“

˧“(
impli
cati
on)
, "¬“(not)
, "V“ (
or)
, “
Λ“(
and)
,
"
∀”(foral
l)
, "
∃“(
thereexi
sts)
.
ϵ

Thet
ransi
ti
onf
unct
ionδ:
Q×(
∑U{
ε})
×┌→Q×┌*

¬standsfor“not”or“t
henegationof
”.∀standsfor“foral
l”.∃standsf
or“
ther
eexi
sts”
.∋standsfor
“suchthat
”.s.t
.standsfor“
suchthat
”.⇒ standsfor“i
mplies”asinA⇒ B(“Aimpl
i
esB” )
.⇔ st
andsfor“
is
equival
entto”asinA⇔ B( “Aisequi
val
enttoB”).if
fisthesameas⇔.

*
⇒

Mat
hemat
ical
Symbol
s
Li
stofallmathematicalsymbol
sandsigns-meani
ngandexampl
es.
 Ba sicmat hsymbol s
 Ge ometr
ysy mbols
 Al gebrasymbols
 Pr obabil
it
y&st ati
sti
cssymbol
s
 Se ttheorysymbol s
 L ogicsymbols
 Ca l
cul
us&anal ysissymbol
s
 Nu mbersymbol s
 Gr eeksymbol s
 Ro mannumer als

Basi
cmat
hsy
mbol
s
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e

5=2+3
= equal
ssi
gn equal
i
ty
5i
sequal
to2+3
5≠4
≠ notequal
sign i
nequal
i
ty
5i
snotequal
to4
si
n(0.01)≈0.01,
approxi
mat
ely x≈ymeansxi s
≈ equal
appr
oxi
mat
ion
approximat
ely
equaltoy
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e

5>4
> st
ri
cti
nequal
i
ty gr
eat
ert
han
5i
sgreat
ert
han4
4<5
< st
ri
cti
nequal
i
ty l
esst
han
4i
slesst
han5
5≥4,
x≥ymeansxi s
≥ i
nequal
i
ty gr
eat
ert
hanorequal
to
great
erthanor
equaltoy
4≤5,
x≤ymeansxis
≤ i
nequal
i
ty l
esst
hanorequal
to
l
esst
hanorequal
oy
t
calcul
ateexpr
essi
oni
nsi
de
() par
ent
heses
fi
rst
2×(
3+5)=16

calcul
ateexpr
essi
oni
nsi
de
[] br
acket
s
fi
rst
[
(1+2)
×(1+5)
]=18

+ pl
ussi
gn addi
ti
on 1+1=2

− mi
nussi
gn subt
ract
ion 2−1=1
bothplusandmi
nus
± pl
us-mi
nus
operat
ions
3±5=8and-
2

bothminusandpl
us
± mi
nus-pl
us
operat
ions
3∓5=-
2and8

* ast
eri
sk mul
ti
pli
cat
ion 2*3=6

× t
imessi
gn mul
ti
pli
cat
ion 2×3=6

⋅ mul
ti
pli
cat
iondot mul
ti
pli
cat
ion 2⋅
3=6

di
visionsi
gn/
÷ obelus
di
vi
sion 6÷2=3
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e

/ di
vi
sionsl
ash di
vi
sion 6/2=3

— hor
izont
all
i
ne di
vi
sion/f
ract
ion

mod modul
o r
emai
ndercal
cul
ati
on 7mod2=1
deci
mal poi
nt,
deci
mal
. per
iod
separ
ator
2.
56=2+56/
100

ab power exponent 23=8

a^
b caret exponent 2^3=8

√a squar
eroot √a⋅
√a =a √9=±3
3
√a cuberoot √a⋅
3 3
√a ⋅
3
√a =a √8=2
3

4
√a fourthroot √a⋅
4 4
√a ⋅
4
√a ⋅
4
√a=a √16=±2
4

n
√a n-throot(radical) orn=3,
f n
√8=2

% per
cent 1%=1/
100 10%×30=3

‰ per
-mi
l
le 1‰ =1/
1000=0.
1% 10‰ ×30=0.
3
10ppm ×30=
ppm per
-mi
l
li
on 1ppm =1/
1000000
0.
0003
10ppb×30=3×10
ppb per
-bi
l
li
on 1ppb=1/
1000000000 -
7

-
12 10ppt×30=3×10-
ppt per
-t
ri
ll
i
on 1ppt=10 10

Geomet
rysy
mbol
s
Sy
mbolSy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e

∠ angl
e f
ormedbyt
wor
ays ∠ABC=30°
Sy
mbolSy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e

measur
ed
angl
e ABC=30°

spher
ical
angl
e
AOB=30°

∟ r
ightangl
e =90° α=90°

° degr
ee 1t
urn=360° α=60°

deg degr
ee 1t
urn=360deg α=60deg

′ pr
ime ar
cmi
nut
e,1°=60′ α=60°
59′

α=
″ doubl
epr
ime ar
csecond,
1′=60″
60°
59′
59″

l
i
ne i
nfi
nit
eli
ne

AB l
i
nesegment l
i
nef
rom poi
ntAt
opoi
ntB

r
ay l
i
net
hatst
artf
rom poi
ntA

ar
c ar
cfr
om poi
ntAt
opoi
ntB =60°

⊥ per
pendi
cul
ar per
pendi
cul
arl
i
nes(
90°angl
e) AC⊥BC

∥ par
all
el par
all
ell
i
nes AB∥CD

equi
val
enceofgeomet
ri
cshapesand ΔABC≅
≅ congr
uentt
o
si
ze ΔXYZ
ΔABC~
~ si
mil
ari
ty sameshapes,
notsamesi
ze
ΔXYZ
ΔABC≅
Δ t
ri
angl
e t
ri
angl
eshape
ΔBCD
Sy
mbolSy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e

x-
| y
|distance di
stancebet
weenpoi
ntsxandy x-
| y|=5

π=3.
141592654.
.. c=π⋅d=
π pi
const
ant i
stherat
iobet
weentheci
rcumf
erence
π⋅
2⋅ r
anddi
ameterofaci
rcl
e

360°=2π
r
ad r
adi
ans r
adi
ansangl
euni
t
rad
c
r
adi
ans r
adi
ansangl
euni
t 360°=2πc
gr
adi
ans/ 360°=400
gr
ad gons gr
adsangl
euni
t
grad
g gradi
ans/
gons
gr
adsangl
euni
t 360°=400g

Al
gebr
asy
mbol
s
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e

x xv
ari
abl
e unknownv
aluet
ofi
nd when2x=4,
thenx=2

≡ equi
val
ence i
dent
ical
to

equalby
≜ defi
nit
ion
equal
bydef
ini
ti
on

equalby
:
= defi
nit
ion
equal
bydef
ini
ti
on

approxi
mat
ely
~ equal
weakappr
oxi
mat
ion 11~10

approxi
mat
ely
≈ equal
appr
oxi
mat
ion si
n(0.
01)≈0.
01

y∝xwheny=kx,
∝ pr
opor
ti
onal
to pr
opor
ti
onal
to
kconst
ant

∞ l
emni
scat
e i
nfi
nit
ysy
mbol
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e

≪ muchl
esst
han muchl
esst
han 1≪1000000
muchgr
eat
er
≫ t
han
muchgr
eat
ert
han 1000000≫1
cal
cul
ateexpr
essi
on
() par
ent
heses
i
nsi
defir
st
2*(
3+5)=16
cal
cul
ateexpr
essi
on
[] br
acket
s
i
nsi
defir
st
[
(1+2)
*(1+5)
]=18

{} br
aces set

r
oundsnumbert
olower
x⌋ floorbrackets
⌊ i
nteger
⌊
4.3⌋=4

x⌉ ceilingbrackets r
⌈ oundsnumbert
i
nteger
oupper
⌈
4.3⌉=5
excl
amat
ion
x! mark
f
act
ori
al 4!=1*
2*3*
4=24

x|s
| i
ngl
bar
ev
ert
ical
absol
utev
alue |
-5|
=5

f(
x)functionofx mapsv
aluesofxt
of(
x) f(
x)=3x+5
f
unct
ion f(
x)=3x,
g(x)
=x-1
f∘g)composi
( f∘g)(
( x)=f(
g(x)
)
ti
on ⇒(f∘g)x)
( =3(x-
1)

a,
( b)openinterval a,
( x|a<x<b} x∈(
b)={ 2,6)

a,
[ b]closedinterval [
a,b]={
x|a≤x≤b} x∈[
2,6]

Δ del
ta change/di
ff
erence Δt=t
1-t
0

Δ di
scr
imi
nant Δ=b2-4ac
summati
on-sum ofall
∑ si
gma
val
uesi
nrangeofseri
es
∑xi=x1+x2+.
..
+xn

∑∑ si
gma doubl
esummat
ion

∏ capi
tal
pi pr
oduct-pr
oductofal
l ∏xi=x1∙
x2∙
..
.∙
xn
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e

v
aluesi
nrangeofser
ies
econstant/
e Eul
er'
snumber
e=2.
718281828.
.. e=l
i
m( x)
1+1/ x
,x→∞
Eul
er-
γ Mascher
oni γ=0.
5772156649.
..
const
ant

φ gol
denr
ati
o gol
denr
ati
oconst
ant

π=3.
141592654.
..
i
stherati
obetweenthe
π pi
const
ant
ci
rcumfer
enceand
c=π⋅
d=2⋅
π⋅r
di
ameterofacir
cle

Li
nearAl
gebr
aSy
mbol
s
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e

· dot scal
arpr
oduct a·b
× cr
oss v
ect
orpr
oduct a×b
A⊗B t
ensorpr
oduct t
ensorpr
oductofAandB A⊗ B
i
nnerpr
oduct

[] br
acket
s mat
ri
xofnumber
s

() par
ent
heses mat
ri
xofnumber
s

A| determinant
| det
ermi
nantofmat
ri
xA

det
(A)determinant det
ermi
nantofmat
ri
xA

|
|x|
| doubleverticalbars nor
m

AT t
ranspose mat
ri
xtr
anspose AT)
( i A)
j=( j
i
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e

A† Her
mit
ianmat
ri
x mat
ri
xconj
ugat
etr
anspose A†)
( i A)
j=( j
i

A* Her
mit
ianmat
ri
x mat
ri
xconj
ugat
etr
anspose A*)
( i A)
j=( j
i

A-1 i
nver
semat
ri
x AA-1=I

r A) mat
ank( ri
xrank r
ankofmat
ri
xA r A)=3
ank(
di
m(U) di
mensi
on di
mensi
onofmat
ri
xA di
m(U)=3

Pr
obabi
l
ityandst
ati
sti
cssy
mbol
s
Meani
ng/
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Exampl
e
def
ini
ti
on

probabil
i
ty pr
obabi
l
ityofev
ent
P(
A) functi
on A
P(
A)=0.
5

probabil
i
tyof
pr
obabi
l
ityt
hatof
P(
A∩B )events ev
entsAandB
P(
A∩B)=0.
5
i
ntersecti
on

A∪B)p
P( r
obabi
event
l
i
tyof
sunion
pr
obabi
ev
ent
l
ityt
hatof
sAorB
P(
A∪B)=0.
5

condit
ional probabi
li
tyofev
ent
P(
AB | ) probability AgiveneventB P(
A|B)=0.
3
funct
ion occured

probabil
i
ty
P(
a≤x≤b)=∫
f(
x) densit
y
f(
x)dx
functi
on(pdf
)

cumulati
ve
F(
x) dist
ri
buti
on F(
x)=P(
X≤x)
funct
ion(cdf
)

popul
ati
on meanofpopul
ati
on
μ mean val
ues
μ=10

expect
ati
on expect
edv alueof
E(
X) val
ue random v
ariableX
E(
X)=10
 Meani
ng/
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Exampl
e
def
ini
ti
on

expect
edv alueof
E(
X|Y )condit
i
expect
onal
at
ion
random v
ariableX E(
X|Y=2)=5
givenY

v
ari
anceofr
andom
v
arX)
( v
ari
ance
v
ari
abl
eX
v
arX)=4
(

var
ianceof
σ2 v
ari
ance
populat
ionv
alues
σ2=4

st
andar
ddeviati
on
standard
st
d(X) deviat
ion
ofr
andom v
ariabl
e st
d(X)=2
X

standarddevi
ati
on
standard
σX deviat
ion
valueofrandom σX =2
variabl
eX

middl
evalueof
medi
an
r
andom vari
abl
ex

covari
anceof
cov
(X,
Y)covariance random var
iabl
esX cov
(X,
Y)=4
andY

correl
ati
onof
cor
rXY
(,)correlation random var
iabl
esX cor
r(X,
Y)=0.
6
andY

correl
ati
onof
ρX,Y cor
rel
ati
on random var
iabl
esX ρX,Y =0.
6
andY

summat i
on-sum
∑ summat
ion ofallv
aluesi
n
rangeofseri
es

doubl
e
∑∑ summati
on
doubl
esummat
ion

val
uethatoccurs
Mo mode mostfrequent
lyi
n
popul
ation
 Meani
ng/
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Exampl
e
def
ini
ti
on

MR=
MR mi
d-r
ange
xmax+xmin)
( /2
hal
fthepopul
ati
on
Md sampl
emedi
an
i
sbelowthisv
alue

l
ower/fir
st 25%ofpopul
ati
on
Q1 quar
ti
le arebel
owthi
svalue

50%ofpopulati
on
median/ arebel
owt hi
svalue
Q2 secondquar
ti
le =medi anof
samples

upper/thi
rd 75%ofpopul
ati
on
Q3 quart
il
e arebel
owthi
svalue

av
erage/
x sampl
emean
ar
it
hmeti
cmean
x=(
2+5+9)/3=5.
333

sample populat
ionsamples 2
s2 var
iance var
ianceesti
mator
s =4

sample populat
ionsamples
s standard standar
ddev i
aton s=2
i
deviat
ion esti
mator

zx st
andar
dscor
e zx=(
x-x)/sx
di
str
ibut
ionof dist
ri
buti
onof
X~ X random var
iabl
eX
X~N(
0,3)

nor
mal gaussi
an
N(
μ,σ2) di
str
ibut
ion di
stri
but
ion
X~N(
0,3)

uni
form equalpr
obabi
l
ityi
n
U(
a,b) di
stri
buti
on rangea,
b
X~U(
0,3)

exponent
ial
exp(
λ) di
str
ibut
ion
x)=λe-λx,
f( x≥0

gamma(c, gamma f(x)=λcxc-1e-

λx
λ) di
str
ibut
ion /Γ(c)
,x≥0
 Meani
ng/
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Exampl
e
def
ini
ti
on

chi-
squar
e f(x)=xk/2-1e-x/2/
k)
χ(
2
dist
ri
buti
on (2k/2Γ(
k/2))
F(
k1,
k2) Fdi
str
ibut
ion

bi
nomial k)=nCkpk(
f( 1-
Bi
n(n,
p) n-
k
di
str
ibut
ion p)
Poi
sson
Poi
sson(
λ)di
str
ibut
ion
k)=λke-λ/k!
f(

geomet
ri
c
Geom(
p) di
str
ibut
ion
f(
k)= p(
1-p)k

hyper
-
HG(
N,K,
n) geometr
ic
di
stri
but
ion

Ber
noul
l
i
Ber
n(p) di
str
ibut
ion

Combi
nat
ori
csSy
mbol
s
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e

n! factorial n!=1⋅
2⋅3⋅
.
..n
⋅ 5!=1⋅
2⋅3⋅
4⋅5=120

nPk per
mut
ati
on 5P3=5!/(
5-3)
!=60

nCk

combi
nat
ion 5C3=5!
/[
3!(
5-3)
!]
=10

Sett
heor
ysy
mbol
s
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e

A={
3,7,
9,
14},
{} set acol
l
ect
ionofel
ement
s
B={
9,14,
28}
obj
ectst
hatbel
ongt
osetA
A∩B i
nter
sect
ion
andsetB
A∩B={
9,14}

obj
ectsthatbel
ongt
osetA A∪B=
A∪B uni
on
orsetB {
3,7,
9,
14,
28}

AisasubsetofB.setAi
s {
9,14,
28}⊆
A⊆B subset i
ncludedi
nsetB. {
9,14,
28}

pr
opersubset/st
ri
ct AisasubsetofB,
butAi
s {
9,14}⊂
A⊂B subset notequal
toB. {
9,14,
28}
{
9,66}⊄
A⊄B notsubset setAi
snotasubsetofsetB
{
9,14,
28}

AisasupersetofB.setA {
9,14,
28}⊇
A⊇B super
set
i
ncludessetB {
9,14,
28}

pr
opersuper
set/st
ri
ct AisasupersetofB,
butBi
s {
9,14,
28}⊃
A⊃B super
set notequal
toA. {
9,14}

setAi setofset {
snotasuper 9,14,
28}⊅
A⊅B notsuper
set
B {
9,66}
2A powerset al
lsubset
sofA

powerset al
lsubset
sofA

A={
3,9,
14}
,
bot
hset
shav
ethesame
A=B equal
i
ty
member
s B={
3,9,
14}
,
A=B
al
ltheobj
ect
sthatdonot
Ac compl
ement
bel
ongtosetA

A\B r
elat
ivecompl
ement
obj
ectst
hatbel
ongt
oAand A={
3,9,
14},
nott
oB B={
1,2,
3},
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e

A-
B={
9,14}
A={3,
9,
14},
obj
ectst
hatbel
ongt
oAand
A-B r
elat
ivecompl
ement
nott
oB
B={1,
2,
3},
A-
B={9,14}
A={3,9,
14},
obj
ectst
hatbel
ongt oAorB B={1,2,
3},
AΔB symmet
ri
cdi
ff
erence
butnott
othei
rint
ersect
ion AΔB=
{
1,2,
9,
14}
A={3,9,
14},
obj
ectst
hatbel
ongt oAorB B={1,2,
3},
A⊖B symmet
ri
cdi
ff
erence
butnott
othei
rint
ersect
ion A⊖B=
{
1,2,
9,
14}
A={
3,9,
14}
,3
a∈A el
ementof
bel
ongst
o
,
setmember
shi
p
∈A

A={
3,9,
14}
,1
x∉A notelementof nosetmember
shi
p
∉A

a,
( b)orderedpair col
l
ect
ionof2el
ement
s

setofal
lor
der
edpai
rsf
rom
A×B cartesianproduct AandB

thenumberofel
ement
sof A={3,
9,
14}
,
|
A| cardinality setA |
A|=3

thenumberofel
ement
sof A={
3,9,
14}
,
#A car
dinal
i
ty
setA #A=3
i
nfi
nit
ecardi
nal
i
tyofnat
ural
al
eph-
nul
l
numbersset

cardinal
it
yofcount
abl
e
al
eph-
one
ordinalnumber
sset

Ø empt
yset Ø={} C={
Ø}
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e

uni
ver
sal
set setofal
lpossi
blev
alues

nat
ural
numbers/whole
0
numbersset(
wit
hzero) 0={
0,1,
2,
3,
4,
..
.} 0∈ 0

nat
ural
numbers/whol
e
1 numbersset(
wit
hout 1={
1,2,
3,
4,
5,
..
.} 6∈ 1
zer
o)

i
ntegernumber
sset ={
..
.-
3,-
2,-
1,0,
1,
2,
3,
..
.}-
6∈

r
ati
onal
number
sset x|x=a/
={ b,a,
b∈ } 2/
6∈

r
eal
number
sset x|-
={ ∞ <x<∞} 6.
343434∈

={z|z=a+bi
,-
compl
exnumber
sset 6+2i
∈
∞<a<∞, - ∞<b<∞}

Logi
csy
mbol
s
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e

⋅ and and x⋅
y

^ car
et/ci
rcumf
lex and x^y

& amper
sand and x&y

+ pl
us or x+y

∨ r
ever
sedcar
et or x∨y

| v
ert
ical
li
ne or x|y

x' singlequote not-negat

ion x'

x bar not-negat
ion x
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e

¬ not not-negat
ion ¬x

! excl
amat
ionmar
k not-negat
ion !x

⊕ ci
rcl
edpl
us/opl
us excl
usi
veor-xor x⊕ y

~ t
il
de negat
ion ~x

⇒ i
mpl
i
es

⇔ equi
val
ent i
fandonl
yif(
if
f)

↔ equi
val
ent i
fandonl
yif(
if
f)

∀ f
oral
l

∃ t
her
eexi
sts

∄ t
her
edoesnotexi
sts

∴ t
her
efor
e

∵ because/si
nce

Cal
cul
us&anal
ysi
ssy
mbol
s
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e

l
i
mit l
i
mitv
alueofaf
unct
ion

repr
esentsaverysmal
l
ε epsi
l
on
number,nearzer
o
ε→ 0

econstant/ e=li
m
e Eul
er'
snumber
e=2.
718281828.
..
(
1+1/ x
x),x→∞

y' der
ivat
ive der
ivat
ive-Lagr
ange'
s 3x3)
( '=9x2
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e

not
ati
on

y'
' secondder
ivat
ive der
ivat
iveofder
ivat
ive 3x3)
( '=18x
'

y
(n)
nt
hder
ivat
ive nt
imesder
ivat
ion 3x3)
( (3)
=18

der
ivati
ve-Lei
bni
z'
s
der
ivat
ive
not
ation 3x3)
d( /dx=9x2

secondder
ivat
ive der
ivat
iveofder
ivat
ive d2(
3x3)
/dx2=18x

nt
hder
ivat
ive nt
imesder
ivat
ion

der
ivat
ivebyti
me-
t
imeder
ivat
ive
Newton'
snotati
on

ti
mesecond
der
ivat
iveofder
ivat
ive
deri
vat
ive

Dxy der
ivat
ive der
ivat
ive-Eul
er'
snot
ati
on

Dx2y secondder
ivat
ive der
ivat
iveofder
ivat
ive

par
ti
alder
ivat
ive x2+y
∂( 2
)∂x=2x
/

∫ i
ntegr
al opposi
tet
oder
ivat
ion ∫f
(x)
dx
i
ntegrati
onoff
unct
ionof2
∫
∫ doubl
eint
egr
al
v
ariables
∫f
∫ (
x,y
)dxdy

i
ntegrati
onoff
unct
ionof3
∫
∫∫ t
ri
plei
ntegr
al
v
ariables
∫
∫∫f
(x,
y,
z)dxdy
dz

closedcontour/
∮ l
ineintegr
al

∯ cl
osedsur
face
Sy
mbol Sy
mbol
Name Meani
ng/def
ini
ti
on Exampl
e

i
ntegr
al

cl
osedvol
ume
∰ i
ntegr
al

a,
[ b] closedinterval a,
[ b]={
x|a≤x≤b}

a,
( b) openinterval a,
( b)={
x|a<x<b}

i i
magi
nar
yuni
t i≡√-
1 z=3+2i
complex
z* conj
ugate
z=a+bi→ z*
=a-
bi z*=3-2i

complex
z conj
ugate
z=a+bi→ z=a-
bi z=3-2i

gradi
ent/di
ver
gence
∇ nabl
a/del
operat
or
∇f(
x,y
,z)

v
ect
or

uni
tvect
or

x*y conv
olut
ion y
(t)=x(
t)*h(
t)
Lapl
ace
tr
ansf
orm
F(
s)= {
f(t
)}

Four
iert
ransf
orm X(
ω)= {
f(t
)}

δ del
taf
unct
ion

∞ l
emni
scat
e i
nfi
nit
ysy
mbol

Numer
alsy
mbol
s
Name Eur
opean Roman Hi
nduAr
abi
c Hebr
ew

zer
o 0 ٠
 Name Eur
opean Roman Hi
nduAr
abi
c Hebr
ew

one 1 I ١ ‫א‬

t
wo 2 I
I ٢ ‫ב‬

t
hree 3 I
II ٣ ‫ג‬

f
our 4 I
V ٤ ‫ד‬

f
ive 5 V ٥ ‫ה‬

si
x 6 VI ٦ ‫ו‬

sev
en 7 VI
I ٧ ‫ז‬

ei
ght 8 VI
II ٨ ‫ח‬

ni
ne 9 I
X ٩ ‫ט‬

t
en 10 X ١
٠ ‫י‬

el
even 11 XI ١
١ ‫יא‬

t
wel
ve 12 XI
I ١
٢ ‫יב‬

t
hir
teen 13 XI
II ١
٣ ‫ג‬
‫י‬

f
our
teen 14 XI
V ١
٤ ‫יד‬

f
if
teen 15 XV ١
٥ ‫ו‬
‫ט‬

si
xteen 16 XVI ١
٦ ‫ז‬
‫ט‬

sev
ent
een 17 XVI
I ١
٧ ‫ז‬
‫י‬

ei
ght
een 18 XVI
II١
٨ ‫יח‬

ni
net
een 19 XI
X ١
٩ ‫יט‬

t
went
y 20 XX ٢
٠ ‫כ‬

t
hir
ty 30 XXX ٣٠ ‫ל‬
 Name Eur
opean Roman Hi
nduAr
abi
c Hebr
ew

f
ort
y 40 XL ٤
٠ ‫מ‬

f
if
ty 50 L ٥
٠ ‫נ‬

si
xty 60 LX ٦
٠ ‫ס‬

sev
ent
y 70 LXX ٧٠ ‫ע‬

ei
ght
y 80 LXXX ٨٠ ‫פ‬

ni
net
y 90 XC ٩
٠ ‫צ‬

onehundr
ed 100 C ١
٠٠ ‫ק‬

Gr
eekal
phabetl
ett
ers
UpperCase LowerCase Gr
eekLet
ter Engl
ish Let
terName
Lett
er Lett
er Name Equi
valent Pr
onounce

Α α Al
pha a al
-f
a

Β β Bet
a b be-
ta

Γ γ Gamma g ga-
ma

Δ δ Del
ta d del
-t
a

Ε ε Epsi
l
on e ep-
si-
lon

Ζ ζ Zet
a z ze-
ta

Η η Et
a h eh-
ta

Θ θ Thet
a t
h t
e-t
a

Ι ι I
ota i i
o-t
a

Κ κ Kappa k ka-
pa
 Λ λ Lambda l l
am-
da

Μ μ Mu m m-
yoo

Ν ν Nu n noo

Ξ ξ Xi x x-
ee

Ο ο Omi
cron o o-
mee-
c-r
on

Π π Pi p pa-
yee

Ρ ρ Rho r r
ow

Σ σ Si
gma s si
g-ma

Τ τ Tau t t
a-oo

Υ υ Upsi
l
on u oo-
psi
-l
on

Φ φ Phi ph f
-ee

Χ χ Chi ch kh-
ee

Ψ ψ Psi ps p-
see

Ω ω Omega o o-
me-
ga

Romannumer
als
Number Romannumer
al

0 notdef
ined
1 I
2 I
I
3 I
II
Number Romannumer
al

4 I
V
5 V
6 VI
7 VI
I
8 VI
II
9 I
X
10 X
11 XI
12 XI
I
13 XI
II
14 XI
V
15 XV
16 XVI
17 XVI
I
18 XVI
II
19 XI
X
20 XX
30 XXX
40 XL
50 L
60 LX
Number Romannumer
al

70 LXX
80 LXXX
90 XC
100 C
200 CC
300 CCC
400 CD
500 D
600 DC
700 DCC
800 DCCC
900 CM
1000 M
5000 V
10000 X
50000 L
100000 C
500000 D
1000000M