Blue Light Hazard Optimization For White Light-Emitting Diode of Mn2+-Activated 0D Cs3Cu2Br5 Perovskite Materials

Research Article

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Blue Light Hazard Optimization for White Light-Emitting

Diode of Mn2+-Activated 0D Cs3Cu2Br5 Perovskite Materials
Yaoyu Liu, Xixi Zheng, Zongshuai Ji, Tianyu Wang, Haixia Yu, Bing Teng,*
and Shaohua Ji*
commercial application in optoelec-

The zero-dimensional perovskite-like derivative Cs3Cu2X5 (X = Cl, Br, I) with tronics. Therefore, low-toxic or non-
self-trapped excitons (STEs) photoluminescence (PL) has attracted tremen- toxic elements such as Bi3+,[17,18] Sn2+,[19]
dous interest in the field of optoelectronics. Nonetheless, it is challenging Sb3+,[20] Ag+,[21] and Cu+[22] are chosen
for Cs3Cu2Br5 material to attain full visible spectrum emission and prevent to replace lead (Pb2+). Accordingly, sev-
eral lead-free and stable perovskites/
light-induced photochemical damage to the retina (blue light hazard) in perovskite-like derivatives have attracted
applications. Herein, Mn2+ is chosen as the dopant to alloy into Cs3Cu2X5 enormous interest and exhibited sim-
via a one-step solid state synthesis method. Significantly, the series of ilar optoelectronic properties to lead
Mn2+-doped show the emission peak of 460 nm STEs and the emission (Pb)-based perovskite.[23] In particular,
peak of 550 nm Mn2+. More importantly, the high energy absorption of Mn2+ Cu-based non-toxic zero-dimensional
perovskite-like derivatives Cs3Cu2X5
facilitates the transfer of exciton energy, contributing to a reduction in blue
(X = Cl, Br, I) with self-trapped exciton
emission peak at 460 nm. Simultaneously, ≈17.5% of Mn2+ is alloyed into the photo-luminescence demonstrate some
Cs3Cu2X5lattice to induce the energy transfer channels from the Cs3Cu2X5 excellent characteristics including
host to the Mn2+ guest to lead to the emission of Mn2+, which broadens broad emission spectrum, large
emission spectrum (400–620 nm) and realizes 80% reduction of the blue exciton binding energy, strong photo-
emission peak at 460 nm. Additionally, a white light-emitting diodes can luminescence, high photoluminescence
quantum yield (PLQY), and tunable
decrease the blue emission band via 71.45% and an ultrahigh color rendering emission wavelength, which have made
index (CRI) of 94.5 is produced using the 17.5% Mn2+: Cs3Cu2X5 perovskite- outstanding contributions in the field of
like derivative powder material. optoelectronics, and are deemed to be
the most promising lighting materials
for the next generation.[24–38]
1. Introduction However, in the commercial application of light-emitting
diodes (LED), perovskite-like derivatives Cs3Cu2X5 (X = Cl, Br,
Recently, lead (Pb) based metal halide perovskite materials I) are limited by a narrower spectral emission in the visible
have attracted tremendous promise on the application of spectrum. In order to extend the spectrum of Cs3Cu2X5 (X = Cl,
optoelectronics owing to their intriguing advantages.[1–16] Br, I) under ambient conditions, several chemical elements
Nonetheless, the toxicity of lead (Pb) severely hampers its doping have been conducted. For example, a bright and sen-
sitive zero-dimensional Cs3Cu2I5:In+ halide with efficient and
tunable dual emission is reported, which includes self-trapped
Y. Liu, X. Zheng, Z. Ji, T. Wang, H. Yu, B. Teng, S. Ji exciton emission at 460 nm and In+-related emission at 620 nm
College of Physics under X-ray excitation at room temperature.[39] Chunlei Wang’s
Qingdao University
Qingdao 266071, China team synthesized the Cd-doped Cs3Cu2I5 perovskite microcrys-
E-mail: tengbing@qdu.edu.cn; shaohuaji@qdu.edu.cn tals with both self-trapped emissions from Cs3Cu2I5 at 450 nm
B. Teng, S. Ji and Cd dopant emission at 560 nm via the room-temperature
College of Physics grinding method, and that as-synthesized Cd-doped Cs3Cu2I5
University-Industry Joint Center for Ocean Observation and Broadband shows different colors under different exciting wavelengths.[40]
Communication
Qingdao University
Meanwhile, Mn2+ was also successfully doped into metal halide
Qingdao 266071, China perovskite or perovskite-like derivatives. For example, Mn2+
was doped into Cs3Cu2I5 halide under room temperature via
The ORCID identification number(s) for the author(s) of this article solid–state reaction, in addition to original self-trapped emis-
can be found under https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202201938.
sion of Cs3Cu2I5 at 445 nm, Mn2+ dopant introduced charac-
© 2022 The Authors. Advanced Materials Interfaces published by Wiley- teristic emission at 550 nm and realized dual color emission
VCH GmbH. This is an open access article under the terms of the Crea- tuned by feeding ratio, which implied that broadening the
tive Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. spectrum of Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like derivatives could also
be tuned via Mn2+ doping.[41,42,43] More recently, lead-doped
DOI: 10.1002/admi.202201938 Cs3Cu2Br5 nanocrystals with a zero dimensional structure are
Adv. Mater. Interfaces 2023, 10, 2201938 2201938 (1 of 9) © 2022 The Authors. Advanced Materials Interfaces published by Wiley-VCH GmbH
21967350, 2023, 6, Downloaded from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/admi.202201938, Wiley Online Library on [08/09/2023]. See the Terms and Conditions (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/terms-and-conditions) on Wiley Online Library for rules of use; OA articles are governed by the applicable Creative Commons License
www.advancedsciencenews.com
prepared to facilitate stable and intrinsic white-light emission. band maximum (VBM), while the conduction band minimum
Most important of all, doping the Pb ions may not change the (CBM) is mainly composed of Cu4s and Br4p orbitals, and
original 0D structure of Cs3Cu2Br5 but may result in a broad- exciton transitions mainly occur inside the Cu-Br structure.[42,52]
band red-light emission at 636 nm.[44] Although Pb2+ is toxic, Therefore, in order to tune the electronic structure and optical
their findings have demonstrated the effectiveness of chem- properties, the replacement of Cu+ or Br− ions becomes the
ical doping to reconstruct the bandgap of Cs3Cu2Br5. On the main strategy. We primarily introduce an additional exciton
other hand, it has been also proved that the hidden blue hazard recombination center by doping Mn2+ to replace Cu+ to achieve
(400–480 nm) risk of light sources brings damages to human’s long-wavelength emission. Mn2+ doping Cs3Cu2Br5 perovs-
health, including damaging the retina,[45–47] increasing the risk kite-like derivatives was synthesized via a one-step solid state
of breast cancer,[48] and disrupting the circadian rhythm.[49] synthesis method. Figure 1 shows the synthesis process of
Therefore, blue light hazard (400–480 nm) is the main concern Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5 with different Mn2+ ratios. Normally 3 mmol
of photo-biological safety, which dominantly aims the damage CsBr (0.6385 g), 2 mmol CuBr (0.2869 g) and different compo-
on retinal in the field of LED. Nonetheless, previous spectral nents of MnBr2 (Mn2+/Cu+ ratio is doped by molar percentages
optimization methods predominantly focused on maximizing from 0% to 22.5%) were milled in a ball mill for 30 min. The
luminous efficacy and improving the color performance of reaction formula is as follows:
LEDs at different correlated color temperatures (CCTs), but few
of them take blue light hazard into account.[50,51] Consequently, 3CsBr + 2CuBr + x%MnBr2 → Cs3 Cu 2 Br5 : x%Mn 2+ (1)
to achieve photo-biosafety illumination, it’s urgent to propose
a low-toxic or non-toxic material for white LED light source to The photo-luminescent (PL) properties of the Cs3Cu2Br5
exhibit low blue light hazard and high color rendering index doped with various amounts of Mn2+ ions were studied. The
(CRI) performances. optical excitation spectrums (see Figure 2a) of Mn-doped
Herein, we tune the conduction band (CB) and valence Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like derivatives show that the excitation
band (VB) of by doping Mn2+ at the B site to modify the elec- peaks are blue-shifted to short wavelengths (295-–280 nm)
tronic structure and broaden the spectrum. Mn2+ is chosen as with increasing of MnBr2 content. The PL emission spec-
the dopant to alloy into Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like derivative as trums (Figure 2b) indicate that a new band of yellow emission
a substitute of Cu+ to tune the electronic structure via a one- (550 nm) is emerging and intensity gradually increasing by the
step solid state synthesis method. The high energy absorp- increase of Mn2+ ratio (after normalizing the emission peak
tion of Mn2+ facilitates the transfer of exciton energy to the d at 460 nm). When the doping ratio reaches 17.5%, the yellow
state of Mn2+, resulting in spin-polarized d-d orbital emission. emission peak at 550 nm is the strongest relative to the blue
Therefore, the series of Mn2+-doped Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like emission peak at 460 nm. The high energy absorption of Mn2+
derivative show the emission peak of 460 nm self-trapped exci- facilitates the transfer of exciton energy to the d state of Mn2+,
tons (STEs) PL and the emission peak of 550 nm Mn2+ spin contributing to a reduction in blue emission peak at 460 nm
polarized d-d transition, which can be observed simultaneously with the gradual increase of Mn2+ ions. As shown in Figure 2
in the PL spectrum. More importantly, the high energy absorp- (c) and Figure S1 a (Supporting Information), when the Mn2+/
tion of Mn2+ facilitates the transfer of exciton energy to the d Cu+ dosage ratio is 17.5%, the intensity of yellow emission at
state of Mn2+, contributing to a reduction in blue emission peak ≈550 nm is the strongest and the blue emission at 460 nm is
at 460 nm with the gradual increase of Mn2+ ions. Simultane- the weakest (reduce 80%). After further increasing the Mn2+/
ously, ≈17.5% of Mn2+ is alloyed into the Cs3Cu2Br5 lattice to Cu+ dosage ratio, the intensity of 550 nm emission starts to
induce the energy transfer channels from the perovskite-like reduce, which indicates excessive Mn2+ doping can lead to a
derivative host to the Mn2+ guest to lead to the emission of serious deformation of the Cs3Cu2Br5 lattices, contributing to
Mn2+, which broadens emission spectrum (400-–620 nm) and the occurrence of more defects and traps.[44] Based on the PL
realizes 80% reduction of the blue emission peak at 460 nm. emission spectrums, the luminescence varies from blue (0.147,
Eventually, a white light-emitting device was fabricated utilizing 0.129) to bluish green light (0.243, 0.363) as demonstrated in
Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like derivatives and red phosphor CIE chromaticity coordinates (Figure 2d, Table S1, Supporting
materials, which exhibited the ultra-high color rendering index Information). The excitation spectrums were acquired at emis-
(CRI = 94.5) and correlated color temperature (CCT = 3822 K). sion peaks within the scope of 420–600 nm with an interval of
Compared with the non-doping Mn2+ LED device, the blue 20 nm, and the effects are portrayed in Figure 2e. Peak shapes
emission band (380-–480 nm) is diminished via 71.45%. The and trends of the ten excitation spectrums are fundamentally
human-friendly outstanding optical properties of this material consistent, which indicates that the two broad emission peaks
and device provide a strong guide for the next generation of are completely generated by the relaxation of the same excited
non-toxic and photo-biological safety solid state lighting. state of Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like derivatives. Based on
the PL spectrums reported this work, this phenomenon may
stem from the energy transfer between the perovskite host and
2. Results and Discussion doped Mn2+ guest, as shown in Figure 2f. In general, the con-
ductive bands of perovskite host are higher than the 4T1 state
In preceding reports, the Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like derivatives of Mn2+ dopant, consequently, energy transfer from the host to
consist of a zero-dimensional electronic structure with Cu ions Mn2+ is allowed. Specifically, the perovskite host absorbs pho-
occupying two sites, one tetrahedral (Cu1) and one triangular tons and forms excitons, which then excites Mn2+ d-electron
(Cu2) site. The Cu3d orbitals primarily contribute to the valence to 4T1 state by way of an energy transfer process, followed by
Figure 1. The synthesis process of Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like derivative sample follows a one-step solid state synthesis through a room-temper-
ature grinding method.
radiative recombination from 4T1 to 6A1.[53,54] Briefly, this emis- where I is total fluorescence intensity, A is fitting of constant,
sion peak at 550 nm can attribute to the 4T1-6A1 electron tran- and t is time, as shown in Figure 2g, the lifetime slightly
sition of Mn2+ ion, and the corresponding PL intensities can decreases with the increasing of Mn2+ doping level (τ dropped
be adjusted via controlling the Mn-dopant density. Meanwhile, from 16.31 to 15.75 µs, a decrease of only 3.4%). Further
the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of Cs3Cu2Br5 analysis, by comparing the fluorescence decay time between
perovskite-like derivatives un-doped with Mn2+ is 22.58%, the non-doping Mn2+ and the doping 17.5% Mn2+, it is found
but the PLQY of 17.5% Mn2+-doped Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like that the fluorescence decay time decreases only by 0.45 µs
derivatives is 27.92%. Simultaneously, by comparing the PLQY (Figure 2h). In addition, temperature-dependent time-resolved
between the non-doping Mn2+ and the doping 17.5% Mn2+, it is PL decay is also observed (see Figure 2i and Figure S1c and
found that the PLQY has improved by 5.34%, which indicating Table S2, Supporting Information). With the temperature
that the luminescence efficiency of Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like decreasing from 300 to 90 K, the PL decay curves approach
derivative can be improved by doping Mn2+ (Figure S2, Sup- single exponential, and the PL decay time lengthens from 16.60
porting Information). to 64.48 µs. But when the temperature is below 180 K, no con-
Time-resolved PL decay spectrums of Cs3Cu2Br5 with Mn2+ siderable shift is noticed in the PL decay time, which suggests
doping ratios in the range of 0%–22.5% are shown in Figure 2g that the relaxation process from the higher excited states to the
and Figure S1b (Supporting Information), where the PL life- emitting exciton states slows down and tends to be stable at the
time was fit by Equation (2), and the parameter τ obtained was low temperatures.[54]
the PL lifetime of the material. Figure 3a shows the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the
Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like derivatives material with different
−t Mn2+ ions doping concentrations, which illustrates similar
I = Ae τ (2) diffraction peaks. It is indexed with standard data card, which
Figure 2. a) Excitation spectrums of Cs3Cu2Br5 with different ratios of Mn2+. b) Emission spectrums of Cs3Cu2Br5 with different ratios of Mn2+. c) Blue
and yellow PL intensities under different ratios of Mn2+ ions, d) CIE coordination of PL from the perovskite-like derivatives of Cs3Cu2Br5 with different
doping ratios of Mn2+. e) Excitation spectrums of 17.5% Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like derivative powder at different emission wavelengths from
420 to 600 nm. f) Schematic illustration photo-luminescence mechanism of Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like derivatives. g) Fluorescence lifetime inten-
sities of Cs3Cu2Br5 with different doping ratios of Mn2+. h) Time-resolved PL decay curve of Cs3Cu2Br5 with un-doping Mn2+ and doping 17.5% Mn2+.
i) Fluorescence lifetime intensities of Cs3Cu2Br5 with doping 17.5% Mn2+ at different temperatures.
is fundamentally the same as the PDF#01-072-9849 (RDB) gradually decreases, and the corresponding intensity of all dif-
standard card. Careful examination of the XRD patterns fraction peaks gradually decreases, which is very obvious and
exhibits that the peaks are not monotonically shifted to higher regular. It shows that with the gradual increase of Mn2+, the
or lower angles with the increase of Mn2+ dopant concentration, crystallinity of Cs3Cu2Br5 will be affected. This factor allows
even at the highest doping concentration studied in this work. the Mn2+ ions to be immersed into the Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-
Due to the substitution of Cu+ ions (six-coordinate crystal ionic like derivative lattice while retaining their crystal structure.
radius 77 pm) with basically the same radius Mn2+ ions (six- Relative XRD refinement of inorganic 17.5% Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5
coordinate crystal ionic radius 67 pm), this crystal lattice sta- perovskite-like derivatives powder was carried out using GSAS
bility can be explained by the acceptable ionic radius difference, software, and the resulting atlas is shown in Figure 3b, which
which was no consistent as compared with those of Mn2+ ions shows wRp and Rp are 9.8% and 6.9%, respectively. The result
doping Pb-based perovskite materials.[55] However, with the implies that the doping of 17.5% Mn2+ has negligible effects
gradual increase of Mn2+, the peak intensity at 2θ = 27.1013(123) on the structure of the Cs3Cu2Br5, and no impurity phases are
Figure 3. a) XRD patterns of the Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like derivatives powder with different Mn2+ doping. b) Relative XRD refinement of the
Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like derivative powder using the GSAS software.
detected. These all results indicate that the doping of Mn2+ ions Mn-doped Cs3Cu2Br5 samples, and all spectrums were
has an insignificant effect on the host structure. calibrated with C 1 s (Figure 4f). As observed, the HRXPS spec-
X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was further meas- trum peaks of Cs 3d are located at 723.8 and 737.8 eV corre-
ured to conduct to gain insights into the surface chemical sponding to Cs 3d5/2 and Cs 3d3/2, which is in good agreement
states. The XPS measurements are carried out (Figure 4a). with Cs+.[56] The peaks at 952.1 and 932.1 eV of the Cu 2p XPS
Cs 3d, Cu 2p, and Br 3d signals could be clearly observed in spectrum are attributed to Cu 2p1/2 and Cu 2p3/2, respectively,
the XPS survey spectra of 17.5% Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite- which indicates the existence of Cu+.[56] The binding energy
like derivative sample, extra Mn 2p signal could also be iden- of 67.65 eV was observed in the Br 3d XPS spectrum for Br
tified. Figure 4b–e present the high-resolution XPS (HRXPS) 3d5/2 and a 3d3/2 peak at 68.2 eV, with a separation of 1.05 eV,
spectrums of Cs 3d, Cu 2p, Br 3d, and Mn 2p for the 17.5% which is perfect agreement with Br− and might be derived from
Figure 4. a) XPS survey spectrum and HRXPS spectra of b) Cs 3d, c) Cu 2p, d) Br 3d, and e) Mn 2p in Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like derivatives
powder. f) HRXPS of C 1 s.
Figure 5. a,b) SEM image of the Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like derivatives powder and c–f) elemental distributions of Cs, Cu, Br, and Mn respectively.
different of the sites of Br atoms.[22] The core level spectrum 3. Application

of Mn element shows the binding energy 652.7 and 641.7 eV
are corresponding to Mn 2p1/2 and Mn 2p3/2, respectively, Considering the spectral characteristics of as-synthesized
which indicates the existence and the successful incorpora- Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5 powder samples to demonstrate the com-
tion of Mn2+ in Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like derivatives.[42] These mercialization and potential application and as an LED device,
results are consistent with the distribution of chemical in the white-LED was fabricated using 17.5% Mn2+ doped Cs3Cu2Br5
structure of the 17.5% Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like derivative perovskite-like derivative material and (Sr, Ca) AlSiN3:Eu nitride
materials. red emission phosphors on a commercially available UV-LED
To further inquire into the influence of Mn2+ doping on the chip (λ = 280 nm). As seen (Figure 6d and Figure S4d, Sup-
crystal structure of Cs3Cu2Br5, the morphology of 17.5% Mn- porting Information), the obtained white-LED indicates a bright
doped Cs3Cu2Br5 microcrystals was measured using the scan- warm-white light with correlated color temperature (CCT) of
ning electron microscope (SEM). As is proven in Figure 5a,b, 3822 K, color rendering index (Ra) of 94.5, and CIE chroma-
the size of 17.5% Mn-doped Cs3Cu2Br5 microcrystals varies ticity coordinates (0.3923, 0.3936). Meanwhile, the white-LED
from quite a few hundred nanometers to quite a few microm- was also fabricated using blue-emitting Cs3Cu2Br5, green-
eters which indicating that the 17.5% Mn2+ doping Cs3Cu2Br5 emitting Cs3Cu2Cl5 materials and (Sr, Ca) AlSiN3:Eu nitride red
material was technologically prepared by solid–state mechan- emission phosphors on a commercially available UV-LED chip
ical synthesis can attain the nanoscale. The element mapping (λ = 280 nm) as a control group. The LED device (Figure S4a,c,
results (Figure 5c–f) show that the homogeneous distributions Supporting Information) also displays the white spectrum of
of elements including cesium (Cs), copper (Cu), bromine (Br), 400–720 nm with color rendering index (Ra = 92.6), correlation
and manganese (Mn) are uniform, which indicates the reac- color temperature (CCT = 6742 K) and CIE coordinates corre-
tion is sufficient. Moreover, the Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy sponding to (0.3063, 0.3406). More importantly, Mn2+ doping
(EDS) of the as-prepared fresh 17.5% Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5 perovs- realizes energy transfer at the excited state, resulting in blue
kite-like derivative was measured and depicted in Figure S3 and light emission reduction of Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like deriva-
Table S3 (Supporting Information). As can be seen, the Cs, Cu, tives at 460 nm. Therefore, compared with the control group
Br, and Mn elements were observed, and their corresponding device, the blue emission band (380–-480 nm) of the device
atomic percent matches well with the theoretical value, further fabricated of 17.5% Mn2+ doped Cs3Cu2Br5 material decreased
confirming the pure-phased 17.5% Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite- by 71.45% and the color rendering index (Ra) increased from
like derivatives are successfully prepared. 92.6 to 94.5, which is very suitable for biosafety illumination
Figure 6. a) Schematic illustration Mn2+ doped structure and white LED spectrum. b) Correlated color temperature and color rendering index variation
curve at different currents. c) Curves of voltage at different currents. d) PL spectra of UV-pumped white LEDs fabricated from 17.5% Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5
perovskite materials. The inset is a photo of a white LED (left) and a self-emissive white LED (right) under daylight.
and some color-critical lighting applications (Figure 6a). In experimental results show that the incorporation of Mn2+ into
addition, no tremendous degradation or change of PL spectrum the Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like derivative can replace Cu+ ions.
was once found, and the CRI, CCT, and color coordinates were Besides, no shrinkage or expansion is found in the Cs3Cu2Br5
also stable upon changing the current (120 to 240 mA), veri- lattice with dopant incorporation of Mn2+. Simultaneously, the
fying the higher quality color stability for the constructed 17.5% dopant of Mn2+ could effectively modulate the optical proper-
Mn2+-doping Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite materials based on white- ties of Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like derivatives, leading to broad-
LED (Figure 6b,c, Figure S4b, Supporting Information). The ening the emission spectrum (400–620 nm). Benefited from the
results demonstrate that Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like deriva- high exciton absorption of Mn2+, excitons of the excited state
tive material has promising application potential in solid-state were successfully introduced into the d-state orbital of Mn2+,
lighting with photo-biological safety. resulting in a maximum reduction of 80% in the blue emission
peak at 460 nm. In addition, compared with white LEDs fabri-
cated from Cs3Cu2Br5 and 17.5% Mn2+-doped Cs3Cu2Br5 perovs-
4. Conclusion kite-like materials, the color rendering index (CRI) of the LED
produced by 17.5% Mn-doped Cs3Cu2Br5 is as high as 94.5, and
In summary, we have successfully synthesized an eco-friendly more importantly, the blue band (400–480 nm) decreases by
Mn2+-doped Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like derivative material via 71.45%. These findings evince that the introduction of Mn2+ can
one-step solid-phase method for LEDs with high color ren- broaden the emission spectrum and lower the blue emission
dering index (CRI) and low blue light band. Theoretical and band, providing a novel promising strategy for the fabrication
of high performance and blue-emitting band friendly white Conflict of Interest

LEDs, suggesting added photobiological safety potentials in
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
next-generation lighting applications.
5. Experimental Section Data Availability Statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the
Materials: Cesium bromide (CsBr, AR, 99%) and Cuprous bromide
corresponding author upon reasonable request.
(CuBr, AR, 99.0%) were purchased from Aladdin. Manganese bromide
(MnBr2, 99%) was purchased from Maclin. All chemicals were used
without further purification.
Synthesis of Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5 Halide Perovskite-Like Derivative Keywords
Materials: All Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like derivative materials were
synthesized at room temperature by the solid–state reaction synthesis blue light hazard optimization, broaden the spectrum, photo-biological
methods. In typical synthesis of Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite-like safety lighting
derivative material, 3 mmol CsBr (0.6385 g), 2 mmol CuBr (0.2869 g),
and x% MnBr2 were homogeneously blended in mortar. Subsequently, Received: September 1, 2022
the blend was transferred to the ball mill tank. The sealed tank was Revised: November 5, 2022
installed in the revolving ball mill, and the Mn2+:Cs3Cu2Br5 perovskite- Published online: December 9, 2022
like derivative powder material was obtained by grinding at 650 rpm
for half an hour.
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Blue Light Hazard Optimization For White Light-Emitting Diode of Mn2+-Activated 0D Cs3Cu2Br5 Perovskite Materials

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Blue Light Hazard Optimization For White Light-Emitting Diode of Mn2+-Activated 0D Cs3Cu2Br5 Perovskite Materials

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Blue Light Hazard Optimization for White Light-Emitting

commercial application in optoelec-

different of the sites of Br atoms.[22] The core level spectrum 3. Application

of high performance and blue-emitting band friendly white Conflict of Interest

5. Experimental Section Data Availability Statement

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