ADVANCEMENT IN RCC

CONSTRUCTION PRACTICE
BY
Gavin Francis
Abhishek Kumar
CM Reethesh
Shivaraj Panigavi
Initial Binding Material

Lime Mortar

Invented by
Etruscans Greek
Romans defeated Etruscans and Greek
Steal the ingredients of binding materials and became masters in that
Mixed Binding Material with

Animal Fat

Blood

Milk
Romans weren’t the first to create concrete, they were first to utilize this
material widespread. By 200 BC, the Romans successfully implemented the
use of concrete in the majority of their construction
 Development of binding materials in different parts of world

Egyptians Built Pyramids by using mud mixed with straw to bind dried
bricks. They also used gypsum mortars and mortars of lime in the
pyramids

Nabataea traders in regions of Syria and Jordan created concrete floors

housing structures, and underground cisterns.

Ming dynasty sections of the Great Wall about 600 years ago by mixing
together a paste of sticky rice flour and slaked lime the standard ingredient in
mortar.
 After Long time………... in 18th century

In 1793 that the technology took a big leap forward when John
Smeaton discovered a more modern method for producing
hydraulic lime for cement. He used limestone containing clay that
was fired until it turned into clinker, which was then ground into
powder.

In 1824 Joseph Aspdin invented Portland cement by burning

finely ground chalk and clay until the carbon dioxide was
removed. Aspdin named the cement after the high-quality
building stones quarried in Portland, England.
 Reinforced Cement Concrete

Cement Aggregates Water Steel

 Development of Cement Concrete

1836-Strength Testing 1891- Concrete Street 1913-Ready Mix 1970's-Fiber Reinforcement

Advancement in Cement Concrete
Advancement in Cement Concrete

Air Entrained Concrete Shotcrete Concrete Light – Weight Concrete

Glass Concrete Limecrete Pervious Concrete

Polymer impregnated concrete Self – Consolidated Concrete Stamped Concrete

Vacuum Concrete Asphalt Concrete

Development in Aggregates
First Natural aggregates were in use

Natural gravel is in the form of river gravel and it also available

in the form of Piedmont, Pea, Bench gravel etc.

Gravel

In general river sand is used as fine aggregates in

concrete and it is collected from rivers as alluvial soil

River Sand
 New development in aggregates are Artificial Aggregates

Blast furnace slag fine aggregate Crushed brick crushed concrete

Robo Sand
Sintered fly ash aggregates Stone dust fine aggregate
Advancement in reinforcement
Advancement in reinforcement:

Inventor of rebar: Ernest L. Ransome

Bamboo reinforcement

Cast iron rebars

CTD bars
GFRP
Epoxy coated rebar

Mild steel plain bar

TMT or QST bars

Prestressing steel
Advancement and types of Form Works
Advancement and types of Form Works:
Traditional and old type of form works

Stringers and joist are replaced with engineered wood beams and supports
are replaced with adjustable metal props. This makes this method more
systematic and reusable.

Still timber form work of this

kind is in present practice

Wood/ Timber form work

Recent developments in Form Works such as……

Climbing formwork is the special type formwork for vertical concrete structures
that rises with the building process, it can be an effective solution for buildings
that are either very repetitive in form.

Flying formwork systems consist of slab formwork "tables" that are reused on
multiple stories of a building without being dismantled. The assembled
sections are either lifted per elevator or "flown" by crane from one story to the
next.

Modular slab formwork: These systems consist of prefabricated aluminum

beams formwork modules. The advantages of a modular system are it does
not require a crane to place the formwork, speed of construction with
unskilled labor
Permanent Insulated Formwork is assembled on site, usually out of insulating
concrete forms (ICF). The formwork stays in place after the concrete has
cured, and may provide advantages in terms of speed, strength, superior
thermal and acoustic insulation.

Other types of formwork…..

Formworks in tunnel Reusable plastic formwork Tunnel Formwork

system component and
application
Advanced construction methodologies:
3D Volumetric Construction:3D units are produced in controlled factory
settings using needful construction and building materials. Finished units are
transported to site in various modules, basic structural blocks or final
touched up units with all amenities installed, for assembly. Blocks can be
erected rapidly at site and properties of concrete like fire retardant, sound
resistivity, thermal mass etc. are retained.

Flat Slabbing Technology: This technique utilizes the simplicity of contemporary

formwork for quickly building flat slabs to facilitate easy and swift placing of
horizontal amenities and for partitioning.

Hybrid Concrete Building Technique: This technique expedites

construction turnaround time by blending the advantages of concrete
pre-casting with the in-situ building. Quality improves, whereas the cost of
construction plummets. Hybrid concrete structures are easy to build,
competitive in nature and perform consistently.
 Pollution fighting buildings: Also known as ‘vertical forests’, they are high-rise
forest buildings designed to tackle air pollution.

Precast Flat Panel Modules: These are primarily wall and floor modules
which are manufactured away from the actual site and then
transported to site for erection. Load bearing components like
decorative cladding and insulation panels can also be produced.

Pre-cast Foundation Technique: Foundations can be built swiftly with precast

concrete units which are produced in a factory and are high on quality
quotient. Strength is imparted to foundation related building construction
materials through interconnected concrete piles.
Different connections in R.C.C(Precast) structures
 Different connections in R.C.C(Precast) structures :

Column-Foundation Wall-Foundation Beam-Column

Connection Connection Connection

Beam-Slab Connection Wall-Wall Connection Stair-slab

connection
Advancement of equipments used in RCC
Advancement of equipments used in RCC
In the initial stages of development of RCC cement concrete was mixed in the
site itself which is in-situ technique but in the recent days the concrete is mixed
under the controlled conditions in an factory which is termed as ready mix
concrete and the TRANSIT MIXER/DUMPER is used to transfer it to the site.

CONCRETE BATCHING PLANT used to process the materials to form concrete.

Mixes all the materials like sand, gravels, cement and water to form a better
solution that should be sent to construction site.

CONCRETE BUCKET Concrete bucket is used to send the concrete materials to the
top of the building where it pours all the mixture automatically where needed
CONCRETE CONVEYOR They are based on one conveyor belt by which
transfers the gravels, cement and other solid materials direct to the mixers,
also used for filtration of concrete materials from unnecessary impurities.

CONCRETE CRUSHER Concrete crushers are used to crush the big rock pieces into
small gravels and for crushing medium sized rocks into powder or gravel form

CONCRETE CUTTING MACHINE an abrasive tool used for cutting concrete big
pieces using electrical force.

CONCRETE GRINDER used for grinding the floorings to keep their smoothness
and safety. used for polishing the marble and concrete tiles after they get
installed.
CONCRETE MIXER used to mix all the elements like cement, gravel and water
for better mixing saves time because of its high efficiency while working.

CONCRETE PAVER A moveable construction machine that consists of a paving area

used to store the material while working on busy roads, highways and other public
places

CONCRETE PUMP the concrete from mixer is send to construction site which is
at an elevation.

CONCRETE VIBRATOR consists of a motor and pipe that are used to vibrate
concrete to spread it evenly on a surface.
 External or Shutter Vibrators used for pre-casting of thin in-situ sections of such
shape and thickness as can not be compacted by internal vibrators.

Surface Vibrators for Concrete These are placed directly on the concrete mass.
best suited for compaction of shallow elements should not be used when the
depth of concrete to be vibrated is more than 250 mm. Very dry mixes can be
most effectively compacted

Concrete Vibrating Table very efficient in compacting stiff and harsh concrete mixes
required for manufacture of precast elements in the factories and test specimens in
laboratories.
 Wheel Barrow: A wheelbarrow is a small hand-propelled vehicle, usually with just one
wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles at
the rear, or by a sail to push the ancient wheelbarrow by wind

Many concrete mixes contain potentially caustic admixtures that can cause serious burns
from extended contact with bare skin. Gloves prevent overexposure to these
components (and save a few occasional blisters, too).

Concrete is stiff stuff, and wearing waterproof boots is the best way to get through it
and prevent contact with your skin. It’s also easy to rinse your footwear after the
concrete is down

Standard on most job sites, wearing safety glasses is an important safety measure when
drilling, grinding, power troweling or sawing concrete.
 A standard long-line level, or a laser level, will let you verify that the slab is
completely according to spec before pouring and after.

Caution tape is used in site to keep workers and the visitors from dangerous places.
Because of this in recent days many lives have been saved.

Moisture or vapor retarders are used to prevent water vapor from intruding on a
finished concrete slab. They are generally placed directly under on grade or
below grade slabs.

Reciprocating saws, circular saws or grinders can be necessary to cut rebar or

forms on the job site. They can also be necessary if a problem develops under
the slab and a portion of the concrete has to be removed after it has set and
dried.
 Shovels help distribute concrete around the job site to fill in gaps left during the pouring
process or for smaller applications. Square-ended shovels generally work better for
concrete; rounded ones spread concrete unevenly.

Bull floats are wide-bladed tools on a long (possibly telescoping handle) that
provide the first pass for leveling ridges and filling voids in the concrete after the
screed work has been done.

Magnesium floats (or mag floats) are smaller handheld floats typically used to float
slab edges or to use for finish work on smaller slabs.

For hand troweling work especially, kneeling boards provide a smooth way to
support your weight on the wet concrete while moving easily along the slab
surface.
Trowels also help smooth concrete surfaces for their finish coats before being left to dry.
Hand-troweling is common for smaller slabs, or power trowels are often preferred for large
slabs.

A power float is a hand-operated machine used to produce a smooth, dense and level
surface finish to insitu concrete beds. Power floating eliminates the time and materials
needed to apply a finishing screed and is quicker and less labour-intensive process than
hand trowelling.

Trowels also help smooth concrete surfaces for their finish coats before being left to dry.
Hand-troweling is common for smaller slabs, or power trowels are often preferred for large
slabs.
For certain job types, grooving the surface also helps prevent cracking or excess damage
from shrinkage as the concrete dries or during use.

An edger is a tool designed to round exposed concrete edges for a smooth finish.

A traditional finish for a concrete slab is a broom finish – drawing a broom across the
surface of the almost-dried concrete slab for a slip-resistant surface. The finished look can
be a smooth draw or a more artistic pattern.
After the slab has dried sufficiently, polishers can be used to produce a surface finish effect,
from a gentle smoothing of the surface for traction and safety to a mirror-like shine for an
aesthetic finish.

Grinding can also be used for aesthetic effects like a distressed finish or is also sometimes
necessary if a slab surface has been over-trowelled and excess moisture is sealed inside the
slab.

Ambient conditions play a big role in determining drying time. A thermo-hygrometer helps
monitor both temperature and relative humidity (RH) in the space around the concrete slab
and inform potential remediation methods to speed drying time.
Placing concrete anchors or doing RH testing require drilling into a cured concrete slab.
Hammer drills (or rotary drills) make the process easier by combining rotation with “percussion”
– a pounding motion that breaks up the concrete faster for easier installation. And don’t forget
the right bits for the job, too.

Concrete moisture meters can provide handy “spot checks” of drying slabs. However, care
must be taken to remember that they, like the hood method or the calcium chloride method,
only provide an indication of surface conditions.

For an accurate indication of the internal moisture condition of a drying slab, RH testing with
in situ probes provides effective internal moisture measurement. Backed by ASTM F2170, RH
testing can provide necessary moisture data for concrete and flooring installers alike and
prevent possible moisture-related problems down the road.