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Modeling Of Power Transformer for Di erential

Protection Using PSCAD
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ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765

ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875

I nternational J ournal of Advanced R esearch in E lectrical,

Electronics and I nstrumentation Engineering
( An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 3 , Special Issue 2 , April 2014

Modeling Of Power Transformer for

Differential Protection Using PSCAD
1 2 3
L.Madhan kumar , R.Murugan , Dr. S. Chandramoghan
1
M.E Student, Power System Division, CEG, Anna University, Chennai, India.
2
PhD Research Scholar, Power System Division, CEG, Anna University, Chennai, India.
3
Associate Professor, AU-RU Urban EnergyCenter , CEG, Anna University, Chennai , India

ABSTRACT—The differential protecti on of power transformer is a unit protecti on scheme. The protective scheme for power
transformer should operate only for the internal faul t, and it must be insensitive for any fault outside the zone of protection. That
means the protection scheme should not operate for any external through fault and the magnetizing inrush current due to
energizat ion of the transformer under no load condition and also due to external fault removal. Transformer inrush currents are
high-magnitude, harmonic-rich currents generated when transformer cores are driven into saturation during energization. These
currents have undesirable effects, including potential damage or loss-of-life to the transformer, protective relay mal-operation and
reduced power quality on the system. In power transformer differential protection second and fifth harmonics are analyzed using
Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) technique to pr ovide the dual slope dif ferential relay operating chartrictics. The relay logic and the
algorithm that uses fast fourier transform for extraction of fundamental and higher harmonics components of differential current
which are used to block the Inrush current. The simulations were performed using PSCAD Simulation software. The proposed
systems can be used to test new transformer differential protection algorithms and the actual differential relays available on the
market.
KEYWORDS— Differential protecti on of power transformers, Magnetizing inrush current, Fast Fourier Transform, harmonics,
PSCAD software
I . INTRODUCTION

The basic operating principle of differential protection is to calculate the difference between the current entering and leaving
the protected zone. There is a phenomenon that occurred during removal of external through fault or due to energization of the
transformer under no load condition named magnetizing inrush current. The differential protection scheme should remain
insensitive for such magnetizing inrush current. The differential relay should not operate for the external/through fault. The
protective scheme should operate only for the internal fault, and it must be insensitive for any fault outside the zone of protection.
The protection operates when the differential current exceed the set bias threshold value. For external faults, the differential
current should be zero, but error caused by the CT saturation and CT ration error leads to non-zero value. To prevent
maloperation the operating threshold is raised by increasing the relay setting. Maloperation of the differential protection of power
transformer may occur due to Magnetizing inrush current, CT saturation and Through Fault Inrush. Among all these three;
magnetizing inrush results during excitation of Transformer under no load condition. It can also come in to picture during the
energization of parallel connected power transformer. For this setting of four relay parameter is very important.

IS1: The basic differential current setting

K1: The lower percentage bias setting
IS2: The bias current threshold setting
K2: The higher percentage bias setting

The tripping criteria can be formulated as:

Case 1
I bias< Is2 (1)
Idiff> K1 * I bias + Is1 THEN TRIP

Copyright to IJAREEIE www.ijareeie.com 215

ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765

ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875

I nternational J ournal of Advanced R esearch in Electrical, E lectronics

and I nstrumentation Engineering
( An ISO 3297: 2007 Certified Organization)

Vol. 3 , Special Issue 2 , April 2014

Case 2
I bias> = Is2 (2)
Idiff> K2 * I bias – (K2 – K1) * Is2 + Is1 THEN TRIP

Fast Fourier Transform technique is used for preventing the maloperation. The secondary current signals from the CTs are
sampled at a regular interval. This is an online Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), which can determine the harmonic magnitude and
phase of the input signal as a function of time. The input signals first sampled before they are decomposed into harmonic
nd th
constituents.Using the FFT technique to block the 2 and 5 harmonics of the diffrential current to avoid mal-operation of
diffrential relay due to inrush current.

II. M ODELED SCHEMES FOR TESTING THE TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

ALGORI THM S

In [1] thesis there are presented the descriptions of simulation systems projects containing transformers and modeled
differential relays for their protection. These projects, made in the PSCAD software, reproduce the power transformers with
different vector groups and rated powers, lines (as PI-type two- terminal-pair networ ks), power source and the load on high er-
voltage sides. For the modeled systems there are possibilities of switches control in both a manu al and automatic (by simulating
differential relay) way.
In add ition, depending on the transformer vector group and its rated power, there have been used proper algorithms for
appropr iate operation of modeled transformer differential protection in simulation projects. The si gnals inj ected to the
differential r elay may be brought from actual or ideal current transformers (depending on the requirements)

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1 International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics Modeling Of Power Transformer
for Di erential Protection Using PSCAD L.Madhan kumar 1, R.Murugan 2, Dr. S. Chandramoghan 3 M.E
Student, Power System Division, CEG, Anna University, Chennai, India. 1 PhD Research Scholar, Power
System Division, CEG, Anna University, Chennai, India. 2 Associate Professor, AU-RU Urban Energy
Center, CEG, Anna University, Chennai, India 3 ABSTRACT The di erential protection of power
transformer is a unit protection scheme. The protective scheme for power transformer should operate
only for the internal fault, and it must be insensitive for any fault outside the zone of protection. That
means the protection scheme should not operate for any external through fault and the magnetizing
inrush current due to energization of the transformer under no load condition and also due to external
fault removal. Transformer inrush currents are high-magnitude, harmonic-rich currents generated when
transformer cores are driven into saturation during energization. These currents have undesirable
e ects, including potential damage or loss-of-life to the transformer, protective relay mal-operation and
reduced power quality on the system. In power transformer di erential protection second and fth
harmonics are analyzed using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) technique to provide the dual slope
di erential relay operating chartrictics. The relay logic and the algorithm that uses fast fourier transform
for extraction of fundamental and higher harmonics components of di erential current which are used
to block the Inrush current. The simulations were performed using PSCAD Simulation software. The
proposed systems can be used to test new transformer di erential protection algorithms and the actual
di erential relays available on the market. KEYWORDS Di erential protection of power transformers,
Magnetizing inrush current, Fast Fourier Transform, harmonics, PSCAD software I. INTRODUCTION The
basic operating principle of di erential protection is to calculate the di erence between the current
entering and leaving the protected zone. There is a phenomenon that occurred during removal of
external through fault or due to energization of the transformer under no load condition named
magnetizing inrush current. The di erential protection scheme should remain insensitive for such
magnetizing inrush current. The di erential relay should not operate for the external/through fault. The
protective scheme should operate only for the internal fault, and it must be insensitive for any fault
outside the zone of protection. The protection operates when the di erential current exceed the set
bias threshold value. For external faults, the di erential current should be zero, but error caused by the
CT saturation and CT ration error leads to non-zero value. To prevent maloperation the operating
threshold is raised by increasing the relay setting. Maloperation of the di erential protection of power
transformer may occur due to Magnetizing inrush current, CT saturation and Through Fault Inrush.
Among all these three; magnetizing inrush results during excitation of Transformer under no load
condition. It can also come in to picture during the energization of parallel connected power
transformer. For this setting of four relay parameter is very important. IS1: The basic di erential current
setting K1: The lower percentage bias setting IS2: The bias current threshold setting K2: The higher
percentage bias setting The tripping criteria can be formulated as: Case 1 I bias< Is2 (1) Idi > K1 * I bias
+ Is1 THEN TRIP Copyright to IJAREEIE 215

2 Case 2 I bias> = Is2 (2) Idi > K2 * I bias (K2 K1) * Is2 + Is1 THEN TRIP Fast Fourier Transform
technique is used for preventing the maloperation. The secondary current signals from the CTs are
sampled at a regular interval. This is an online Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), which can determine the
harmonic magnitude and phase of the input signal as a function of time. The input signals rst sampled
before they are decomposed into harmonic constituents.using the FFT technique to block the 2 nd and 5
th harmonics of the di rential current to avoid mal-operation of di rential relay due to inrush current.
II. MODELED SCHEMES FOR TESTING THE TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION ALGORITHMS In
[1] thesis there are presented the descriptions of simulation systems projects containing transformers
and modeled di erential relays for their protection. These projects, made in the PSCAD software,
reproduce the power transformers with di erent vector groups and rated powers, lines (as PI-type two-
terminal-pair networks), power source and the load on highervoltage sides. For the modeled systems
there are possibilities of switches control in both a manual and automatic (by simulating di erential
relay) way. In addition, depending on the transformer vector group and its rated power, there have
been used proper algorithms for appropriate operation of modeled transformer di erential protection
in simulation projects. The signals injected to the di erential relay may be brought from actual or ideal
current transformers (depending on the requirements) Fig. 1.Transformer di erential protection
system. Fig.1 shows the transformer di erential protection system. The system containing two buses
bus1 is connected to source and bus2 is connected to load and the transformer is connected between
the buses. Breaker B1 and B2 connected both sides of transformer, during internal faults the relay
should trip the breakers.ip1,ip2, Ip3 and Is1 Is2, Is3 are the transformer primary and secondary line
currents. This currents are input signal of the relay logic block the output of relay logic block is trip signal
that signal used to trip the breaker. In addition to the elements shown in the gure 1, in the simulation
project there are blocks which contain the following elements: elements of modeled di erential relay,
Copyright to IJAREEIE 216

3 diagrams of analog signals (currents and voltages on higher- and lower-voltage sides of the
transformer and signals made available in the transformer model) and binary signals (states of
switches), elements related to the control (choice of location and type of fault, breakers control, control
of saving the analog variables waveforms to COMTRADE-format le. In all the modeled systems with
transformers it is possible to visualize all the courses of currents and voltages on the higher and lower-
voltage sides and in the fault point. The observed voltage and current time-courses at relaying points,
on the secondary side of current and voltage transformers, can be saved as the COMTRADE format. As a
result this time- courses can be retraced by microprocessor testers, and thus be used to test the real
di erential relays (functional performance tests [4]).Additionally, there is a possibility in modeled
systems to observe variation of di erential current (I di ) as a function of stabilized current (I bias ) for
the A, B, C phases, occurring during disturbances, with respect to the beginning characteristics I di = f(i
bias ) for modeled di erential protections.with the modeled test schemes can be checked (within the
functional performance tests) the operation correctness of the di erential protection functions in case
of: internal and external single and multi-phase faults, with current transformers saturation absence
and for various preload of transformer (the impact of the appearance of non-periodic current
component in fault current), metallic and resistive internal faults,various level of saturation of the CTs
(on one or both sides of the transformer) and various pre-load of transformer, in the case of external
faults (whether there is no unnecessary pick-up of di erential function), external single-phase faults on
the transformer side of a grounded star-point (whether there is no unnecessary pick- up of di erential
function, and thus the di erential function correctly eliminates the zero-sequence component of the
current) switching on (energizing) the unloaded transformer (whether there is no unnecessary pick-up
of di erential function during the inrush of magnetizing current and appearance of a high content of
2nd harmonic in di erential current), transformer over- uxing (whether there is no unnecessary pick-up
of di erential function due to the large rise of supply voltage and the emergence of a high content of
5th harmonic in the di erential current). III. A SCHEME OF MODELED TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL
PROTECTION The protection modeling process has been focused on protection operation logic, not on
digital signal processing in order to computing the 1st, 2nd and 5th harmonics of phase currents. For
the calculation of particular harmonics of phase currents (phasors), the On-Line Frequency Scanner
module (from PSCAD/EMTDC Master Library, [3]) has been used. The description of direct calculation
method for measurement signals (current phasors), without using the On-Line Frequency Scanner
module, may be found in [2]. Fig. 1 shows the location of di erential relay model in the simulation
project. Example of implementation in PSCAD software of the modelled relay. To build a simulation
model of di erential relay, there were used ready-to-use modules from PSCAD Master Library such as:
logic gates, timers, summing/di erence junctions, multipliers, dividers, module which can determine the
harmonic magnitude and phase of the input signal as a function of time (On-Line Frequency Scanner),
modules from the Relays (Dual Slope Current Di erential Relay, Over current detection block).
Algorithms of elements for elimination of the zero-sequence current and for vector group adaptation,
was written using a programming language Fortran.The modeled relay consists of (Fig. 3): the amplitude
adjustment of the lower- (LV) and higher- voltage (HV) power transformer side. systems to eliminate
zero-sequence current symmetrical component on the higher-voltage transformer side (grounded
transformer windings connected in star): mathematically or using current from the transformer star
point. adaptation to vector group made on the lower-voltage transformer side. transformation of
instantaneous current values (the upper- and lower-voltage transformer sides) to a phasor (amplitude
and phase separation) for harmonic 1st, 2nd and 5th. Copyright to IJAREEIE 217

4 calculation of the di erential currents (I di ) and stabilized currents (I bias ) for the 1st harmonic
currents of phases A, B, C, and checking the performance criteria for each phase, i.e., whether the point
of the calculated currents I di and I bias are above the operating characteristics I di = f(i bias ) of the
relay. calculation of the di erential currents (I di ) for 2nd and 5th harmonic currents of phases A, B, C,
and checking the performance criteria for each phase, i.e. whether the di erential currents calculated
2nd and 5th harmonic with respect to the corresponding di erential currents 1st harmonic exceeds the
set threshold. checking whether the current di erential 1st harmonics for each phase exceeds the set
threshold, i.e. checking the performance criteria of non-stabilized di erential relay function. checking
the performance criteria of the stabilized di erential function for at least one of the three phases
(calculated di rential rst harmonic current are in the area of operation for stablized characteristics of
relay, the content of the 2nd and 5th harmonic does not exceed the threshold values), and the
veri cation of the performance criteria for the nonstabilized di erential at least one of the three phases
and sending an impulse to open breakers signal (signal T) on the higher- and lower-voltage transformer
side. From the Fig. 2. the transformer primary (Ip1, Ip2, Ip3) and secondary (Is1 Is2, Is3) currents are
giving to CT s. From the CT s secondary side currents are given to FFT. And also (Fig. 2.) shows the
fundamental and harmonic extraction logic of the transformer CT s secondary currents. Calculation of
the di erential currents (Idi ) and stabilized currents (Ibias) for the 1st harmonic currents of phases A,
B, C, and checking the performance criteria for each phase, i.e., whether the point of the calculated
currents Idi and Ibias are above the operating characteristics Idi = f(ibias) of the relay (Fig. 3.),
calculation of the di erential currents (Idi ) for 2nd and 5th harmonic currents of phases A, B, C, and
checking the performance criteria for each phase, i.e. whether the di erential currents calculated 2nd
and 5th harmonic with respect to the corresponding di erential currents 1st harmonic exceeds the set
threshold Checking whether the current di erential 1st harmonics for each phase exceeds the set
threshold, i.e. checking the performance criteria of non-stabilized di erential relay function (Fig. 4.).
From g 5 brk1, brk2, brk3, a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3, c1,c2,c3 denotes the output signals from the relay( g.
3.) and the signal values are 0 and 1 is given to AND gate. (Fig. 4.) checking the performance criteria of
the stabilized di erential function for at least one of the three phases (calculated di erential 1st
harmonic currents are in the area of operation for stabilized characteristics of relay, the content of the
2nd and 5th harmonic does not exceed the threshold values), and the veri cation of the performance
criteria for the non-stabilized di erential at least one of the three phases and sending an impulse to
open breakers. Breaker operation is considering 0 and 1.Figure 5 shows the value 1 denoted the
breaker is ON position and 0 denoted the breaker closed position. When trip signal given from the relay.
Instantaneously breaker open position 1 and after the fault clear suddenly breaker closed 0. Fig. 2.
Harmonic extraction using FFT Fig. 3. dual slope di rential relay Copyright to IJAREEIE 218

5 Fig. 4. over current detection block Fig. 5. Breaker trip logic IV. EXAMPLE RESULTS OF FUNCTIONAL
PERFORMANCE TESTS FOR MODELED DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION A. Short Circuit,A- B-C Metallic Type
(Internal on HV Transformer Side) This section presents selected results of disturbance simulations for
modeled test schemes. The research, described in greater detail in [1], have been aimed to monitor and
analyze the signals that occur during chosen disturbances related to transformers and to verify the
operation of modeled transformer di erential protection. Fig. 6. Primary side CT saturation current
during phase A-B-C internal fault condition Copyright to IJAREEIE 219

6 Fig. 7. Secondary side CT saturation current during phase A-B-C internal fault condition Fig. 8.
Breaker current during phase A-B-C internal fault condition During fault condition the relay gives trip
signal to the breaker at the instant the breaker should be opened current owing through the breaker is
zero.after clearing the fault the breaker becomes closed. (fault occurred at 1.0 sec, duration of fault 0.5
sec). Fig. 9. The relay gives trip signal to the breaker Copyright to IJAREEIE 220

7 B. switching ON the un loaded transformer Fig. 10. Under normal conditon THD in percentage Fig.
11. The ratio of 2 nd and 5 th harmonic di erential current to 1st harmonic when switching on unloaded
transformer Fig. 11 shows the waveforms of di erential currents and stabilized currents (per phase)
with a frequency of 1 st (fundamental) harmonic. They show that the di erential currents are larger
than the corresponding stabilized currents. If the di erential (stabilized) function is not blocked in the
analyzed case it comes to unwanted operation of the di erential relay. Evidence of this change is status
of output trip signals (brk 1, brk 6 and brk 7) coming from all phases (with leading logical zeros to logical
ones) when switching the unloaded transformer on - as shown in Fig. 12. This is also evident transition
the currents through the operation characteristics of the modeled relay. Copyright to IJAREEIE 221
8 Fig. 12. Mal-operation of relay due to inrush current Fig. 13. Dual slope di erential relay
characteristics Fig. 13. shows the transition of the current waveforms operating characteristics, which
may correspond to unwanted tripping of modeled di erential relay. Application (in modeled relay) of
simple criterion detection of the stroke transformer magnetizing current (during switching transformer
on), based on the exceeding speci c content 2nd harmonic component in di erential current (Fig. 4),
can prevent unwanted activation of the di erential relay. The lack of response course of the main
tripping signal (T signal) demonstrates the correct operation of the modeled relay (Fig. 9). Copyright to
IJAREEIE 222

9 V. SUMMARY The PSCAD/EMTDC software can be successfully used to modeling the disturbances in
schemes with transformers and di erential relays protecting transformer from e ects of this
disturbances occurrence. There can be created the simulation projects of schemes with power
transformers, which allow to analyze various types of disturbances that may occur in this schemes, such
as internal and external faults, switching on the unloaded transformers, voltage spikes on the
transformer terminals, faults with current transformer saturation, etc. A lot of tests have been made for
modeled test schemes. Example results of the tests, described in the article, have shown the usefulness
of PSCAD/EMTDC for verifying the operation correctness of di erential protections for power
transformers. It is important that the calculations are in this program performed in the time domain.
Thanks to this, instantaneous values of phase voltages and currents may be injected into the modeled
protection device. Modeled in the thesis [1] test schemes can be used for testing the protection
algorithms of real protection devices (thanks to the possibility of saving the waveforms of analog and
binary signal to COMTRADE les) and for designing the new di erential protection solutions. Also
modeled in the thesis [1] di erential relays, for protecting power transformers of di erent rated powers
and di erent vector groups, and example tests results of its operating have proved that PSCAD/EMTDC
can also be used for testing new protection function algorithms and verifying operating correctness of
the existing algorithms (e.g. for educational or training purposes). REFERENCES [1] K.Pyrzak, Application
of PSCAD/ETMDC software for modeling of transformers and di erential protective relays, The MSc
thesis, (in Polish), Warsaw [2] M.Sztykiel, C.L. Bak, Line Di erential Protection Scheme Modelling for
Underground 420 kv Cable Systems, EMTDC/PSCAD Relays Modeling, OMICRON electronics,
International Protection Testing Symposium (IPTS), Brand 2011 [3] Manitoba HVDC Research Centre,
PSCAD v Online Help [4] CIGRE: Analysis and guidelines for testing numerical protection schemes, CIGRE
Report No 159, Working Group 34.10, August [5] A Guzman and S.Zocholl A current based solution for
transformer di erential protection part 1:Problem Statement, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, volume 16, [6]
A.M. Guzman and S. Zocholl, Performannce analysis of traditional and improved transformer di erential
protective relays [7] B.Kasztenny and M.Kezunovic, Improved Power Transformer Protection Using
Numerical Relays, IEEE Computer Applications in Power, Vol.11, No.4, October [8] B.Gladstone and M
van der Veen Transformer Based Solutions to Power Quality Problems Power System World, [9] C. D.
Hayward, Harmonic-Current-Restrained Relays for Transformer Di erential Protection, AIEE
Transactions, Vol. 60, [10] C. A. Mathews, An Improved Transformer Di erential Relay, AIEE
Transactions, Vol. 73, Part III, June [11] C. H. Einval and J. R. Linders, A Three-Phase Di erential Relay for
Transformer Protection, IEEE Transactions PAS, Vol, No. 6, Nov/Dec [12] J. Lewis Blackburn, Protective
Relaying, Marcel Dekker Inc., [12] J. H. Brunke, J.K. Froehlich, "Elimination of Transformer Inrush
Currents by Controlled Switching, "IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery, vol. 16, no. 2, April [13]
K.Karsai, D.Kerenyi and L. Kiss, Large power transformers, Elsevier, New York, [14] L F. Kennedy and C.
D. Hayward, Harmonic-Current-Restrained Relays for Di erential Protection, AIEE Transactions, Vol. 57,
May [15] M.Manana, S. Perez and G. Renedo E ects of Magnetizing Inrush Current [16] P.E. Sutherland
Application of transformer ground di erential protection relays, IEEE Trans. Power Delivery, volume 36,
Copyright to IJAREEIE 223
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