Free convection

Problem
A vertical plate of 0.75 m height is at 1700C and
is exposed to air at a temperature of 1050C and
one atmosphere. Calculate
i) Mean heat transfer coefficient (Ans:4.24
W/m2K)
ii) Rate of heat transfer per unit width of the
plate (Ans:Q = 206.8 W)
 Problem
A vertical plate of 0.7 m wide and 1.2 m height
maintained at a temperature of 900C in a room
at 300C. Calculate the convective heat loss.
(Ans : Q = 218.16 W)
 Home work Problem
A vertical pipe of 12 cm outer diameter, 2.5 m
long, at a surface temperature of 1200C is in a
room where the air is at 200C. Calculate the heat
loss per meter length of the pipe. (Ans: Q =
188.8 W/m)
 Empirical Correlations : Horizontal Plate
•Define the characteristic length, L as W
L
2
•Upper surface of heated plate, or Lower surface of cooled plate :

Nu L  0.54 Ra1L/ 4 104  RaL  107 

Nu L  0.15 Ra1L/ 3 107  RaL  1011 
•Lower surface of heated plate, or Upper surface of cooled plate :

Nu L  0.27 1/ 4
Ra L 10 5
 Ra L  10 10

Ts  T
Note: Use fluid properties at the film temperature
Tf 
2
 Problem
A horizontal plate of 800 mm long, 70 mm wide
is at a temperature of 1400C and is immersed in
a large tank full of water at 600C. Determine the
total heat loss from the plate.
 Problem
A thin 80 cm long and 8 cm wide horizontal
plate is maintained at a temperature of 1300C in
a large tank full of water at 700C. Estimate the
rate of heat input into the plate necessary to
maintain the temperature of 1300C.
 Empirical Correlations : Long Horizontal Cylinder

•Very common geometry (pipes, wires)

•For isothermal cylinder surface, use general form equation for computing
Nusselt #

hD
NuD   CRaDn
k
 Problem
A horizontal wire of 3 mm diameter is
maintained at 1000C and is exposed to air at
200C. Calculate
i) Heat transfer coefficient
ii) Maximum current. Take resistance of wire as
7 ohm/m.
 Problem
A sphere of diameter 20 mm is at 3000C and is
immersed in air at 250C. Calculate the
convective heat loss.
 Homework Problem
A steam pipe 10 cm outside diameter runs
horizontally in a room at 230C. Take the outside
surface temperature of pipe as 1650C.
Determine the heat loss per meter length of the
pipe.
BOILING HEAT TRANSFER
• Evaporation occurs at the liquid–vapor interface when
the vapor pressure is less than the saturation pressure of
the liquid at a given temperature.
• Boiling occurs at the solid–liquid interface when a liquid
is brought into contact with a surface maintained at a
temperature sufficiently above the saturation
temperature of the liquid.

14
 Boiling heat flux from a solid surface to the fluid

excess temperature

Classification of boiling

• Boiling is called pool boiling in the

absence of bulk fluid flow.
• Any motion of the fluid is due to
natural convection currents and the
motion of the bubbles under the
influence of buoyancy.
• Boiling is called flow boiling in the
presence of bulk fluid flow.
• In flow boiling, the fluid is forced to
move in a heated pipe or over a
surface by external means such as a
pump.
15
 Subcooled Boiling
• When the
temperature of the
main body of the
liquid is below the
saturation
temperature.

Saturated Boiling
• When the
temperature of the
liquid is equal to the
saturation
temperature.

16
 POOL BOILING
In pool boiling, the fluid is not forced to flow by
a mover such as a pump.
Any motion of the fluid is due to natural
convection currents and the motion of the
bubbles under the influence of buoyancy.

Boiling Regimes and the

Boiling Curve

Boiling takes different forms, depending on

the DTexcess = Ts  Tsat

17
18
 Natural Convection Boiling
(to Point A on the Boiling Curve)
• Bubbles do not form on the heating surface until the liquid is heated a few
degrees above the saturation temperature (about 2 to 6°C for water)
• The liquid is slightly superheated in this case (metastable state).
• The fluid motion in this mode of boiling is governed by natural convection
currents.

• Heat transfer from the

heating surface to the fluid is
by natural convection.
• For the conditions of Fig. 10–
6, natural convection boiling
ends at an excess
temperature of about 5°C.

19
Nucleate Boiling (between
Points A and C)
• The bubbles form at an increasing
rate at an increasing number of
nucleation sites as we move along
the boiling curve toward point C.

• Region A–B ─ isolated

bubbles.

• Region B–C ─ numerous

continuous columns of
vapor in the liquid.

Point A is referred to as
the onset of nucleate
boiling (ONB).
20
Introduction to Heat Exchangers
What Are Heat Exchangers?
Heat exchangers are designed to transfer heat
from a hot flowing stream to a cold flowing
stream.
Why Use Heat Exchangers?
Heat exchangers and heat recovery is often used
to improve process efficiency.
 What are heat exchangers for?
Heat exchangers are practical devices used to
transfer energy from one fluid to another
To get fluid streams to the right temperature for the
next process
– reactions often require feeds at high temp.
To condense vapours
To evaporate liquids
To recover heat to use elsewhere
To reject low-grade heat
To drive a power cycle
 Recuperators/Regenerators

 Recuperative:
Has separate flow paths for each fluid
which flow simultaneously through the
exchanger transferring heat between
the streams
 Regenerative
Has a single flow path which the hot
and cold fluids alternately pass
through.
The schematic of a shell-and-tube heat exchanger (one-shell pass
and one-tube pass).
Shell-Side Flow
 Plate-Fin Exchanger

 Made up of flat plates (parting sheets) and corrugated sheets

which form fins
 Brazed by heating in vacuum furnace
 Heat Exchanger Analysis
Log mean temperature difference (LMTD)
method

.
Want a relation Q  UADTm

Where DTmis some mean DT between hot and cold fluid

 Problem
• In a counter flow double pipe heat exchanger,
oil is cooled from 850C to 550C by water
entering at 250C. The mass flow rate of oil is
9,800 kg/h and specific heat of oil is 2000 J/kg
K. The mass flow rate of water is 8000 kg/h
and specific heat of water is 4180 J/kg K.
Determine the heat exchanger area and heat
transfer rate for an overall heat transfer co-
efficient of 280 W/m2K.
 Problem
The flow rates of hot and cold water streams
running through a parallel flow heat exchanger
are 0.2 kg/s and 0.5 kg/s respectively. The inlet
temperatures on the hot and cold sides are 750C
and 200C respectively. The exit temperature of
hot water is 450C. If the individual heat transfer
coefficients on both sides are 650 W/m2 0C,
calculate the area of the heat exchanger.
(Ans: Area = 2.66 m2)
 Problem
In a certain double pipe heat exchanger hot
water flows at a rate of 5000 kg/h and gets
cooled from 950C to 650C. At the same time
50000 kg/h of cooling water at 300C enters the
heat exchanger. The flow conditions are such
that overall heat transfer coefficient remains
constant at 2270 W/m2 K. Determine the heat
transfer area required and the effectiveness,
assuming two streams are in parallel flow.
Assume for the both streams Cp = 4.2 KJ/Kg K.
(Area =39.2 m2; Effectiveness = 0.461)
 Problem
• Water flows at the rate of 65 Kg/min through
a double pipe counter flow heat exchanger.
Water is heated from 500C to 750C by an oil
flowing through the tube. The specific heat of
the oil is 1.780 KJ/Kg K. The oil enters at 1150C
and leaves at 700C.The overall heat transfer
co-efficient is 340 W/m2K. Calculate
i) Heat exchanger area
ii) Rate of heat transfer
 Problem
A steam condenser consists of 3000 brass tubes of
20 mm diameter. Cooling water enters the tubes at
200C with a mean flow rate of 3000 kg/s. The heat
transfer coefficient on the inner surface is 11270
W/m2 0C and that for condensation on the outer
surface is 15500 W/m2 0C. The steam condensed at
500C, and the condenser load is 230 MW. The latent
heat of steam is 2380 KJ/Kg. Assuming counter flow
arrangement, calculate the tube length per pass if
two tube passes are used?
 Problem
Steam condenses at atmospheric pressure on the
external surface of the tubes of a steam condenser. The
tubes are 12 in number and each is 30 mm in diameter
and 10 m long. The inlet and outlet temperatures of
cooling water flowing inside the tubes are 250C and
600C respectively. If the flow rate is 1.1 kg/s, calculate
i) Rate of condensation of steam
ii) Overall heat transfer coefficient based on the inner
surface area
iii) Number of transfer units (NTU)
iv) Effectiveness of the condenser
CONDENSATION HEAT TRANSFER
Condensation occurs when the temperature of a vapor is reduced below its
saturation temperature.
Film condensation
• The condensate wets the surface and
forms a liquid film.
• The surface is blanketed by a liquid film
which serves as a resistance to heat
transfer.
Dropwise condensation
• The condensed vapor forms droplets on
the surface.
• The droplets slide down when they
reach a certain size.
• No liquid film to resist heat transfer.
• As a result, heat transfer rates that are
more than 10 times larger than with film
condensation can be achieved.
58