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7 Executive summary
Dr Margaret Chan
Director-General
World Health Organization
Why hypertension
is a major public
health issue
Figure 01
ischemic heart
disease mortality
rates
(age standardized, per 100 000)
Source :
Causes of death 2008,
World Health Organization,
Geneva
12-74
75-108
109-151
152-405
Data not available
Figure 02
cerebrovascular
disease
mortality rates
(age standardized, per 100 000)
Source :
Causes of death 2008,
World Health Organization,
Geneva
11-49
50-88
89-131
132-240
Data not available
Figure 03
AGE-standARDIZED
70
PREVALENCE OF
RAISED BLOOD
PRESSURE IN ADULTS 60
AGED 25+ YEARS
by WHO Region and World
Bank income group, comparable 50
estimates, 2008
Source :
40
Global status report on
noncommunicable diseases
2010, Geneva,World Health 30
Organization, 2011
20
Men
Women
10
Both sexes
Not only is hypertension more prevalent in tems, the number of people with hypertension
low- and middle-income countries, there are who are undiagnosed, untreated and uncon-
also more people affected because more peo- trolled are also higher in low- and middle-
ple live in those countries than in high-income income countries compared to high-income
countries. Further, because of weak health sys- countries.
16%
Source :
14% The Global Burden of Disease,
12% 2004 update. Geneva, World
Health Organization, 2008.
10%
8%
6%
4%
2%
0%
2008 2015 2030
Figure 05
upper middle-income 2000 pyramid upper middle-income 2010 pyramid
Comparison of
the average age 80+ 0.7% 1.5% 80+ 1.1% 2.0%
75–79 1.0% 1.6% 75–79 1.2% 1.8%
pyramids in 2000 80+
70–74
0.7%
1.8%
1.5%
2.5%
80+
70–74
1.1%
1.9%
2.0%
2.6%
75–79 1.0% 1.6% 75–79 1.2% 1.8%
with 2010, 65–69 2.3% 2.8% 65–69 2.2% 2.6%
70–74 1.8% 2.5% 70–74 1.9% 2.6%
upper 60–64
65–69
3.0%
2.3%
3.5%
2.8%
60–64
65–69
3.2%
2.2%
3.6%
2.6%
middle-income 55–59
60–64
3.1%
3.0%
3.3%
3.5%
55–59
60–64
4.4%
3.2%
4.8%
3.6%
category
category
50–54 4.2% 4.4% 50–54 5.3% 5.6%
and high-income 55–59
45–49 5.5%
3.1% 3.3%
5.5%
55–59
45–49
4.4%
6.2%
4.8%
6.3%
category
category
50–54 4.2% 4.4% 50–54 5.3% 5.6%
countries 40–44 6.4% 6.4% 40–44 6.5% 6.5%
45–49 5.5% 5.5% 45–49 6.2% 6.3%
35–39 7.1% 7.1% 35–39 7.2% 7.1%
AgeAge
AgeAge
40–44 6.4% 6.4% 40–44 6.5% 6.5%
Source : 30–34
35–39
7.5%
7.1%
7.4%
7.1%
30–34
35–39
8.1%
7.2%
7.8%
7.1%
25–29 8.3% 8.1% 25–29 9.0% 8.7%
World population prospects : 30–34 7.5% 7.4% 30–34 8.1% 7.8%
20–24 9.3% 8.9% 20–24 9.4% 8.9%
The 2010 revision, CDROM 25–29
15–19
8.3%
10.2%
8.1%
9.6%
25–29
15–19
9.0%
8.8%
8.7%
8.2%
Edition, Department of 20–24
10–14
9.3%
10.5%
8.9%
9.8%
20–24
10–14
9.4%
8.4%
8.9%
7.8%
15–19 10.2% 9.6% 15–19 8.8% 8.2%
Economic and Social 5–9 9.8% 9.1% 5–9 8.5% 7.8%
10–14 10.5% 9.8% 10–14 8.4% 7.8%
Affairs, Population 0–4 9.5% 8.7% 0–4 8.6% 9.9%
5–9 9.8% 9.1% 5–9 8.5% 7.8%
Division, New York, 0–4 20% 15% 9.5%
10% 5% 0% 5% 10%
8.7% 15% 20% 0–4 20% 15% 8.6%
10% 5% 0% 5% 10%
9.9% 15% 20%
United Nations, 2011.
Proportion
20% 15% of
10%total
5%males
0% (%)
5%and10%
females
15% (%)
20% Proportion of total
20% 15% 10% 5%males
0% (%)
5%and10%
females
15% (%)
20%
Proportion of total males (%) and females (%) Proportion of total males (%) and females (%)
Men
High-income 2000 pyramid High-income 2010 pyramid
Women 80+ 2.1% 4.3% 80+ 3.0% 5.6%
75–79 2.3% 3.5% 75–79 2.6% 3.5%
80+ 2.1% 4.3% 80+ 3.0% 5.6%
70–74 3.3% 4.1% 70–74 3.5% 4.1%
75–79 2.3% 3.5% 75–79 2.6% 3.5%
65–69 4.0% 4.4% 65–69 4.2% 4.6%
70–74 3.3% 4.1% 70–74 3.5% 4.1%
60–64 4.6% 4.9% 60–64 5.6% 5.8%
65–69 4.0% 4.4% 65–69 4.2% 4.6%
55–59 5.2% 5.3% 55–59 6.2% 6.3%
60–64 4.6% 4.9% 60–64 5.6% 5.8%
category
category
AgeAge
Proportion of total
20% 15% 10% 5%males
0% (%)
5%and10%
females
15% (%)
20% Proportion
20% 15% 10%of total
5% males
0% (%)
5% and
10%females (%)
15% 20%
Proportion of total males (%) and females (%) Proportion of total males (%) and females (%)
Figure 06
Equatorial Guinea mortality rates of
Oman cardiovascular
Saudi Arabia
diseases in
Slovakia
Estonia
high-income
Hungary and low-income
Trinidad and Tobago countries
Croatia (age standardized, 2008)
Poland
Czech Republic
Source :
Afghanistan
Kuwait
Kyrgyzstan Causes of death 2008,
United Arab Emirates
Somalia [Online Database]. Geneva,
Bahrain
Tajikistan World Health Organization.
Brunei Darussalam
Malawi
Bahamas
Guinea-Bissau Low-income countries
Greece
Zambia
San Marino High-income countries
Guinea
Barbados
Mozambique
Cyprus
Ethiopia
Germany
Central African Republic
Malta
Chad
Slovenia
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Finland
Uganda
United States of America
Burundi
Austria
Lao People's Democratic Republic
Luxembourg
Benin
Sweden
Burkina Faso
Portugal
Bangladesh
Qatar
Liberia
Ireland
United Republic of Tanzania
Denmark
Comoros
United Kingdom
Sierra Leone
New Zealand
Mauritania
Singapore
Ghana
Belgium
Rwanda
Norway
Gambia
Italy
Togo
Iceland
Cambodia
Republic of Korea
Myanmar
Switzerland
Haiti
Netherlands
Mali
Andorra
Eritrea
Canada
Madagascar
Australia
Niger
Spain
Nepal
Monaco
Solomon Islands
France
Kenya
Israel
Zimbabwe
Japan
Democratic People's Republic of Korea
Figure 07
Lost output
Lost
2011-2025,
output 2011-2025,
by disease
bytype
disease type Lost output
Lost
2011-2025,
output 2011-2025,
by income
bycategory
income category
THE COST of
noncommunicable
diseases for all
Respiratory
RespiratoryCancer Cancer low and middle-
Lower Lower
diseases diseases 21% 21%
middle-income
middle-income
income countries,
22% 22%
26% 26% by disease and
DiabetesDiabetes income level
6% 6%
Low-income
Low-income Upper Upper Source :
4% 4% middle-income
middle-income
Cardiovascular
Cardiovascular Based on the Global
70% 70%
diseases diseases Economic Burden of
51% 51% Non-communicable Diseases,
Prepared by the World
Economic Forum and the
Harvard School of Public
Health, 2011.
If no action is taken to tackle hypertension and other noncommunicable diseases, the economic
losses are projected to outstrip public spending on health (Fig. 8).
5 Source :
Based on the Global
4 Economic Burden of
Noncommunicable Diseases,
3 Prepared by the World
Economic Forum and the
Harvard School of Public
2
Health, 2011.
Hypertension :
the basic facts
01 HOW
hypertension is defined
Blood pressure is measured in millimetres of However, the cardiovascular benefits of nor-
mercury (mm Hg) and is recorded as two num- mal blood pressure extend to lower systo
bers usually written one above the other. The lic (105 mm Hg) and lower diastolic blood
upper number is the systolic blood pressure - pressure levels (60 mm Hg). Hypertension is
the highest pressure in blood vessels and hap- defined as a systolic blood pressure equal to
pens when the heart contracts, or beats. The or above 140 mm Hg and/or diastolic blood
lower number is the diastolic blood pressure - pressure equal to or above 90 mm Hg. Nor-
the lowest pressure in blood vessels in between mal levels of both systolic and diastolic blood
heartbeats when the heart muscle relaxes. Nor- pressure are particularly important for the
mal adult blood pressure is defined as a systolic efficient function of vital organs such as the
blood pressure of 120 mm Hg and a diastolic heart, brain and kidneys and for overall health
blood pressure of 80 mm Hg. and wellbeing.
These behavioural risk factors are highly influenced by people’s working and
living conditions.
In addition, there are several metabolic factors that increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, kid-
ney failure and other complications of hypertension, including diabetes, high cholesterol and
being overwight or obese. Tobacco and hypertension interact to further raise the likelihood of
cardiovascular disease.
Figure 09
Main factors that
contribute to
the development
of high blood
pressure and its
complications Behavioural risk factors Cardiovascular disease
Social determinants
and drivers
Other factors
In some cases there is no known specific Occasionally, when blood pressure is mea-
cause for hypertension. Genetic factors may sured it may be higher than it usually
play a role, and when hypertension devel- is. For some people, the anxiety of visit-
ops in people below the age of 40 years it ing a doctor may temporarily raise their
is important to exclude a secondary cause blood pressure (“white coat syndrome”).
such as kidney disease, endocrine disease Measuring blood pressure at home instead,
and malformations of blood vessels. using a machine to measure blood pressure
several times a day or taking several mea-
Preeclampsia is hyper tension that oc-
surements at the doctor’s office, can reveal
curs in some women during pregnancy. It
if this is the case.
usually resolves after the birth but it can
sometimes linger, and women who experi-
ence preeclampsia are more likely to have
hypertension in later life.
04 Hypertension
and life-threatening diseases
It is dangerous to ignore high blood pres- nation with other risk factors e.g., tobacco
sure, because this increases the chances of use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet,
life-threatening complications. The higher obesity, diabetes, high cholesterol, low so-
the blood pressure, the higher the likeli- cioeconomic status and family history of
hood of harmful consequences to the heart hypertension (Fig. 9). Low socioeconomic
and blood vessels in major organs such as status and poor access to health services
the brain and kidneys. This is known as and medications also increase the vulner-
cardiovascular risk, and can also be high in ability of developing major cardiovascular
people with mild hypertension in combi- events due to uncontrolled hypertension.
22 III | How public health stakeholders can tackle hypertension | A global brief on hypertension
The prevention and control of hypertension requires
political will on the part of governments and policy-
makers. Health workers, the academic research community,
civil society, the private sector and families and individuals
all have a role to play. Only this concerted effort can
harness the testing technology and treatments available
to prevent and control hypertension and thereby delay or
prevent its life-threatening complications.
01 GOVERNMENTS
and policy-makers
Public health policy must address hyper services. Preventing complications of hyper
tension because it is a major cause of disease tension is a critical element of containing
burden. Interventions must be affordable, sus- health-care costs. All countries can do more
tainable and effective. As such, vertical pro- to improve health outcomes of patients with
grammes that focus solely on hypertension are hypertension by strengthening prevention,
not recommended. Programmes that address increasing coverage of health services, and by
total cardiovascular risk need to be an integral reducing the suffering associated with high
part of the national strategy for prevention and levels of out-of-pocket payment for health ser-
control of noncommunicable diseases. vices (16-18).
Health systems that have proven to be most Hyper tension can only be effectively
effective in improving health and equity or- addressed in the context of systems strength-
ganize their services around the principle ening across all components of the health
of universal health coverage. They promote system : governance, financing, information,
actions at the primary care level that target human resources, service delivery and access
the entire spectrum of social determinants of to inexpensive good quality generic medicines
health ; they balance prevention and health and basic technologies. Governments must
promotion with curative interventions ; and ensure that all people have equitable access
they emphasize the first level of care with ap- to the preventive, curative and rehabilitative
propriate coordination mechanisms. health services they need to prevent them de-
veloping hypertension and its complications.
Even in countries where health services are
(17, 18).
accessible and affordable, governments are
finding it increasingly difficult to respond to
the ever-growing health needs of their pop-
ulations and the increasing costs of health
A global brief on hypertension | How public health stakeholders can tackle hypertension | III
23
There are six important components of any country
initiative to address hypertension
1 |an integrated primary care programme 4|reduction of risk factors in the population
2|the cost of implementing the programme 5|workplace-based wellness programmes
3|basic diagnostics and medicines 6|monitoring of progress.
24 III | How public health stakeholders can tackle hypertension | A global brief on hypertension
Figure 10
world health organization and international
Source :
society of hypertension risk prediction chart
10-year risk of a fatal or non-fatal cardiovascular event by gender, age, smoking
Prevention of cardiovascular disease :
status, systolic blood pressure, blood cholesterol, and presence or absence Guidelines for assessment and management
of diabetes. Different charts are available for all World Health Organization of cardiovascular risk.
subregions. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2012
Risk Level <10% 10% to <20% 20% to <30% 30% to <40% >40%
180
160
60 140
120
180
160
50 140
120
180
160
40 140
120
4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8
Cholesterol (mmol/L)
180
160
60 140
120
180
160
50 140
120
180
160
40 140
120
4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8 4 5 6 7 8
Cholesterol (mmol/L)
A global brief on hypertension | How public health stakeholders can tackle hypertension | III
25
2 | The cost of implementing an integrated primary care
programme
The cumulative cost of implementing an in- iagnostics and medicines. The cumulative cost
d
tegrated primary care programme to prevent of scaling up very cost-effective interventions
heart attack, stroke and kidney failure, using that address cardiovascular disease and cervical
blood pressure as an entry point, is shown in cancer in all low- and middle-income countries
Fig. 11. Estimated costs cover primary care is estimated to be US$ 9.4 billion a year (21).
outpatient visits for consultation, counselling,
Figure 11
TOTal estimated
cost of scaling
up individual-
based best buy
intervention for
noncommunicable 14
diseases
in all low- and 12
middle-income
countries
10
Source :
Scaling up action against 8
Cost (US$ billion)
noncommunicable diseases :
how much will it cost ? 6
Geneva, World Health
Organization, 2011
4
Noncommunicable disease 2
programme managment
Prevention of cervical cancer 0
via screening and lesion removal
2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025
Aspirin for people
with an acute heart attack
Multi-drug therapy
for individuals
> 30% Cardiovascular disease risk
26 III | How public health stakeholders can tackle hypertension | A global brief on hypertension
3 | Basic diagnostics and medicines
The basic diagnostic technologies required The cost of implementing such a programme is
for addressing hyper tension include accu- low, at less than US$ 1 per head in low-income
rate blood pressure measurement devices, countries, less than US$ 1.50 per head in lower
weighing scales, urine albumin strips, fasting middle-income countries and US$ 2.50 in up-
blood sugar tests and blood cholesterol tests. per middle-income countries. Expressed as a
proportion of current health spending, the cost
Not all patients diagnosed with hypertension
of implementing such a package amounts to
require medication, but those at medium to
4% in low-income countries, 2% in lower mid-
high risk will need one or more of eight essen-
dle-income countries and less than 1% in up-
tial medicines to lower their cardiovascular risk
per middle-income countries (22).
(a thiazide diuretic, an angiotensin converting
enzyme inhibitor, a long-acting calcium chan-
nel blocker, a beta blocker, metformin, insulin,
a statin and aspirin).
table 02 The following evidence-based policy interventions are very cost effective
Unhealthy • Salt reduction through mass-media campaigns and reduced salt con-
diet and tent in processed foods
physical • Replacement of trans-fats with polyunsaturated fats
inactivity • Public awareness programme about diet and physical activity
A global brief on hypertension | How public health stakeholders can tackle hypertension | III
27
SALT reduction
Dietary salt intake is a contributing factor for hypertension.
In most countries average per-person salt Reducing population salt intake requires
intake is too high and is between 9 grams (g) action at all levels, including the government,
and 12 g/day (28). Scientific studies have the food industry, nongovernmental organi-
consistently demonstrated that a modest re- zations, health professionals and the pub-
duction in salt intake lowers blood pressure lic. A modest reduction in salt intake can be
in people with hypertension and people with achieved by voluntary reduction or by regu-
normal blood pressure, in all age groups, and lating the salt content of prepackaged foods
in all ethnic groups, although there are vari- and condiments. The food industry can make
ations in the magnitude of reduction. Several a major contribution to population health if
studies have shown that a reduction in salt a gradual and sustained decrease is achieved
intake is one of the most cost-effective inter- in the amount of salt that is added to pre-
ventions to reduce heart disease and stroke packaged foods. In addition, sustained mass-
worldwide at the population level. media campaigns are required to encourage
reduction in salt consumption in households
WHO recommends that adults should con-
and communities.
sume less than 2000 milligrams of sodium, or
5 g of salt per day (27, 29). Sodium content is Several countries have successfully carried
high in processed foods, such as bread (ap- out salt reduction programmes as a result
proximately 250 mg/100 g), processed meats of which salt intake has fallen. For example,
like bacon (approximately 1500 mg/100 g), Finland initiated a systematic approach to
snack foods such as pretzels, cheese puffs and reduce salt intake in the late 1970s through
popcorn (approximately 1500 mg/100 g), as mass-media campaigns, cooperation with the
well as in condiments such as soy sauce (ap- food industry, and implementation of salt la-
proximately 7000 mg/100 g), and bouillon or beling legislation. The reduction in salt intake
stock cubes (approximately 20 000 mg/100 g). was accompanied by a decline in both systolic
and diastolic blood pressure of 10 mm Hg or
Potassium-rich food helps to reduce blood
more. A reduction in salt intake contributed to
pressure (30). WHO recommends that adults
the reduction of mortality from heart disease
should consume at least 3,510 mg of potassium
and stroke in Finland during this period. The
/day. Potassium-rich foods include : beans and
United Kingdom of Great Britain and North-
peas (approximately 1,300 mg of potassium
ern Ireland, the United States of America and
per 100 g), nuts (approximately 600 mg/100 g),
several other high-income countries have also
vegetables such as spinach, cabbage and par
successfully developed programmes of volun-
sley (approximately 550 mg/100 g) and fruit
tary salt reduction in collaboration with the
such as bananas, papayas and dates (approxi-
food industry. More recently, several develop-
mately 300 mg/100 g). Processing reduces the
ing countries have also launched national salt
amount of potassium in many food products.
reduction initiatives.
28 III | How public health stakeholders can tackle hypertension | A global brief on hypertension
5 | Workplace wellness programmes
and high blood pressure control
WHO considers workplace health pro- sures, including, where appropriate, through
grammes to be one of the most cost-effective good corporate practices, workplace wellness
ways to prevent and control noncommunica- programmes and health insurance plans.”
ble diseases including hypertension (31).
Workplace wellness programmes should focus
The United Nations high-level meeting on on promoting worker health through the re-
noncommunicable disease prevention and duction of individual risk-related behaviours,
control in 2011 called on the private sector to e.g. tobacco use, unhealthy diet, harmful use
“promote and create an enabling environment of alcohol, physical inactivity and other health
for healthy behaviours among workers, includ- risk behaviours. They have the potential to
ing by establishing tobacco-free workplaces, reach a significant proportion of employed
and safe and healthy working environments adults for early detection of hypertension and
through occupational safety and health mea- other illnesses.
6 | Monitoring of progress
Please see section 4 : Monitoring the impact of action to tackle hypertension (p.34).
02 Health
workers
Skilled and trained health workers at all physician health workers can play a very im-
levels of care are essential for the success of portant role in detection and management of
hypertension control programmes. Health hypertension. WHO has developed guidelines
workers can raise the awareness of hyper and several tools to assist health workers in
tension in different population groups. managing hypertension cost effectively in pri-
Activities can range from blood pressure mary care. More information on how health
measurement campaigns to health education workers should manage people with high
programmes in the workplace to information blood pressure is available online, including
dialogue with policy makers on how living how to measure blood pressure, which blood
conditions and unhealthy behavior influence pressure devices to use, how to counsel on life-
blood pressure levels. style change and when to prescribe medicines
(14-16, 19-21).
Training of health workers should be institu-
tionalized within medical, nursing and allied http ://www.who.int/nmh/publications/phc2012/en/index.html)
health worker curricula. The majority of cas-
es of hypertension can be managed effective-
ly at the primary health care level. Primary
health-care physicians as well as trained non-
A global brief on hypertension | How public health stakeholders can tackle hypertension | III
29
03 CIVIL
society
Civil society institutions, in particular non- Civil society action is particularly important
governmental organizations (NGOs), aca- in addressing the common risk factors of to-
demia and professional associations, have bacco use, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity
a major part to play in addressing hyper and the harmful use of alcohol where complex
tension and in the overall prevention and commercial, trade, political and social factors
control of noncommunicable diseases at both are at play. Partnerships between NGOs and
country and global levels. academia can bring together the expertise and
resources needed to build both workforce ca-
Civil society institutions have several roles
pacity and the skills of individuals, families
that they are uniquely placed to fulfil. They
and communities. The International Society of
help strengthen capacity to address prevention
Hyper tension, World Hyper tension League,
of noncommunicable diseases at the national
World Heart Federation and the World Stroke
level. They are well-placed to garner political
Association have a long history of collabora-
support and mobilize society for wide support
tion with WHO and working specifically in
of activities to address hypertension and other
the area of hypertension and cardiovascular
noncommunicable diseases. In some countries,
disease (32-35).
civil society institutions are significant provid-
ers of prevention and health-care services and
often fill gaps in services and training provid-
ed to the public and private sectors.
04 PRIVATE
sector
The private sector - excluding the tobacco in- the collaboration of the private sector to put in
dustry - can make a significant contribution place the means necessary to reduce the impact
to hypertension control in several ways. of cross-border marketing of foods high in satu-
rated fats, trans-fatty acids, sugar, or salt.
In addition to contributing to worksite well-
ness programmes, it can actively participate in In addition, the private sector has potential to
the implementation of the set of recommenda- contribute to prevention and control of hyper
tions on the marketing of foods and non-alcohol- tension and other noncommunicable diseases
ic beverages to children which was endorsed through the development of cutting-edge health
by the Sixty-third World Health Assembly technologies and applications, and manufactur-
in May 2010 (36). Evidence shows that expo- ing affordable health commodities.
sure to advertising influences children’s food
Other ways in which the private sector can con-
preferences, purchase requests and consump-
tribute to prevention and control of hypertension
tion patterns. Advertising and other forms of
are outlined in the draft Global Noncommunica-
food marketing to children are widespread
ble Diseases Action Plan 2013-2020 (9).
across the world. Most of this marketing is for
foods with a high content of salt, fat and sugar.
At country level the recommendations require
30 III | How public health stakeholders can tackle hypertension | A global brief on hypertension
05 FAMILIES
and individuals
While some people develop hypertension as they get older, this is
not a sign of healthy ageing. All adults should know their blood
pressure level and should also find out if a close relative had or
has hypertension as this could place them at increased risk.
The odds of developing high blood pres- Individuals who already have hyper
sure and its adverse consequences can be tension can actively participate in manag-
minimized by : ing their condition by :
| Healthy diet • adopting the healthy behaviours listed
above
• promoting a healthy lifestyle with
emphasis on proper nutrition for infants • monitoring blood pressure at home if
and young people feasible
• reducing salt intake to less than 5 g of • checking blood sugar, blood cholesterol
salt per day and urine albumin
• eating five servings of fruit and • knowing how to assess cardiovascular
vegetables a day risk using a risk assessment tool
• reducing saturated and total fat intake. • following medical advice
| Alcohol • regularly taking any prescribed
medications for lowering blood
• avoiding harmful use of alcohol.
pressure.
| Physical activity
• regular physical activity, and promotion
of physical activity for children and
young people. WHO recommends
physical activity for at least 30 minutes a
day five times a week.
• maintaining a normal body weight.
| Tobacco
• stopping tobacco use and exposure to
tobacco products
| Stress
• proper management of stress
A global brief on hypertension | How public health stakeholders can tackle hypertension | III
31
06 WORLD HEALTH organization
Our role
WHO’s mandated role in global health address- tension through a combination of interven-
es the right to health, social justice and equity for tions focused on individuals (14, 16, 17-22)
all. Since 2000, WHO has played a critical lead- and the whole population (24-30). At present
ership role in efforts to address noncommunica- WHO, in consultation with Member States and
ble diseases including hypertension through a other partners, is coordinating the develop-
public health approach (7, 9, 10). As the world’s ment of a global action plan for the prevention
leading public health agency, it tracks the glob- and control of noncommunicable diseases (9)
al burden, articulates evidence-based policy, and a global monitoring framework. Together,
sets norms and standards and provides tech- they will provide a roadmap to operationalize
nical support to countries to address health the commitments of the UN Political Declara-
and disease. WHO is providing support to tion of the High-level Meeting of the General
countries to develop their health financing sys- Assembly on the Prevention and Control of
tems to move towards and to sustain univer- Non-communicable Diseases and to continue
sal health coverage (17, 18). It has developed the work of the Global Strategy for prevention
evidence-based guidance and implementation and control of noncommunicable diseases in-
tools to assist countries to address hyper cluding hypertension (9).
32 III | How public health stakeholders can tackle hypertension | A global brief on hypertension
A global brief on hypertension | How public health stakeholders can tackle hypertension | III
33
SECTION 4
Monitoring the
impact of action
to tackle
hypertension
Figure 12
countries with
surveillance data
for risk factors
Source :
Global status report on
noncommunicable diseases
2010, World Health
Organization, Geneva.
Yes
No
Data not available
(1) A 25% relative reduction in overall mortality from cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory diseases
Risk factors
Harmful use of alcohol (2) At least a 10% relative reduction in the harmful use of alcohol, as appropriate, within the national context
Physical inactivity (3) A 10% relative reduction in prevalence of insufficient physical activity
Salt/sodium intake (4) A 30% relative reduction in mean population intake of salt/sodium intake
Tobacco use (5) A 30% relative reduction in prevalence of current tobacco use in persons aged 15+ years
(6) A 25% relative reduction in the prevalence of raised blood pressure or contain the prevalence of raised blood
Raised blood pressure pressure according to national circumstances
Diabetes and obesity (7) Halt the rise in diabetes and obesity
(8) At least 50% of eligible people receive drug therapy and counselling (including blood sugar control) to prevent heart attacks and strokes
Essential noncommunicable disease medicines and basic technologies to treat major noncommunicable diseases
(9) An 80% availability of the affordable basic technologies and essential medicines, including generic drugs, required to treat major
noncommunicable diseases in both public and private facilities
27. World Health Assembly. Global Strategy to reduce the harmful use of alcohol.
Geneva, World Health Organization, 2010 (WHA 63.13) (http ://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA63/A63_R13-en.pdf).
28. Reducing salt intake in populations - Report of a WHO Forum and Technical Meeting.
Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007.
29. World Health Organization Guideline : Sodium intake for a adults and children.
Geneva, World Health Organization, 2012.
30. World Health Organization Guideline : Potassium intake for adults and children.
Geneva, World Health Organization, 2012.
31. Healthy workplaces : a WHO global model for action. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2010.
32. World Hypertension League (http ://www.worldhypertensionleague.org). Accessed 11 February 2013.
33. International Society of Hypertension (http ://www.ish-world.com). Accessed 11 February 2013.
34. World Heart Federation (http ://www.world-heart-federation.org). Accessed 11 February 2013.
35. World Stroke Organization (http ://www.world-stroke.org/). Accessed 11 February 2013.
36. Set of recommendations on the marketing of foods and non-alcoholic beverages to children.
Geneva, World Health Organization, 2010.