DCA10042

Building Construction and Materials

PREPARED BY
NORDIANA BINTI MOHD NORDIN
CONCRETE HISTORY
The exceptional qualities of today's concrete
are the result of its rich past, marked by
decades of technical innovation and
improv ement.
While in fact the history of concrete dates
back all the way to the age of the Roman
Empire, the material as we know it today
actually came into existence in the year 1867,
in France, where a gardener named Josef
Monier first dev eloped the system of
reinforced concrete for his flowerpots. It was
not long before the world learned of this new
material's strength, and applications of
concrete spread quickly around the globe.
CONCRETE DEFINITION
Concrete, an artificial
stone-like material used for
various structural purposes.
It is made by mixing
cement and various
aggregates, such as sand
pebbles, gravel, shale, etc.
with water and allowing
the mixture to harden by
hydration.
BASIC CHARACTERISTIC
APPLICATION OF CONCRETE
CONCRETE MIX RATIO
Standard chart table showing various grades of concrete mix
design along with their respective ratios of cement, sand and
aggregates required.

BIL Ratio of Concrete mix JENIS BINAAN

design (NISBAH)

1. 1:1½:3 Konkrit tegas dahulu dan tangki air

2. 1:2:4 Konkrit tetulang : tiang, rasuk dan tembok

3. 1:3:6 Lantai dan konkrit jasad

4. 1 : 5 : 10 Tapak tembok peparit ai atas tanah keras dan

tapak asas lantai di atas tanah
TYPE OF AGGREGATE
TYPE OF CONCRETE

In - situ concrete
Pre - cast concrete
Prestressed concrete
Reinforce concrete
IN – SITU CONCRETE
IN – SITU CONCRETE
1. Konkrit tuang disitu (in-situ)
mixed on site and then directly placed into a mold where construction is being
done
mixture can be made either by hand, machine or plant.
Used as walkways, Driveway, parking areas.

Dibancuh di tapak bina dan kemudian terus ditempatkan ke dalam acuan

dimana pembinaan sedang berjalan.
Bancuhan boleh dibuat sama ada menggunakan tangan, mesin ataupun di loji.
Digunakan sebagai laluan pejalan kaki, driveway, kawasan letak kenderaan
PRE - CAST CONCRETE
PRE - CAST CONCRETE
PRE - CAST CONCRETE
PRE - CAST CONCRETE
2-Konkrit siap tuang (Precast Concrete)
The first concrete is poured into molds and cured at construction sites or in
factories
when it has reached required strength it will be taken to a building where the
units are needed just now.
It is more commonly known as Integrated Building System (IBS)

Konkrit yang dituang dahulu ke dalam acuan dan diawet di tapak bina
atau di kilang
Apabila telah mencapai kekuatan yang dikehendaki ia akan diangkat ke
tempat pembinaan di mana unit-unit tadi diperlukan.
Ia lebih dikenali sebagai teknologi konkrit pasang siap (IBS)
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE
3-Konkrit tegas dahulu (Prestressed concrete)
Create compressive stresses in the concrete to resist tensile stresses due to
the load carried.
The strict before the concrete is made by attracting or tighten wires, high-
tensile steel wire and steel reinforcement adequately using hydraulic jack.
For structures such as bridges megastructure.
Mewujudkan tegasan tekanan dalam konkrit untuk menentang tegasan
tegangan akibat beban yang ditanggung.
Proses tegas dahulu dalam konkrit dibuat dengan menarik atau
menegangkan dawai-dawai keluli tegangan tinggi dan tetulang keluli
secukupnya menggunakan jek hidraulik.
Digunakan bagi struktur seperti jambatan.
REINFORCE CONCRETE
REINFORCE CONCRETE
4-Konkrit Bertetulang (Reinforced concrete)
Built on structural members that involves the use of reinforcement where
the structural members capable of withstanding tensile and
compressive stresses without suffering deformation.
such as foundations, beams, columns, stairs, floors, slabs, etc.
Dibina pada anggota struktur yang melibatkan penggunaan tetulang
dimana anggota struktur tersebut mampu menahan tegasan tegangan
dan tegasan mampatan tanpa mengalami ubah bentuk.
Seperti asas, rasuk, tiang, tangga, lantai, papak dan sebagainya.
ADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE USED

Concrete is economical.
Concrete has the ability to be mouled into any desired shapes.
Fire-safe and able to withstand high temperatures (built-in
resistance to fire).
Casting can occur on the work-site which reduces cost.
Durability (resistant to weather-wind, water, insects and
chemical).
Maintenance cost of concrete is almost negligible.
As a soundproofing material cinder concrete could be used.
DISADVANTAGES OF CONCRETE USED

Low tensile strength

Low ductility
Cracking
TYPES OF CONCRETE FINISHES
THANK YOU