SECTI

ONI
.THENATUREOFMATHEMATI
CS

Modul
e2..
MATHEMATI
CALLANGUAGEANDSYMBOLS

Lesson1.Mathemati
csandEngli
shasLanguages
Lesson2:TheLanguageandGrammarofMathemati
cs
Lesson3.TheLanguageofSet
s
Lesson4:TheLanguageofLogic

Lear
ningOut
comes:Att
heendoft
hemodul
e,y
oushoul
dbeabl
eto:

 Discussthelanguage,symbolsandconv entionsofmathemat
ics
 Explai
nthenat ureofmathemat i
csasalanguage
 Perform oper
ationsonmat hematical
expressionscorr
ectl
y
 Acknowledget hatmathematicsisausefullanguage

Ov
erv
iew
Thismodul econsi stoffourlessons:Mat hematicsandEngl ishasLanguages
,TheLanguageandGr ammarofMat hemati
cs,TheLanguageofSet s,TheLanguageofLogic.
Eachlessonwasdesi gnedasasel f
-t
eachi
ngguide.Defini
ti
onsoft ermsandexampl eshad
beenincorporat
ed.Answer ingtheprobl
emsin“yourturn”will
checky ourprogr
ess.Youmay
comparey ouranswerstot hesoluti
onsprovi
dedatthelaterpartofthismoduleinthatwayyou
wil
lbeablet omeasurey ourachievementandaswell astheeffecti
venessofthemodul e.
Exer
cisesforfurt
herunder standi
ngwill
begiventoyoui nasepar at
ef i
le.

I
ntr
oduct
ion
Ismat hemat i
csr eal
l
yalanguagejustlikeEngli
sh,French,Chi
nese,
orJapanese?Based
onthedef i
nit
iont hatdescri
besalanguagesuchas: avocabularyofsymbolsorwords;a
grammarconsi st
ingofrulesontheuseoft hesesymbols,;
andr angeofmeani ngst
hatcanbe
communi catedwi ththesesymbols,al
lofthesecomponent sarefoundinmat hemati
cs,soi
t
quali
fi
esasal anguage.

Di
scussi
on

Lesson1.Mat
hemat
icsandEngl
ishasLanguages
Mathemati
csandEngl i
sharebot
hlanguagesthati
fyouexcelt
oboth,
youhaveabigger
chanceofbeingaheadinawor l
dful
lofcompeti
ti
on.Thefi
gurebelowwil
lgi
veyouanover
v i
ew
onthei
r
si
milar
it
iesanddiff
erences.

1|Page
 Whathav eyounoti
cesof ar?
Eventhoughthewords“ noun”,
“ver
b”,
orpr
onoun”arenotusedinmat
hemati
cs,
the
si
mil
ari
ti
eswiththeEngl
ishlanguagecanbeobserved:
 Nounscouldbeconst antssuchasnumber
sorexpressi
onwi t
hnumbers:

()
1
12, 24- , -
3
58

 Av
erbcoul
dbeequal
sign=,
ori
nequal
i
tysy
mbol
sli
ke>or≤.

 Pr
onounscoul
dbeav
ari
abl
esl
i
kexory:
4
5x-
8, -
2xy ,
x
 Sent
encescoul
dbef
ormedbyput
ti
ngt
oget
hert
hesepar
ts:
3x+7=24 , 2x+3y=7

Lesson2:
TheLanguageandGr
ammarofMat
hemat
ics
Mathematicshasalanguagefeaturesunpar
all
eledinot herlanguages,l
ikepresent
ati
on
forexample“ ,
y,
orx“ f oranyrealnumberoranynumer icalexpression.I
naddi t
ion,
the
l
anguageofMat hematicsi
spackedwi t
ht ermsandsymbol s,whichnor mallyusedinevery
day
conversat
ion.

Mathemat
icshasgrammartoo,butiti
sthemat hemat i
call
ogi
cthatdeter
mineswhether
thest
atementsar
etrueornottr
ue,v
ali
dornotv ali
d.Therefore,
weneedtov i
ewMat hemat
ics
asalanguageandmustlearni
tinawayal anguageislearned.

Mat
hemat
icalExpr
essi
onandSent
ence

Asentencemustcont
ainacomplet
et hought.I
ntheEngl
ishlanguageanor dinary
sentencemustcont ai
nasubj
ectandapredicate.
.Simil
arl
y,amathematicalsentencemust
stat
eacompl etet
hought
.Whieanexpr
l essi
oni sanamegi vent
oamat hematicalobjectof
i
nterest.Bel
owar eexampl
esofmat hemati
calexpressi
ons:

a.Anor
der
edpai
r

b.Amat
ri
x [-21 43]
c.Af
unct
ionf
(x)

d.Theset{
1,3,
5}

e.

Bel
owar
eexampl
eofmat
hemat
ical
sent
encesorst
atement
.

Combi ned
Mathemat i
cal Engl
ishTr
ansl
ati
ons
Sentences

2|Page
 -
Thesum ofsi
xandt
woal
lov
erf
ouri
stwo.

6+2 -
Ther
ati
oofsi
xpl
ust
wo,
andf
ouri
sequal
tot
wo.
=2
4
-
Twoi
sthequoti
entwhent
hesum ofsi
xandt
woi
sdi
vi
ded
byfour.

2( 4)=16
12- -
Twi
cet
hedi
ff
erenceoft
wel
veandf
ouri
ssi
xteen.

-
Thepr
oductof2andt
wel
vel
essf
ouri
ssi
xteen

Weal
sohav
esomeexampl
esofal
gebr
aicsent
ences.

Al
gebr
aicSent
ences Engl
ishTr
ansl
ati
on

-
Twi
ceanumberi
sequal
tof
our
teen.
2x=14
-
Twot
imesanumberi
sfour
teen.

-
Thr
icet
hedi
ff
erenceoft
wiceanumberandonei
sfour
.
3( 1)=4
2x- -
Thr
ee,mul
ti
pli
edtot
hedi
ff
erenceoft
wiceanumberl
ess
one,
isfour

2(
x=1) -
Ther
ati
ooftwi
cethesum ofanumberandone,
andt
hree
=5
3 i
sequalt
ofi
ve.

Exampl
e1
. Translat
ethefoll
owingexpr
essi
onandsent
encesi
nEngl
ishint
o
Mat
hemat i
calexpressionsandstatementorvi
cever
sa.Uset
helet
terntor
epresent
t
heunknown.
a.Anumberi ncreasedby10.
b.2n+1.
c.Thediff
erencebet weent
heagesofmom andsonis27.
d.3n-1=23

Sol
uti
on
a.n+10or10+n
b.Thesum oft
wiceanumberand1.
c.m- n=27
d.Thedif
fer
enceoft
hri
ceanumberand1i
stwent
y-t
hree.

.
Yourt
urn1
Transl
atethefol
lowingexpr
essi
onandsentencesinEnglishi
nto
Mat hemati
calexpressi
onsandstat
ementorviceversa.Usethe
l
etterxtorepr
esenttheunknown.
a.Fourt
imesthesquareofanumber
3|Page
b.(x,
y)∈A
c.x2+1≠0
d.Asum oft
hreeconsecut
ivenumber
sisei
ght
een.

Lesson3.TheLanguageofSet
s

Theconceptofset
swasf or
malizedbyGeorgeCant
or,aGermanmathemati
cian(
1845-
1918)
.Hedefinedsetasacoll
ecti
onofdefi
nit
edist
ingui
shedobj
ect
scaledel
l ement
s.

3.
1SetNot
ati
ons

Iti
simpor t
antt onotethatinMathemati
cs,ther
earecer
tai
nconventi
onsi
nt heways
setsarerepresented,wri
tten,
andint
erpr
eted.Thef
oll
owingexampleswi
ll
il
lustr
ate
theseconventions.

Exampl
e2 The seti
scomposedoff
ivevowel
softheEngli
shalphabetmay
benamedandcanbedenotedasA={ a,
e,
i,u}
o, .Set
slikeAwhi ch
hasadefinit
enumberofel ement
sinrost
ermethodwheretheelementsarel i
sted.
Commasar eused betweeneachel
ementandapai
rofbracesar
eusedt oenclosethe
l
istel
ements.

Thesetwhoseel ementsareal
lintegersmaybenamedandcan
Exampl
e3 bewrit
tenasN={ x|
x∈Z}.Thisi sreadas“ SetNi sthesetofal
l
valuesofxsucht hatxisani nt
eger
”.Setsli
keSetNwhi chhasi ndef
init
enumberof
elementsarewrit
tenin
set -
bui
ldermethod.Thisnotati
onisusedwheneveritisconv eni
entorimpossibl
et o
l
istalltheelementsofaset ;itmerelydescri
besthechar acter
izi
ngpr oper
tyofits
elementsint
ermsofsy mbol
s.

Weal
sohav
etot
akenot
eoft
hef
requent
lyusedsetofnumber
s:

Yourt
urn2

4|Page
UseTheRost
erMet
hodt
oRepr
esentaSet

a.Thesetofnatur
alnumberslessthan5.
b.Thesol
uti
onsetofx+5=- 1
c.Thesetofnegati
veint
eger
sgr eat
erthan-
4

Yourt
urn3 UseTheSet
-bui
lderMet
hodt
oRepr
esentaSet

a.SetM isthesetwhoseelementsarenumbersgreaterthannegat
ivefi
vebutl
ess
thanfour.
b.SetPisthesetwhoseelementsarenumbersgreaterthanorequaltozer
o.
c.SetN isthesetofev
ennumber sgreat
ert
hanorequal t
ofourbutl
essthanorequal
totwenty.

Mor
eConcept
stoLear
naboutSet
s

 Fi
nit
eSeti
sasetwhoseel ementsar ecount
able.Exampl
esar
e:
o A={ r
ed,or
ange,
yel
l
ow, green,
blue}.
o SetB i
sthesetofi
ntegersgreaterthanzer
obutl esst
hanf
ive.

 Uni
tSeti
safini
tesetthathasonl
yoneel
ement.Examplesare:
o C={ 0}
o SetDisthesetconsist
ingoft
henumbert
hatisneit
herpri
menorcomposi
te.

 I
nfini
teSetisasetwher ethenumberofel
ement
sisunl
i
mit
edornotcount
abl
e.
Examples:
o E={ …,
-6,-
4,-2,
0,2,4,
6,…}
o SetFi sthesetofposi
ti
veint
eger
s

 Emptyornul
lseti
sasett
hathasnoelements.Exampl
esar
e:
o G={}orG=∅
o SetHist
hesetofmont
hsthatst
artwi
ththelett
erZ.

 Car
dinal
it
yorcar dinalnumberof aset i sthenumberofelementsi nit.For
example,thecardinalnumberofsetA(descri
beabove)i
sdenotedbyn( A)=5.
Takenotethatinfindi
ngforthecar
dinal
i
tyofasetelement
sthatareli
stedmore
thanoncearecount edonlyonce.ForexamplethesetT={ 3,3,4,7,
8}hasa
cardi
nali
tyof4andi sdenotedasn(T)=4

 Equival
entSetsaresetsthathavet hesamenumberofel ement
s.I
notherwor ds,
theyhavethesameacar di
nal
it
y.Forexample,setCandDar eequi
valentset
s
denotedbyC~D sincetheyhav et heoneelementeach;t sn(
hati C)=n(D).
Howev er,SetAandSetBar enotequival
entbecauseSetAhasfi
veel ement
s
andSetBhasonlyfourelements.
5|Page
 Equalset
sar eset
sthathav
eexactl
ythesameel ements.Exampl
esare:
o IfV={ a,e,i
,o,
u}andW ={i,
e,
o,a,u},thenSetsV andW ar eequaldenot
edby
V=W .
o IfN={ x|
x∈Z}andL={ …,-
3,-2,-1,0,
1, 2,
3,…},
thenN=L.

 Thesy mbol∈isusedt oindi

cat
et hatanelementbelongstoaset;whilei
susedto
i
ndicat
ethatanelementdoesnotbel ongtoaset.Exampleare:
o Gi
venV={ a,e,i
,o,u},wesaythataisanel ementofV”orinsymbols,a ∈V.
o Gi
venN={ x|
x∈Z}, wesaythat“0. 5isnotanelementofSetN orinsymbol
s,
0.
5∉N.

 Thesy mbol⊂i susedt oindi

cat
ethatset isapr opersubset ofanotherset.By
propersubset,
ingiventwosetsAandB, everyelementofSetAi sal
soanel ement
ofSetB,butnotal lelementsofSetBareelement sofSetBar einSetA.Sucha
rel
ati
onbetweensetsisdenotedbyA⊂Bandi sreadas“Aisapr opersubsetofB.”.
I
tisimportantt
onotethatthesetonther
ightof ⊂istheonewithmor eelements.

Ont heotherhand,t
hesymbol⊄isusedt
oindi
catethataseti
snotasubsetof
anotherset;meaningnotal
lel
ement
softhef
ir
stsetarealsoel
ementoft
hesecond
set.

Thesymbol⊆isusedtoindi
catethatequalset
saresubsetofoneanother.Suppose
wearegivent
woset s,V={a,e,i
,o,u}andW ={i,
e,
o,a,u}.Si
nceSet
sVandWar e
equalset
s,wesaythatVisasubsetofW, andconversel
y,WisasubsetofV.Inset
notat
ion,west
ate
V⊆W andW ⊆V.

 Powersetisthesetcomposedofall
thesubsetsofagiv
enset.Forexample,t
he
powersetofsetA={ 2,
4,6}denotedasP(A),i
s{ ∅,{
2},{
4}{
,6}{
, 4}
2, ,{ 6}
2, {
, 6}
4, ,
{2,
4,
6}}.
Donotethatanemptyseti
sasubsetofeverysetandeveryseti
sasubsetofitsel
f.

 Set
sthathav
ecommonel
ementsarecal
ledj
ointset
s;whi
l
ethoset
hatdonothav
e
commonelement
sar eddi
ecal
l sj
ointset
s.

Yourt
urn4 Fi
lli
nthetabl
ebel
owwit
hcorr
espondi
ngnot
ati
onofst
atement
andeval
uatei
fwhati
tst
atesi
str
ueorfal
se.

K={
1,2,
3,4,
5} L={
24,
5} M ={
0,4,
7,
10,
15} N={
2,4,
5,
3,
1}

Not
ati
on St
atement Tr
ue/
Fal
se
L⊂K
L⊄M
6|Page
 N⊆K
∅ ⊂N

Yourt
urn5 Doyounoti
ceanyr el
ati
onbetweenthenumberofel ementsi
naset
andnumberofelementsinit
spowerset; t
hati
sthenumberof
subset
s(pr
opersubsetsplusi
tsequalset
)?Whatseemst obethepattern?Canyou
comeupwithaformula?Goandinvest
igat
e!Putyourobserv
ati
onsinthet abl
e.

NumberofEl
ement
sinaSet NumberofSubset
s
0
1
2
3 8
4
5
6
n

3.
1SetOper
ati
ons

Inthissecti
onwewi
ll
discusst
hesetoper
ati Uni
onssuchas: on,
Int
ersect
ion,
Di
ff
erence,Compl
ement
ati
on,andCar
tesi
anProduct
.

Theuni
onoftwosetsXandYist
hesetcomposedofel
ement
sthatbel
ongtoei
ther
SetXandorSetYorbot
hsets,
andisdenot
edbyX ∪YwhichreadasXunionY.

Exampl
e4 I
fSetAist
hesetcomposedofmonthsstar
tingwit
hlet
terJ.
SetBi
sthesetcomposedofmont
hswithexactl
yfivel
ett
ers.
SetCi
sthesetcomposedofmont
hsst art
ingwit
hlett
erM.

t
henA={
Januar
y,June,
Jul
y} B={
Mar
ch,
Apr
il
} C={
Mar
ch,
May
}

Fi
nd A∪B , A∪C , B∪C .

Sol
uti
on
A∪B={Januar
y,Mar
ch,
Apri
l,
June,Jul
y}
A∪C={Januar
y,Mar
ch,
May ,
June,
July}
B∪C={March,Apri
l
,May}

I
n“Mar
ch”
,thecommonel
ementofSet
sBandCi
swr
it
tenonl
yoncei
nB∪C.

Yourt
urn6

7|Page
 Per
for
mthei
ndi
cat
edoper
ati
on.Uset
hesameset
sgi
veni
nexampl
e4.

a.C∪B
b.A∪B∪C

Thei nt
ersect
ionoft
woset
sXandYisthesetcomposedofel
ement
sthatbel
ongt
o
ei
therSetXandorSetYorbothset
s,andi
sdenotedbyX ∩YwhichreadasX
i
ntersect
ionY.

Exampl
e5 I
fDi st
hesetofsi
ngle-
syl
labl
emont hs.
Ei
sthesetofmonthswithyast helet
ters.
Fi
sthesetofmonthswithfourlett
ersorless.
t
henD={
Mar
ch,
May,June} E={ January,
February,July
} F={ May
,June,
Jul
y}

Fi
ndD∩E,E∩F ,
D∩F

Solut
ion
D∩E=∅
E∩F= { Jul
y}
D∩F={ May,June}
SetDandEaredisj
ointset
ssot
hei
rint
ersect
ioni
sempt
yset
.

Yourt
urn7 Perf
ormthei
ndi
cat
edoper
ati
on.Uset
hesameset
sgi
veni
n
exampl
e5.

a.F∩D
b.D∩E∩F
c.(
D∩E)∪(
E∩F)

 Thedi
ff
erenceoftwoset sXandYisthesetofel
ementsinsetX, butitscommon
el
ementswit
hSetofYi stakenoutandisdenot
edbyX- Ywhichisreadas” Xminus
Y.“X-
Ycanbeunder stoodalsoasthesetcomposedoftheelement sofXwit
ht he
el
ementsofit
sint
ersecti
onwi t
hYremovedorinsymbols,X-Y=X- (X∩Y).

Exampl
e6
Gi
ven
A={
Januar
y,June,
July
} D={
Mar
ch,
May
,June} F={
May,
June,
Jul
y}

Fi
nd A-
D , D-
A , A-
F , F-
A

8|Page
Sol
uti
on
A-D= {Januar
y,Jul
y}
D-A={March,May }
A-F= {Januar
y}
F-A={May}

Not
e:A-
D≠D-
AandA-
F≠F-
A.

Yourt
urn8 Per
for
mthef
oll
owi
ngusi
ngt
hesameset
sgi
veni
nExampl
e6.

a.D-F
b.F-D
c.(
A∪D)-F
d.(
F∩D)-
A
e.(
A∪F)(
-A∩D)

 ThecomplementofaSetXr el
ati
vetoauni v
ersalsetUisthesetofelementsinU
'
thatarenoti
nXandi sdenotedbyX( r
eadas”Xpr i
me” .Theuni
) versalseti
sthe
'
total
i
tyofallel
ementsthatareincl
udedunderadef i
nedcondit
ion.Xcanbe
understoodasthesett
hatiscomposedofal lel
ementsofUwi t
hitscommon
'
elementswithXtakenout,orinsymbols, X=U- X.

Exampl
e7 I
f U={
-5,-4,-3,-2,-1,0,
1,2,
3,4,5}
A={0,
1,2,3,
4,5}
B={-4,-2,0,
2, 4}
ndA' and B'
Fi

Solut
ion
'
A={ -5,-4,-
3,-2,-1}
'
B={ -5,-3,-
1,1,3,
5}

Yourt
urn9 Per
for
mthei
ndi
cat
edsetoper
ati
ons.
'
a.(A∪B)
'
b.(A∩B)
c.(
A∪B)-A'
d.B'∩(A-B)

 TheCar t
esi
anproductoftwosetsX andYisthesetofallpossi
blepai
rsof
el
ement sandisdenotedbyX×Y(r
eadas“theCartesi
anproductofXandY”).Each
pairofel
ementsiscall
edanorder
edpair(
x,)
y,wherethefir
stel
ementxisan
el
ementoft hefi
rstsetX;t
hatis,
x∈X; t
hesecondel ementyisanelementofthe
secondsetY; t
hatisy∈Y.
9|Page
 I
fM ={
0,1}and N={
1,2}
Exampl
e8
Fi
ndM×N , N×M , andM×M

Sol
uti
on

M×N={(0,1)(
,0,2),(1,1)
,( 1,2}
(
N×M ={1,0)(
,1,1)(
,2,0)(
,2,1) }
M×M ={(0,0)
,(0,1)
,(1,0)
,(1,1)}

Int
erchangi
ngtheSetsM andN,
thati
sM×Nt
oN×M ,
wil
lresul
ttoequi
val
entsetbutnot
equalsetsoforder
edpai
rs.

Yourt
urn10 Perf
ormthei
ndi
cat
edsetoper
ati
onsusi
ngt
hegi
venset
sin
Exampl
e8

a.(
M×N)∪( N×M)
b.(
M×N)∩( N×M)
c.(
M×N)-(
N×M)
d.(
N∩M)×(M∪N)

3.
2VennDi
agr
am
TheVennDiagram,namedaf terJohnVenn(Engl
ishlogi
cian,1834-1923)
,isageomet
ri
c
repr
esentat
ionofset
s,setrel
ati
on,andoperati
ons.I
tisusuall
yutil
izesoverl
appi
ngornon-
over
lappi
ngcircl
esdrawnrectangl
e.

VennDi
agr
am andSet
sOper
ati
ons

10|Page
 Fi
gur
e1

Exampl
e9 Det
ermi
neRegi
onst
hatRepr
esentSet
s

UsetheFi
gur
e2t
oanswereachoft
he
f
ollowi
ng.
a.Whi
chr
egi
onsr
epr
esentA∩C?
b.Whi
chr
egi
onsr
epr
esentA∪ C?
c.Whi
chr
egi
onsr esentA ∩ B'?
epr

11|Page
 Fi
gur
e2

Sol
uti
on:
a.A ∩ Ci
srepr
esent
edbyal
lther
egi
onscommont
o
ci
r esAandC.ThusA ∩ Ci
cl srepr
esent
edbyr
egi
onsi
andi
v.

b.A∪Ci
srepr
esent
edbyal
lther
egi
onsobt
ainedbyj
oini
ng t
he
regi
onsi
nci
r eA(
cl i,i
i
,iv
, v
)andtheregi
onsinci
rcleC(i
,i
ii
,i
v, v
ii
).
ThusA ∪Cisrepr
esentedbyr
egionsi,
ii
,i
ii
,i
v,v
, andv
ii
.

c.A ∩ B'i
srepresent
edbyallther
egi
onscommontocir
cleA and
t
heregi
onsthatarenotinci
r eB.Thus.
cl '
A ∩ Bisr
epr
esented by
r
egi
onsi
vandv
.

SeeFi
gur
e3bel
owt
ofi
ndthef
ollowing.
Exampl
e10
a.A∪B c.B-
A
b.B∩C d.C'

12|Page
 Fi
gur
e3
Solut
ion:
a.A∪B={ 1.
3.5.
7}
b.B∩C={ 3.
7}
c.B-A={ 3}
d.C'={1,
5,9}

Count
ingpr
oblemsoccurinmanyar
easofappl
iedmat hemati
cs.Tosol
vethese
count
ingpr
oblems,weoft
enmakeuseofaVenndi agram.I
nthenextexample,
wecan
useVennDiagram t
ohel
pussolv
esomewor dproblems.

Exampl
e11 Amoviecompanyismakingpl
ansf
orfut
uremovi
esitwishest
o
pr
oduce.Thecompanyhasdonear
andom sur
veyof1000people.The
r
esul
tsoft
hesur
vey ar
eshownbel
ow.

695peopl
eli
keact
ionadvent
ures.
340peopl
eli
kecomedies.
180peopl
eli
kebot
hact i
onadvent
uresandcomedi
es.

Oft
hepeoplesur
v eyed,howmanypeopl e
a.l
ikeact
ionadv ent
uresbutnotcomedies?
b.li
kecomediesbutnotact i
onadventur
es?
c.donotli
keeitherofthesetypesofmovies?

Soluti
on
AVenndi agram canbeusedt oil
lustratetheresult
softhesurvey.Weusetwo
overl
appingcircles(seeFi gure4).Oneci r
clerepresent
sthesetofpeoplewholike
acti
onadv enturesandt heotherrepresentsthesetofpeoplewhol i
kecomedies.The
regi
oni wheret hecirclesinter
sectrepresentsthesetofpeoplewhol i
kebot
ht ypesof
mov i
es.
West artwi t
ht heinformationthat180peopl eli
kebothtypesofmoviesand
writ
e180i nregioni .SeeFi gure5.

13|Page
a.Regionsi andi
ihav
eat ot
alof695people.Sof
arwehaveaccount
edfor180ofthesepeopl
e
i
nregioni .Thust
henumberofpeopleinregi
onii
,whi
chi
sthesetofpeopl
ewholikeacti
on
advent
ur esbutdonotli
kecomedies,
is695-180=515.

b.Regionsiandii
ihav
eatotal
of340peopl
e.Thusthenumberofpeoplei
nregi
oni
i
i,whi
chi
s
thesetofpeoplewholi
kecomedi
esbutdonotli
keacti
onadvent
ures,
is340-180=160.

c.Thenumberofpeoplewhodonotl i
keacti
onadventuremov i
esorcomediesisr
epresentedby
regi
oniv.Thenumberofpeopl
einregi
onivmustbet hetotalnumberofpeopl
e,whichis1000,
l
essthenumberofpeopleaccount
edf ori
nregi
onsi,i
i,andii
i
, whi
chis855.Thust
henumberof
peoplewhodonotli
keeit
hertypeofmov i
eis1000-855=145.

Yourt
urn11 Anacti
vi
ti
esdirect
orf
oracr
uiseshi
phassur
vey
ed240passenger
s.Of
the240passenger
s,

135li
keswimming. 80l
ikeswi
mmi nganddanci
ng.
150li
kedanci
ng. 40l
i
keswimmi ngandgames.
65li
kegames. 25l
i
kedancingandgames.
15l
i
keallt
hreeacti
vi
ti
es.
Howmanypassenger s
a.l
ikeexactl
ytwoofthethr
eetypesofact
ivi
ti
es?
b.l
ikeonlyswimming?
c.l
i
kenoneoft heseact
ivi
ti
es?

Lesson4:TheLanguageofLogi
c
Thet ml
er ogicref
erstot hesci encethatst
udiest hepri
ncipl
eofcor r
ect
reasoni
ng.Logi crequi
restheactofr easoningtoformt houghtsandopi ni
ons,aswell
as
classi
fi
cat i
onandj udgement s.Thef oundationoflogi
calar gumentisitsproposi
ti
onor
statementThepr opositi
oni seitheraccur at
e(tr
ue)ornotaccur ate(f
alse)butnotboth
trueandf al
se.Thear gumenti st henbuiltonpremises.Thepr emisesar ethe
proposit
ionsusedt obuildthear gument .

14|Page
 Det
ermi
nei
feachsent
encei
sapr
oposi
ti
onorst
atement
.
Exampl
e12
a. Readt
hesentences.
b. Theworddoghasf ourl
ett
ers.
c. Howareyou?
d.  
 92+2i
  saprimenumber .
e.  
  
x+1 =5

Solution
a.Lingayeni st hecapital
ofPangasi nan,sot hi
ssentenceistrueandi ti
sa
proposi ti
on..
b.Thesent ence“ Howar ey ou?”isaquest i
on;i
tisnotadeclarati
v esentence.Thusit
i
s
notapr opositi
on.
c.Youmaynotknowwhet her992+ 2i sapr i
menumber ;howev er,youdoknowt hat
i
ti sawhol enumberl argert han1,soitisei
theraprimenumberori tisnota
pri
me
number .Thesent enceisei thert
rueoritisfal
se,anditi
snotbot ht r
ueandf alse,
soit
i
sast atement .
d.x+1 =5i sast at
ement .Itisknownasanopenst atement.Itistr
uef orx=4, and
i
ti sfalseforanyot herv aluesofx.Foranygi v
env al
ueofx, i
tistrueorf al
sebut
not
bot h.

Yourt
urn12 Det
ermi
newhet
hereachsent
encei
sast
atement
.

a.Opent
hedoor .
b.7055i
sal ar
genumber
.
c.I
ntheyear2020,t
hepr
esi
dentoft
heUni
tedSt
ateswi
l
lbeawoman.
d.x>3.

SimpleStatementsandCompoundSt atement s
Asimplestatementisastatementt hatconv ey
sasingleidea.Acompound
statement
i
sast atementthatconveystwoormor eideas.
Connecti
ngsimplestatement swi thwor dsandphrasessuchasand, or
,if...
then,andif
andonl yi
fcreat
esacompoundst atement .Forinst
ance,“
Iwillatt
endthemeetingorI
willgotoschool.
”isacompoundst atement .Itiscomposedoft hetwosimple
statements,“
Iwil
lattendthemeeting.”and“ Iwil
lgotoschool.
”Thewor dorisa
connectiv
eforthetwosi mplest
atement s.

Geor
geBoole(t
heonewhopubl ishedTheMat hemati
calAnal
ysi
sofLogi
cin1848)used
sy ssuchasp,q,r
mbol ,andst or epresentsi
mpl
est at
ementsandthesy
mbols∧,∨,∼,⟶
and⟷ tor
epr
esentconnect
ives.SeeTabl e1.

Tabl
e1:Logi
cConnect
ivesandSy
mbol
s
15|Page
 St
atement Connect
ive Sy
mbol
icf
orm Ty
peofst
atement

notp not ~p negat

ion
pandq and p∧q conj
unct
ion
porq or p∨q Di
sjunct
ion
I
fp,
thenq I
f…t
hen p→q condi
ti
onal
pi
fandonl
yifq i
fandonl
yif p↔q bi
condi
ti
onal

Tr
uthVal
ueandTr
uthTabl
es
Thetr
uthvalueofasimpl estatementi
seit
hertrue(
T)orf
alse(F)
.
Thetrut
hvalueofacompoundst at
ementdependsonthetrut
hvaluesofi
tssimpl
estatement
s
andit
sconnectiv
es.
Atrut
htabl
ei satablethatshowst het
rut
hv al
ueofacompoundst at
ementforal
lpossi
blet
rut
h
val
uesofit
ssi mplestat
ement s.

Negat
ionOper
ator(
not~)
Thenegationofthestat
ement“TodayisFriday .
”isthestatement“Todayi snotFriday
.”
Insymboli
clogic,
theti
ldesymbol ~isusedtodenot ethenegationofast at
ement .
I
fastatementpi str
ue,i
tsnegaton~pi
i sfalse,andifast atementpisfalse,it
snegation
~pistr
ue.Seet hetabl
ebelow.Thenegat i
onofthenegat i
onofast at
ementistheor i
ginal
stat
ement.Thus~( ~p)canber acedbypi
epl nanyst atement.

Tr
utht
abl
efor~p
p (
~p)
T F
F T

Exampl
e13 Wr
it
etheNegat
ionofaSt
atement

a.Rodr
igoDutert
eisourpr
esi
dent
.
b.MMW isaneasysubject
.
c.Thenumber10i sapr
imenumber
d.Thefi
reenginei
snotred.

Sol
uti
on
a.Rodr
igoDutert
eisnotourpresi
dent
.
b.MMW isnotaneasysubj ect/MMW isahar
deasysubj
ect
c.Thenumber10i snotapr
imenumber/Thenumber10isacomposi
tenumber
d.Thefi
reenginei
sred.

Yourt
urn13 Wr
it
ethenegat
ionofeachst
atement
.

a.MayonVol
canoi
sinNaga.
b.Ni
noyisaher
o.

16|Page
 c.Thedogdoesnotneedtobef
ed.
d.Mari
aisnotateenager
.

Exampl
e14 Wr
it
eCompoundSt
atement
sinSy
mbol
icFor
m

Considerthefoll
owingsimplestat
ement
s.
p:TodayisFr i
day.
q:Iti
sraining.
r:Iam goingtoamov i
e.
s:Iam notgoingtot hebasket
ball
game.

Wr
it
ethef ol
l
owingcompoundst atementsinsy
mboli
cform.
a.TodayisFr i
dayanditi
sr ai
ning.
b.Iti
snotr ai
ningandIam goingt oamovi
e.
c.Iam goingtothebasketball
gameorIam goingtoamovi
e.
d.Ifi
tisraini
ng,thenIam notgoingtot
hebasket
ball
game.

Sol
uti
on
a.p ∧q b.∼q ∧ r c.∼s ∨ r d.q⟶ s

Yourt
urn14 Usep,q,r
,andsasdefi
nedinExampl
e14towri
te
thef
oll
owingcompoundst
atementsi
nsy
mboli
cform.

a.TodayisnotFri
dayandIam goingtoamov ie.
b.Iam goi
ngtothebasketbal
lgameandIam notgoi ngt
oamov
ie.
c.Iam goi
ngtothemov i
eifandonlyifi
tisr
aining.
d.Ift
odayisFri
day,t
henIam notgoingtoamov i
e.

Tr
ansl
atesy
mbol
icst
atement
sint
oEngl
ishsent
ences.
Exampl
e15
Considerthef ol
lowingstat
ement
s.
p:Thegamewi l
lbepl ayedinAt l
ant
a.
q:Thegamewi l
lbeshownonCBS.
r:ThegamewillnotbeshownonESPN.
s:TheDodgersarefav or
edt owin.
Wri
teeachofthefol
lowingsy mbolicstat
ementsi
nwor
ds.
a.q ∧p b.∼r∧s c.s⟷ ∼p

Solut
ion
a.Thegamewill
beshownonCBSandt hegamewil
lbepl
ayedinAtl
anta.
b.ThegamewillbeshownonESPNandtheDodger
saref
avoredtowin.
c.TheDodger
sar ef
avoredt
owini
fandonl
yift
hegamewillnotbepl
ayedinAt
lant
a.

Yourt
urn15 Consi
dert
hef
oll
owi
ngst
atement
s.

17|Page
 e:Allmenarecreatedequal
.
t:Iam t
radi
ngplaces.
a:IgetAbe’
splace.
g:IgetGeorge’
splace.
Uset
heabov
einf
ormat
iont
otr
ansl
atet
hedi
aloguei
nthespeechbubbl
esatt
hel
eft
.

Conjuncti
onOperat
or(and∧ )
Thi
sisastat
ementwhi
chisther
esultofcombini
ngtwootherst
atementswit
h
theconnecti
vewordand.
Theconj
unct
ionoft
wostat
ementsistrueonl
yifbot
hstat
ementsaretrue.

Tr
utht
abl
efor(
p∧q)
p q p∧q
T T T
T F F
F T F
F F F

Di
sjunct
ionOperator(and∨ )
Thisi
sast atementwhi
chisther
esul
tofcombiningt
wootherst
atementswi
th
t
heconnecti
vewor dor.
Thedisj
unctionoftwost
atement
sisfal
seonlyifbot
hst
atementsarefal
se.

Tr
utht
abl
efor(
p∨q)
p q p∨q
T T T
T F T
F T T
F F F

Exampl
e16 Deter
minetheTr
uthValueofaSt
atement
a.7≥5.
b.5isawholenumberand5isanevennumber
.
c.2isapri
menumberand2i sanev
ennumber.

Sol
uti
on
a.7≥5means7>5or7=5.Because7>5i str
ue,thestat
ement7=5i
sat
ruest
atement
.
b.Thi
sisaf
alsestatementbecause5isnotanevennumber .
c.Thi
sisat
ruestatementbecauseeachsimpl
estatementistrue.

Yourt
urn16 Det
ermi
newhet
hereachst
atementi
str
ueorf
alse.

a.21i
sarat
ional
numberand21i
sanat
ural
number
.
b.4≤9 .
c.-
7≥-3.

18|Page
Condi t
ionalOper ator( if…t hen→ )
Conditi
onal statementcanbewr it
teni nifp, t
henqf m ori
or fp,qf or
m.For
i
nst ance,allofthef oll
owi ngar econdi ti
onal statement s.
o Ify oupassedt het est
, t
henIwi llgivey ouar eward.
o Ify ougetsi ck,theny ouwi l
l beabsent .
Inanycondi t
ional st
at ementr epresentedby“ ifp, thenq”orby“ Ifp,q, hep
”t
statementi scalledant ecedent/hy pothesisandt heqst atementiscalledconsequent
/
conclusion.
Thecondi t
ionalst at
ementi strueinallcases, exceptwhent heantecedentistr
ueand
theconsequenti sfalse.I not herwor ds,at r
uest atementi shypothesiscannotimplya
falseconclusion.

Tr
utht
abl
efor(
p→q)
p q p→q
T T T
T F F
F T T
F F T

Exampl
e17 Det
ermi
net
het
rut
hval
ueofeachoft
hef
oll
owi
ng.

a.I
f2i
sani
nteger,
then2i
sar at
ional
number
.
b.I
f3i
sanegati
venumber
,then5>7.
c.I
f5>3,t
hen2+ 7=4.
Solut
ion
a.Becauset
heconsequentist
rue,thi
sisatr
uestatement.
b.Becauset
heantecedenti
sfalse,
thi
sisatruestat
ement.
c.Becauset
heantecedenti
strueandtheconsequenti
sfal
se,
thi
sisaf
alsest
atement
.

Yourt
urn17 Det
ermi
net
het
rut
hval
ueofeachoft
hef
oll
owi
ng.

a.I
f4≥3, then2+ 5=6.
b.I
f5>9, t
hen4>9.
c.I
fTuesdayfol
l
owsMonday
,thenApr
ilf
oll
owsMar
ch.

Bi
condit
ionalOperat
or(ifandonl yi
f⟷ )
Bi
conditi
onal/equiv
alentstatementistheresul
tofcombi
ningtwopr
oposi
ti
ons
i
ntheform…ifandonlyif
…
Theequival
enceistrueifbothproposit
ionsaret
rueorbot
hf al
se.

Tr
utht
abl
efor(
p⟷q)
p q p⟷q
T T T
T F F
F T F
19|Page
 F F T

Exampl
e18 St
atewhet
hereachbi
condi
ti
onali
str
ueorf
alse.

a.x+ 4=7ifandonlyi
fx=3.
b.x2=36i
fandonl
yifx=6.
Sol
uti
on
a.Bothequati
onsaretr
uewhenx=3, andbotharef
alsewhenx≠ 3.Bot hequat
ionshav
ethe
samet r
uthval
ueforanyvalueofx,sothi
sisatruest
atement.
b.Ifx=-6,t
hefir
stequati
onistrueandthesecondequati
onisfal
se.Thusthi
sisafal
se
statement
.

Yourt
urn18 St
atewhet
hereachbi
condi
ti
onali
str
ueorf
alse.

a.x>7ifandonlyi
fx>6.
b.x+ 5>7i fandonl
yifx>2.

Tr
uthTabl
e
Inthi
ssection,weconsi dermet hodsofconstruct
ingtrut
htablesforastat
ementt
hat
i
nvolv
esacombi nati
onofconj uncti
ons,disj
uncti
ons,and/ornegati
ons.I
fthegi
venstat
ement
i
nvolv
esonl yt
wosi mplestatements,thenstartwit
hat abl
ewithfourrows(seet
hetabl
ebel
ow
),cal
ledthestandardtr
uthtableform, andproceedasshowni nExample19.

p q Given
St
atement
T T
T F
F T .
F F

Exampl
e19 Tr
uthTabl
es

a.Constr
uctatabl
efor∼(∼p ∨ q)∨ q.
b.Usethetrut
htabl
efrom par
tat
odet
ermi
net
het
rut
hval
ueof∼(∼p ∨ q)∨ q,
giv hatpi
ent str
ue
andqisfalse.

Soluti
on
a.Startwi
tht
hest
andar
dtrut
htabl
efor
m andt
heni
ncl
udea∼pcol
umn.
p q ∼p
T T F
T F F
F T T
F F T

Nowusethetr
uthv al
uesfr
om the ∼pandqcolumnstopr
oducet
het
rut
hval
uesf
or∼p∨q,
asshownint
herightmostcol
umnofthefol
l
owingtabl
e.

20|Page
 p q ∼p ∼p∨q
T T F T
T F F F
F T T T
F F T T

Negat
ethet
rut
hval
uesi
nthe∼p∨qcol
umnt
opr
oducet
hef
oll
owing.
p q ∼p ∼p∨q ∼(∼p∨q )
T T F T F
T F F F T
F T T T F
F F T T F

Asourl
astst
ep,
weformthedisjuncti
onof∼(∼p∨q) wi
thqandplacet
heresul
tsi
nthe
ri
ght
mostcol
umnofthet
able.Seet hefol
l
owi
ngt
abl
e.Theshadedcol
umnisthet
rut
htabl
efor
∼(∼p∨q)∨q.

p q ∼p ∼p∨q ∼(∼p∨q) ∼(∼p

∨q)∨q
T T F T F T r
ow1
T F F F T T r
ow2
F T T T F T r
ow3
F F T T F F r
ow4

b.I
nrow2oft
heabov
etr
utht
abl
e,weseet
hatwhenpi
str
ue,
andqi
sfal
se,
thest
atement
∼(∼p∨q)∨qi
nther
ight
mostcol
umni
str
ue.

a.Constr
uctatrut
ht ablefor(p∧∼q)∨(∼p∨q).
Yourt
urn19
b.Usethetrut
htablet hatyouconst
ruct
edinpartatodeter
minethe
t
ruth v alueof(p∧∼q)∨(∼p∨q).
giventhatpist
rueand
qi
sfal
se.

Compoundstatementst
hati
nvol
veexact
lyt
hreesi
mpl
est
atement
srequi
rea
3
st
andardt
rut
htabl
ef orm wi
th2 =8rows.

Exampl
e20 Tr
uthTabl
es

a.Constr
uctat rut
ht ablef p∧q)∧(
or( ∼r∨q).
b.Usethet r
uthtablefrom partat
odet
erminethet
rut
hval
ueof(
p∧q)∧(
∼r∨q)gi
v hatpi
ent s
tr
ue,qistrue,andrisf al
se.

Solut
ion
a.Usi
ngt hepr
ocedur
esdevel
opedi
nExample19,
wecanpr oducet
hefol
l
owingtabl
e.
Theshadedcolumnisthet
rut
htabl
efor(
p∧q)∧( ∼r∨q).Thenumber
sinthesquar
esbel
owt
he
col
umnsdenot et
heorderi
nwhicht
hecolumnswereconst
ruct
ed.

21|Page
 p q r p∧q ∼r ∼r∨q (
p∧q)∧(∼r∨q
)
T T T T F T T r
ow1
T T F T T T T r
ow2
T F T F F F F r
ow3
T F F F T T F r
ow4
F T T F F T F r
ow5
F T F F T T F r
ow6
F F T F F F F r
ow7
F F F F T T F r
ow8

b.I
nrow2oft
heabov
etr
utht
abl
e,weseet
hat(
p∧q)∧(
∼r∨q)i
stuewhenpi
r str qi
ue, st
rue,
andri
sfal
se.

a.Constr
uctatr
uthtabl
efor(∼p∧r )∨( q∧∼r)
Yourt
urn20 b.Usethetr
utht
ablethaty
ouconstr
uct
edinpar
tatodet
ermi
nethe
t
ruthval
ueof(∼p∧r )∨( q∧-r)
giv
enthatpi
sfal qi
se, str andri
ue, s
f
alse.

Summar
y

Thef
oll
owi
ngt
abl
essummar
izesessent
ial
concept
sint
hismodul
e.

1.Mat
hemat
icsandEngl
ishasLanguages

Eventhoughthewords“noun”,“
ver
b”,or
pronoun”ar
enotusedinmat hemati
cs,t
he
si
mi l
ari
ti
eswitht
heEnglishl
anguagecanbe
observed:

 Nounscoul
dbeconstant
ssuchas
numbersorexpr
essi
onwithnumber
s:

()
1
12, 24- , -
3
58

 Av
erbcoul
dbeequal
sign=,
or

i
nequal
i
tysy
mbol
sli
ke>or≤.

 Pronounscoul
dbeav
ari
abl
esl
i
kex
ory:
4
5x-
8, -
2xy ,
x
 Sentencescoul
dbefor
medbyput
ti
ng
togethert
hesepar
ts:
22|Page
 3x+7=24 , 2x+3y=7

2.TheLanguageandGr
ammarof
Mathemati
cs

Asent encemustcont ai
nacompl etet
hought . Seeexampl
e1andanswerYourTur
n1
IntheEngl i
shlanguageanordi
narysentence
mustcont ainasubjectandapredicat
e..
Similar
ly,amat hemati
calsent
encemust
stateacompl etethought.Whi
l
ean
expressionisanamegi v
entoamat hematical
objectofinter
est.

3.TheLanguageofSet
s

Setsl
ikeA={a,
e,
i,u}
o, whichhasadefi
nit
e Seeexampl
e2andt
hent
ryYourTur
n2.
numberofel
ementsinrost
ermethodwhere
theel
ementsar
eli
sted

SetslikeSetN={ x|
x∈Z}.Thi sisreadas Seeexampl
e3andt
hent
ryYourTur
n3.
“SetNi sthesetofal lv
aluesofxsucht hatx
i
sani nteger
”whichhasi ndefini
tenumberof
elements arewr it
teninset -
buil
dermet hod.
This not ati
on i s used whenev er it is
convenient or impossible to l i
st al
lt he
elements ofa set ;itmer elydescri
bes the
characteri
zi
ng property ofi t
s element sin
termsofsy mbols.

Setoperati Uni
onssuchas: on,I
nter
sect
ion, Seeexample4,5,6,
7,and8andt
hent
ryt
o
Dif
ference,
Complement
ati
on,andCart
esian answerYourTurn6to10.
Product.

23|Page