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Introduction to Structural Eurocode 2: Design of Concrete

Structures Part 1-1 & Part 1-2.

BY
Eng. Dr. Victoria Okumu (PE, MIEK, PhD. Civil Eng.)
Multimedia University of Kenya

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TRAINING OUTLINE
DATE TIME TITLE OF PRESENTATON PRESENTER
Day 1: 23rd August 2021 9.30 am - 4.30pm Introduction to EC 0 and EC 1 Mr. Muthomi Munyua
Basis of design and loading of structures
08.45am - 10.30 am Introduction to EC2 and Basis for design of concrete structures
to EC2
11.00 am – 1.00pm Loading Examples Dr. Eng. Victoria Okumu
Day 2: 24th August 2021
2.00pm – 4.00 pm Materials and product properties- Concrete and steel, durability,
fire resistance and concrete design considerations for creep and
Shrinkage
8.45am - 10.30 am Idealization of the structure, analysis of and design for Bending
resistance Dr. Eng. Victoria Okumu
Day 3: 25th August 2021
11.00 am – 1.00pm Shear resistance and Torsion resistance
2.00pm – 4.30 pm Flexural members design examples- Slabs and beams
9.00am - 11.00 am Analysis and design for compression resistance
11.30 am – 1.00pm Design of columns for compression -design examples
Day 4: 26th August 2021 Dr. Eng. Victoria Okumu
2.00pm – 4. 30 pm Flexural and Compression Elements Design Exercise
Day 5: 27th August 2021 8.45am - 10.30 am Design of Pad footings design examples
Dr. Eng. Victoria Okumu
11.00 am – 1.00pm Detailing general rules and particulars for beams, slabs, columns
and walls
2.00p.m - 4.00pm Additional Rules for precast concrete elements and structures 2
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Concrete
Concrete is a composite material whose production involves a combination of mechanical and chemical
interactions of its ingredient materials which include:

1. Coarse aggregates in terms of natural gravels or crushed rocks,

2. Fine aggregates in terms of natural sand or stone quarry dusts,

3. Cement,

4. Water and

5. Admixtures where applicable.

• Recycled demolition and concrete construction waste, and industrial by-products such as ground
granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBFS), fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF) can also be used as
aggregates or cement replacement materials (CRMs).

• To achieve the desired concrete properties in terms of strength and durability, each constituent
material is required to meet specific criteria.

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Concrete Constituent Materials

Water

• Clear drinking water is acceptable (portable)

• Water from ponds and boreholes can be used provided it meets the

requirements for Portable water.

• Water used for cleaning plant, trucks and mixers can also be recycled

however, care should be taken to remove any impurities

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Aggregates

• Includes gravels, crushed rock and sands (Recycled aggregates can be used).

• Fine aggregate must pass through a 4 mm sieve.

• The maximum size (coarse aggregates) for reinforced concrete is 20 mm.

• Up to 40 mm aggregate may be used for mass concrete while 10 mm aggregate

may be used for heavily congested reinforcement (increased cement content).

• Should be sound and hard.

• Should be clean and free from impurities and Undesirable materials: Coal,
Sulphate and Clay .
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Cements

• Cement is the main form of binder in concrete and the most commonly
used type of cement in concrete production worldwide is the ordinary
Portland cement (OPC).

• Cement composition and fineness influence the strength development of

concrete.

• Cement is produced in accordance to KS EAS 18-1: 2001 standard which is

an adoption of the European Norm EN 197 cement standards

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Cement
Modern concrete rarely contains 100% ‘Ordinary Portland Cement’ or OPC. It is often used
with other cement types:

• Ground granulated blast furnace slag (ggbs)

• Fly-ash (previously known as pulverised fuel ash (PFA))

• Limestone cements

• Silica fume

• Natural pozzolans

Other cements include

• ‘White’ Portland cement

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Types of Structural Cements Based on EAS 18-1:2001

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Portland Cement
• Cements are classed by strength where All CEM I has a strength of 42.5 MPa or 52.5 Mpa.

• Cements are also classified by their strength development as Rapid (R) , Normal(N) or
Slow(S)

• If the clinker is ground finer it produces faster strength gaining cements (R)

Advantages

• Used to achieve high early strength

Disadvantages

• High carbon content

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Natural Pozzolanas
• Are siliceous or siliceous & aluminous material which are not cementitious material on its own but
when finely ground and in presence of water and calcium hydroxide (lime, produced by hydrating
Portland cement) forms calcium silicates which is cementitious.

• Natural Pozzalans include: Volcanic ash, pumicite, calcined diatomaceous earth and burnt clay.

Advantages

• Cost effective replacement for Portland cement.

• Gives durable concrete especially against sulphate attack.

• Lower carbon content than Portland cement and Less heat generated.

• Easier to place concrete without bleeding and voids.

Disadvantages

• Slows strength gain.

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Limestone

• Tends to speed up the hydration process

• Limestone may increase chloride ion diffusion
• Limestone can improve sulphate resistance
• Limestone may reduce the freeze-thaw resistance
Advantages
• Increased workability for same water/cement ratio
• Reduced bleeding
• Less sensitive to poor curing
Disadvantages
• Slightly lower 28-day strength
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Advantages of Portland Pozzolanic Cements

1. Economic savings,

2. Reduced chemical attack,

3. Long term strength gain,

4. Improved durability,

5. Reduced shrinkage and

6. Water tightness among others

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
Q
GGQ10k

Effect of cement Type on strength

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Admixtures

This is a substance which can be added to concrete to achieve or to modify

its properties. They include:

– Normal water-reducing admixtures

– High-range water-reducing admixtures (Super-plasticers)

– Water-resisting admixtures

– Retarding water-reducing admixtures

– Accelerating admixtures

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Compressive strength classes

• In EC2, the design of reinforced concrete Structures is based on the characteristic cylinder strength and the strength
should be specified according to EN 206 or BS 8500: Concrete – complementary British Standard to EN 206.
• The strengths classes in EC2 are based on strengths determined at 28 days.
• EC2 specifies concrete strength class by both the cylinder strength and cube strength as illustrated. Standard strength
classes given in EC2 are C20/25, C25/30, C30/37, C35/45, C40/50, C45/55 and C50/60.

(fck,cube )

(fck )
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Compressive Strength of Concrete

• The compressive strength of concrete at an age t depends on the type of cement,
temperature and curing conditions.

• For a mean temperature of 20°C and curing in accordance with EN 12390 the compressive
strength of concrete at various ages fcm(t) may be estimated from Expressions (3.1) and
(3.2).

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Concrete Specification

1. Designed Concrete
Concrete for which the required properties and additional characteristics, if any, are specified
to the producer who is responsible for providing a concrete conforming to the required
properties and additional characteristics.
2. Prescribed Concrete
Concrete for which the composition of the concrete and the constituent materials to be used
are specified to the producer who is responsible for providing concrete with the specified
composition.
3. Standardised Prescribed
Prescribed concrete for which composition is given in a standard valid in the place of use of
the concrete.

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Reinforcing steel

• Eurocode 2 can be used with reinforcement of characteristic yield strengths ranging from
400MPa to 600 MPa.
• Characteristic yield strength of 500 MPa has been adopted by the Kenyan reinforcement
industry.
• There are three classes of reinforcement prescribed in Annex C of EC 2 and EN 13670, A,
B and C, which provide increasing ductility.(Should be verified using EN10080)
• Class A – which is normally associated with small diameter (≤12 mm) cold-worked bars
used in mesh and fabric. This is the lowest ductility category and will include limits on
moment redistribution which can be applied and higher quantities for fire resistance.
• Class B – which is most commonly used for reinforcing bars.
• Class C – high ductility which may be used in earthquake design or similar situations.

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Reinforcement Classification Annex C of EC2 (KS EAS 412-2:2019)

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Partial factors for materials for ultimate limit states in EC 2 and BS 8110

Table 2.1N :Partial factors for materials for ultimate limit states in EC 2 :

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Concrete design considerations

For concrete design, the following shall be considered.
1. Density of concrete is assumed to be 25kN/m3.
2. Designs are based on characteristic cylinder strength, fck.
3. Design compressive strength, fcd is given by;

f cd   cc f ck /  c
4. Design tensile strength, fctd;

f ctd   ct f ctk ,0.05 /  c

yc= 1.5 Partial factor of safety for concrete

αcc = 1.0 (0.85 for UK)
αct = 1.0
αcc & αct are coefficients to take account of long term unfavorable effects
resulting from the way the load is applied.

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Concrete Design Considerations

It may be required to specify the concrete compressive strength, fck(t), at time t for a number of
stages (e.g. demoulding, transfer of prestress),

where fck(t) = fcm(t) - 8 (MPa) for 3 < t < 28 days.

fck(t) = fck for t ≥ 28 days

More precise values should be based on tests especially for t ≤ 3 days

The compressive strength of concrete at an age t depends on the type of cement, temperature
and curing conditions.
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Normal Concrete Properties (Table 3.1)

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Creep and Shrinkage

• Shrinkage and creep are time-dependent properties of concrete. Their effects
should generally be taken into account for the verification of serviceability limit
states.

• The effects of shrinkage and creep should be considered at ultimate limit states
only where their effects are significant, for example in the verification of
ultimate limit states of stability where second order effects are of importance.

• When creep is taken into account its design effects should be evaluated under
the quasi-permanent combination of actions irrespective of the design situation
considered i.e. persistent, transient or accidental.

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Creep and Shrinkage

• Creep and shrinkage of the concrete depend on the ambient humidity, the dimensions of
the element and the composition of the concrete.

• Creep is also influenced by the maturity of the concrete when the load is first applied and
depends on the duration and magnitude of the loading.

• The creep coefficient, ϕ (t,t0) is related to Ec, the tangent modulus, which may be taken as
1,05 Ecm. The creep can either be calculated manually (Annex B) or read using the tables.

• IN BS 8110.

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Concrete – Creep Calculations (Annex B)

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Concrete – Creep Calculations (Annex B)

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Creep Calculation using Tables

5
1 3
2

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Shrinkage

Shrinkage strain is composed of two components:

1. Drying shrinkage strain – Is the contracting of a hardened concrete mixture due to the
loss of capillary water.

2. Autogenous shrinkage strain –which is defined as the concrete volume change

without any moisture transfer to the environment . Is caused by the reduction in volume
when cement hydrates and new products are formed.

εcs= εcd+ εca (Equation 3.8)

where:

εcs= total shrinkage strain

εcd= the drying shrinkage strain

εca= autogenous shrinkage strain

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Drying shrinkage

Eurocode 2 also gives guidance on calculation of drying shrinkage over time

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Table 3.2: Nominal unrestrained drying shrinkage values ε cd,0 (in 0/00) for concrete with cement CEM Class N

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Drying Shrinkage with time

Equation 3.9

Equation 3.10

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Autogenous shrinkage

Equation 3.11

Equation 3.12

Equation 3.13

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Section 4: Durability and Cover to Reinforcement

To ensure that the structure has sufficient durability EC2 SECTION 4 gives the following principles;

• A durable structure shall meet the requirements of serviceability, strength and stability throughout its
design working life, without significant loss of utility or excessive unforeseen maintenance (for general
requirements see also EN 1990).

• The required protection of the structure is established by considering its intended use, design working life
(see KS EN 1990), maintenance programme and actions.

• The possible significance of direct and indirect actions, environmental conditions (section 4.2) and
consequential effects shall be considered.

• Corrosion protection of steel reinforcement depends on density, quality and thickness of concrete cover
and cracking. The cover density and quality is achieved by controlling the maximum water/cement ratio
and minimum cement content (see EN 206-1) and may be related to a minimum strength class of
concrete.

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Durability

• The design should take into account the likely deterioration of the structure and its components in their
environment having due regard to the anticipated level of maintenance.

• The following inter-related factors should be considered:

1. The required performance criteria

2. The expected environmental conditions and possible failure mechanism

3. The composition, properties and performance of materials

4. The shape of members and detailing

5. The quality of workmanship/execution any protective measure

6. The accessibility and location of elements together with likely maintenance during the intended life.

7. Concrete of appropriate quality with adequate cover to the reinforcement should be specified.

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Durability

The durability of the concrete is influenced by:

1 The exposure conditions;

2 The cement type;

3 The concrete quality;

4 The cover to the reinforcement;

5 The width of any cracks.

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Durability
Alternative specifications

Use BS 8500 (Concrete. Complementary British Standard to BS EN

206-1) for structures in more extreme conditions such as:

– 100 design life

– Marine environment

– Aggressive chemicals in ground

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Durability

Based on EN 206 (Concrete: Specification, performance, production and conformity), the exposure classes
for different environmental conditions are:

1) XO – no risk of corrosion or attack

2) XC – risk of carbonation-induced corrosion

3) XD – risk of chloride-induced corrosion (other than sea water)

4) XS – risk of chloride-induced corrosion (sea water)

5) XF – risk of freeze/thaw attack

6) XA – risk of chemical attack in ground

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Carbonation

• Carbonation is caused by carbon dioxide into the concrete

• Carbon dioxide is present in the atmosphere

• Carbonation does not generally affect the concrete strength

• Carbonation reduces the pH value of the pore water

• Reinforcement corrodes in the presence of acidic water

• The rate of carbonation through the concrete will generally be consistent

• As long as the reinforcement is in the non-carbonated zone it will be

protected against corrosion

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Chlorides
Chlorides are present in:

1. Sea water

2. De-icing salts

• Concrete itself is generally resistant to the chlorides

• Reinforcement in contact with chloride ions leads to corrosion of the

reinforcement

• The chloride ions are considered to travel through the pore water in
the concrete.

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Sulphate resistance

• Sulphates may be found in

1. Ground water
2. Sea water
3. Soil
4. Sewage
• If the sulphate ions penetrate the concrete they may react with either
1. Calcium aluminate hydrates
2. Calcium hydroxide
• The materials produced by the reaction have a volume 20 times that prior to
the reaction
• The expansion causes cracking and disintegration of the concrete

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Freeze-thaw resistance

• Concrete can be damaged by water within the capillary systems freezing

and expanding

• The expansion causes hydrostatic pressure

• These pressures exert stresses within the concrete

• The stresses may exceed the strength of the concrete

• The aggregates may also be damaged by freezing

• Porous aggregates are most susceptable

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Alkali-silica reaction (ASR)

• An alkili-silica reaction may occur in concrete exposed to a humid

environment IF the aggregates contain critical amounts of silicates

• These aggregates may react with hydrated cement paste

• The product is a gel which rapidly expands in the presence of water

• The aggregates also shrink cause micro cracks in the concrete

• The solution is the careful selection of the aggregates.

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Design Requirements for Durability

The requirements for Durability shall be included when considering the following:
1. Structural conception
2. Material selection,
3. Construction details,
4. Execution
5. Quality Control
6. Inspection,
7. Verification
8. Special measures e.g corrosion protection.

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Methods of Verification for Durability

The requirements for durability in any given environment are:

1. An upper limit to the water/cement ratio
2. A lower limit to the cement content
3. A lower limit to the nominal cover to the reinforcement
4. Good compaction
5. Adequate curing and
6. Good detailing

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Concrete specifications for Durability

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Design specification for Durability

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Design specification for Durability

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Cover to Reinforcement
Adequate cover is required to ensure:
a) Safe transmission of bond forces,
b) Protection of steel against corrosion
c) Adequate fire resistance
The nominal cover shall be specified on the drawings. It is defined as a minimum cover, cmin (see 4.4.1.2), plus an
allowance in design for deviation, Δcdev

Minimum cover, cmin

Minimum concrete cover, cmin, shall be provided in order to ensure:
• The safe transmission of bond forces (see also Sections 7 and 8) in KS EN 1992-1-1
• The protection of the steel against corrosion (durability)
• An adequate fire resistance (see EN 1992-1-2)
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where:
cmin,b is the minimum cover due to bond requirement, see 4.4.1.2 (3) in KS
EN 1992-1-1
cmin,dur is the minimum cover due to environmental conditions, see 4.4.1.2 (5)
in KS EN 1992-1-1
Δcdur,γ is the additive safety element, see 4.4.1.2 (6) in KS EN 1992-1-1
Δcdur,st is the reduction of minimum cover for use of stainless steel, see 4.4.1.2
(7) in KS EN 1992-1-1
Δcdur is the add reduction of minimum cover for use of additional protection,
see 4.4.1.2 (8) in KS EN 1992-1-1

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Cover

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Analysis for Fire Resistance KS EN 1992: 1-2

The construction works must be designed and build in such a way, that in the event of an outbreak of fire:

1) The load bearing resistance of the construction can be assumed for a specified period of time

2) The generation and spread of fire and smoke within the works are limited

3) The spread of fire to neighboring construction works is limited

4) The occupants can leave the works or can be rescued by other means

5) The safety of rescue teams is taken into consideration.

For the required period of fire resistance, the structure should:

a) Have adequate loadbearing capacity

b) Limit the temperature rise on the far face by sufficient insulation, and

c) Have sufficient integrity to prevent the formation of cracks that will allow the passage of fire and gases.

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Nominal fire exposure KS EN 1992-1-1-2

P For the standard fire exposure, members shall comply with criteria R, E and I as follows (2.1.2):

1. Separating only: integrity (criterion E) and, when requested, insulation (criterion I)

2. Load bearing only: mechanical resistance (criterion R)

3. Separating and load bearing: criteria R, E and, when requested I

• Criterion “R” is assumed to be satisfied where the load bearing function is maintained during the required time of
fire exposure.

• Criterion “I” may be assumed to be satisfied where the average temperature rise over the whole of the non-
exposed surface is limited to 140 K, and the maximum temperature rise at any point of that surface does not
exceed 180 K.

• With the external fire exposure curve the same criteria (R, E, I) should apply, however the reference to this
specific curve should be identified by the letters "ef" (see EN 1991-1-2).

• With the hydrocarbon fire exposure curve the same criteria (R, E, I) should apply, however the reference to this
57
specific curve
23 August 2021 should be identified by the letters "HC“

Design Approaches

Eurocode 2 has three design approaches for fire resistance:

A. Tabular - covers the vast majority of cases

B. Advanced – best left to fire engineering specialists

C. Simplified – to be used if possible when tables are out of scope

or when a small enhancement is required.

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Decision making process

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Determination of Actions During Fire

• Using EN 1991-1-2 the Design Action for Fire Resistance can be obtained as

(2.4)

(2.5)

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Verification methods

It shall be verified for the relevant duration of fire exposure t :

For verifying standard fire resistance requirements, a member analysis should be

carried out and it is sufficient.

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Design FIRE Resistance for Beams and Slabs

E3

Figure 5.1 KS EN 1992-1-1-2

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Fire resistance using Tables

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Columns-Method A in 5.3.2
Table 5.2a:

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Columns-Method B in 5.3.3

(5.8b)

(5.8a)

In columns where As ≥ 0,02 Ac , even distribution of the bars along the sides of the
cross-section is required for a fire resistance higher than 90 minutes.
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Columns-Method B

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Non load-bearing walls (partitions)in 5.4.1

Where the fire resistance of a partition is only required to meet the thermal insulation criterion I and integrity
criterion E, the minimum wall thickness should not be less than that given in the Table. The requirements for axis
distance do not apply for such situations . (Table 5.3)

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Load-bearing solid walls in 5.4.2

Adequate fire resistance of load-
bearing reinforced concrete walls may
be assumed if the minimum wall
thickness values given in Table 5.4 is
used for plain concrete walls and for
load-bearing solid walls.

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Fire walls in 5.4.3

Where a fire wall has to comply with an impact resistance requirement

(criterion M, see 2.1.2 (6)), in addition to 5.4.1 or 5.4.2, the minimum
thickness for normal weight concrete should not be less than:

1. 200 mm for unreinforced wall

2. 140 mm for reinforced load-bearing wall

3. 120 mm for reinforced non load bearing wall

4. and the axis distance of the load-bearing wall should not be less than
25 mm.

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Beams Table 5.6 and (concise Eurocode 2)

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Slabs 5.7.2 (Table 5.8 to Table 5.11)

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Fire consideration in BS 8110

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Structural Idealization
For building structures the following apply:

1. A beam is a member for which the span is not less than three times its depth. If not, it is a deep beam. ( ).

2. A slab is a member for which the minimum panel dimension is not less than five times the overall
thickness. ( )

3. A one-way spanning slab has either two approximately parallel unsupported edges or, when supported on four
edges, the ratio of the longer to shorter span exceeds 2.0. ( )

4. For the purposes of analysis, ribbed and waffled slabs need not be treated as discrete beams when the
following are satisfied:
a) The rib spacing does not exceed 1500 mm;

b) The depth of the rib below the flange is not greater than four times its average width;

c) The depth of the flange exceeds the greater of either 10% of the clear distance between the ribs or 50 mm
(40 mm where permanent blocks are incorporated); and

d) Transverse ribs are provided at a clear spacing of ≤ 10 times the overall depth.

5. A column is a member for which the section depth does not exceed four times its width and the height is
at least three times the section depth. If not, it is a wall.
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