 18.68 16.864 19.88 17.724

Anova: Single Factor

SUMMARY
Averag Varianc
Groups Count Sum e e
31.6
Column 1 5 2 6.324 1.41148
22.3
Column 2 5 4 4.468 0.35172

ANOVA
Source of
Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between 8.6118 9.76842 0.01411 5.31765
Groups 8.61184 1 4 1 2 5
Within Groups 7.0528 8 0.8816

15.6646
Total 4 9

COMPARISO
DIFFERENCE N
SR 1.85 SR 1.84
SB 1.99 SB 1.84
SV 3.14 SV 1.84
SG 3.01 SG 1.84
RB -0.52 RB 1.84
RV 1.19 RV 1.84
RG 3.16 RG 1.84
BV 1.81 BV 1.84
BG 1.68 BG 1.84

42
VG -0.13 VG 1.84

PLATES

43
 Appendinx B

Research Plates

44
 Plate 1. Researcher cutting camote stems to plant.

Plate 2. The researcher planting camote stems for each greenhouse/treatment.

45
Plate 3. The camote tops planted inside red greenhouse and green greenhouse.

46
Plate 4. The camote tops planted inside blue greenhouse and violet greenhouse.

47
Plate 5. The treatments/greenhouses 1 to 4 at the beginning of the observation, numbered
from left to right.

48
49
Plate 6. The researcher using a ruler to measure the plant’s height and leaf diameter,
respectively.

Plate 7. The researchers as they measure and record their observations in the study.

50
 Appendix C
BUDGETARY REQUIREMENTS

Materials Prices

LED lights Php 344.00

Styrofoam Php 206.00

Kartolina Php 24.00

Colored cellophane Php 48.00

Tapes Php 70.00

Glue sticks Php 800.00

Cutter Php 20.00

Total: Php 1,512.00

51
 Appendix D

Gantt Chart June 2021

Activities 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

W T0 / / / /
/
A
T T1 / / / / /
E
T2 / / / / /
R
I T3 / / / /
/
N
G T4 / / / / /

June 2021
Activities 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

R
T0 / / / / /
E
C T1 / / / / /
O
T2 / / / / /
R
D T3 / / / / /
I 52
N
T4 / / / / /
G
CURRICULUM VITAE

DE CASTRO, LAIZEL MARELI L.

Personal Profile
Full Name: De Castro, Laizel Mareli Lomanog
Age: 16
Sex: Female
Birthday: October 14, 2004
Grade and Section: Grade 10 SSC – Delta Andromedae
Motto: “Everything happens for a reason.”

Education
St. Philomenas Academy (1st Grade)
 I studied at St. Philomenas Academy in my 1st Grade

Alipangpang Elementary School (2nd Grade – 4th Grade)

 I studied at Alipangpang ES and finished 4th honor.

Nama Elementary School (5th Grade – 6th Grade)

 I studied at Nama ES and finished 3rd honor.

Juan G. Macaraeg National High School (7th Grade)

 I studied at Juan G. Macaraeg NHS and finished with honors.

San Fabian National High School, San Fabian Pangasinan (S.Y. 2019-2020)
 I studied at San Fabian NHS; with honors.

Leadership
 Dance Workshop
 Photography Workshop
 Journalism Workshop
Signature over printed name

53