Z_HG_ADA @N N\P^@MH\ GNIN_ACN\

Á_NA @N LMNILMA\

Datndátmla Apcmla`a
a chs Inghlmhs
Z_HG_ADA @N N\P^@MH\ GNIN_ACN\
Á_NA @N LMNILMA\

MIPNG_AC @NEMIM@A ] \^\ AZCMLALMHIN\

Lhit
Lhitni
nim`
m`hh `n ca lc
lcas
asnn vm
vmrt
rtua
uacc
➯ Lacluch `n uia mitngrac `nemim`a
➯ Apcmlalmhins `n ca mitngrac `nemim`a
• Árna `n uia rngmüi
• Nxln`nitn `nc lhisudm`hr y `nc prh`ulthr
•
Uachr aluduca`h
• Uachr prhdn`mh

Hokn
Hoknttmvh `n ca lc
lcas
asnn vm
vmrt
rtua
uacc
✜ Laclucar y apcmlar ca mitngrac `nemim`a
DAPNDÁPMLA AZCMLA@A A CH\ INGHLMH\
Z_HG_ADA @N N\P^@MH\ GNIN_ACN\
Á_NA @N LMNILMA\

MIPNG_AC @NEMIM@
@NE MIM@A
A
o

Ca mitngrac `nemim`a ns ui iûdnrh rnac qun sn rnprnsnita phr

 a
e ( x)`x.

\n cnn; –mitngrac `n  fasta  `n   `menrnilmac  —.

Láclu
Lácluch
ch `n uia mit
mitngr
ngrac
ac `nem
`nemim
im`a
`a
Pnhrnda eui`adnitac `nc Lácluch
Lác luch

\m ns uia euilmüi lhitmiua ni 22 y  ns luacqumnr aitm`nrmva`a `n , nithilns
o o
 a
e ( x)`x 4 G ( x )a 4 G (o) ∟ G (a )

Hosnrvalmüi
Zara laclucar ca mitngrac `nemim`a, ih ns inlnsarmh lhchlar lhistaitn ni ca aitm`nrmva`a.
DAPNDÁPMLA AZCMLA@A A CH\ INGHLMH\
Z_HG_ADA @N N\P^@MH\ GNIN_ACN\
Á_NA @N LMNILMA\

Nkndpch

0 0
? 1 < 1
a x `x 4 <  x
1 50 
1
?1

4 ∟ 4

1 <

∟1 > ∟1
o  ∟? x
∟
(0n ∟? x ∟ )`x 4  ∟?n ? ∟ > ci

x
x 
 ∟?
4
( ∟ ?n? ∟ > ci(1) ) (
∟ ?n0
∟ ∟ > ci(?) ) 4
=7,66<...

Zrhpmn`a`ns `n ca mitngrac `nemim`a

o o o
 d e ( x)  i g( x) `x 4 d e ( x)`x  i g ( x )`x , y lhistaitns
1.  
  
a a a
o a
?.  a
e ( x) `x 4 ∟
 o
e ( x) `x

o l o
e ( x)`x 4 e ( x)`x + e ( x)`x
<.
  
a a l
DAPNDÁPMLA AZCMLA@A A CH\ INGHLMH\
Z_HG_ADA @N N\P^@MH\ GNIN_ACN\
Á_NA @N LMNILMA\

Nknrlmlmhs rnsuncths
1 Laclucn nc vachr `n cas smgumnitns mitngracns `nemim`as;
> ? <
a 1
1<> x 1 + < x `x o ∟?
(< ∟ > x )n ∟? x
`x l 
1
(= x ? + 6 x) ci
ci(> x) `x

\hculmüi.
> >

 1
1<> x 1 + < x `x 4 5(1 + <x)>/ ? ∟ 1:(1 + <x)</ ?  4
 1
><=? Mitngrac mi`nemim`a - Nknrlmlmh ?a
Mitngrac
Ladomh `n varmaocn
varmaocn;;  4 1  <
? Mitngrac
Mitngrac mi`nemim`a - Nknrlmlmh >a
?  n ∟? x

o (< ∟ > x)n ∟? x `x 4 0 (1: 1)
∟  4 ?65,7?7... Mitngralmüi phr partns

x
∟?   ∟?  4 <  >  4  
y ∟

< <
l ci(> x) `x 4 (< x< + 0 x ? ) ci(> x) ∟ x< ∟ ? x ?  4 ?5<,>7>...
(= x ? + 6 x) ci Mitngralmüi phr partns

  
1 1
 4 ci >  4 (=  6)
y
DAPNDÁPMLA AZCMLA@A A CH\ INGHLMH\
Z_HG_ADA @N N\P^@MH\ GNIN_ACN\
Á_NA @N LMNILMA\

AZCMLALMHIN\ @N CA MIPNG_AC @NEMIM@A

Árna `n uia rngmüi pcaia

 
\nai y `hs eui euilmh
lmhins
ins lhi
lhitmtmiua
iuass ni  22 ,
 ca rngm
rngmüi
üi cmdm
cmdmta
ta`a
`a ph
phrr ca
cass gr
gráe
áeml
mlas
as `n

 4  ,  4  ,  4  y  4
`hi`n   ≮   ni  22
(ca gráemla `n  nstá phr nilmda `n ca gráemla `n ).

Lhi nstas lhi`mlmhins, nc árna `n ca rngmüi  ns


 4 න    ()  
DAPNDÁPMLA AZCMLA@A A CH\ INGHLMH\
Z_HG_ADA @N N\P^@MH\ GNIN_ACN\
Á_NA @N LMNILMA\

?
Ac lhi
histstru
rumr
mr nc lrhq
hqumumss `n ui tnrrni
rrnih,h, sn fa `nt
`ntnrd
rdmmia
ia`h
`h qun tmni
ninn ca ehrd
hrda `n ca rngmüi
müi qun 
nstá
nstá cm
cmdm
dmta
ta`a
`a ph
phrr ca
cass gr
gráe
áeml
mlas
as `n ca
cass euil
euilmh
mhin
inss    4   1:
y 1: ??
 ??   4   6  5
 .
ao \hd 
\hdor
ornn
\m sn nn
dm ca
`nrn
dm`n rngmü
nigmüi
i trhs
dn
dntr y la
hslacl
y cluc
uiucn
n su
dn
dntrtrhhár
 árna
na.a`r
lu . ra`
lua` a`hh vac
acnn 1:
1:::
:: `ü
`üca
carn
rns,
s, lacl
lacluc
ucnn nc vachr
achr `n
`ncc tnr
nrrn
rnih
ih..
\hculmüi.

a Aoslmsas `n chs puiths `n mitnrsnll

mitnrsnllmüi;
müi;

_nshcvndhs ca nlualmüi;   1: 16  ?6 4 : ⇟  4 ? y  4 7

1:  ???? 4   6  5 ⇟ ?  16
7
A( _ ) 4
 ( (∟ x
?
?
5) ∟ ( x ? ∟ 1: x + ??)
+ 6 x ∟ 5) ) `x
7
?

4
 (?x<
? ∟? x

+16 x ∟ ?6 )7`x
4 ∟ + = x ? ∟ ?6x  4 01,557 d?
 <  ?

o Nc vachr `nc tnrrnih ns `n 01557 `ücarns

DAPNDÁPMLA AZCMLA@A A CH\ INGHLMH\
Z_HG_ADA @N N\P^@MH\ GNIN_ACN\
Á_NA @N LMNILMA\

< Ca emgura dunstra nc lrhqums `n ui tnrrnih, qun tmnin ca ehrda `n ca

rngmüi `nc
`nc prmd
prmdnr
nr lua
lua`r
`rai
aittn qu
qunn nst
stáá cmd
mdmt
mtaa`a phr
phr cas
cas grá
gráeml
emlas `n cas
cas

a \m  sndm
euilmhins  `n4ni6dn
dm`n < hs,y , lalaclclucucn4n nc<5árárna
 trhs
dntr na`n. ca rngmüi .
rngmüi
o \m ui dntr
dntrhh lua`
lua`ra
ra`h
`h vac
acnn 1?
1?::
:: `ü
`üca
carn
rns,
s, la
lacl
cluc
ucnn nc vachr
achr `n
`ncc tn
tnrr
rrni
nih.
h.
\hculmüi.

a Aoslmsas `n chs puiths `n mitnrsnllmüi;

mitnrsnllmüi;
<5   4 6  < <5   4 : ⇟  4 < y  4 5
 y 

< 5
  4 6  <
A( _) 4

:

(6 x + <)`x +
<
(<5 ∟ x ? )`x   4 <5  
5

4 0 x

?
<

 x 
<

+ <x + <5 x ∟  4
: 
0> + 0> 4 =: d
? 
< 
 <
: < 5 
o Nc vachr `nc tnrrnih ns `n 1:6::: `ücarns
DAPNDÁPMLA AZCMLA@A A CH\ INGHLMH\
Z_HG_ADA @N N\P^@MH\ GNIN_ACN\
Á_NA @N LMNILMA\

0 Lacl
Lacluc
ucnn nc árna `n ca rng
ngmü
müi
i  cmcmdm
dmta
ta`a
`a ph
phrr ca
cass gr
gráe
áemlas `n  4   0,  4   ? n
mlas
 4   ? .

\hculmüi.
a Aoslmsas `n chs puiths `n mitnrsnllmüi;
 0
 0 4   ?, 0 4? y   ? 4   ?
 4 < 4> 4:
: >
A( _) 4
 
∟< 
x + 0 ∟ ( ∟ x ∟ ?)  `x +
  
:
x+0 ∟ ( x ∟ ?)  `x

: >
 ?( x + 0)</ ? x ?   ?( x + 0)</ ? x ? 
4 + + ?x +  ∟ + ?x
 < ?  ∟<  < ?  :

<7 51
4 + 4 u
?
5 5 15,<<...
DAPNDÁPMLA AZCMLA@A A CH\ INGHLMH\
Z_HG_ADA @N N\P^@MH\ GNIN_ACN\
Á_NA @N LMNILMA\

> Nc lrhqums `n ui tnrrnih tmnin ca ehrda `n ca

rngmüi qu 
qunn sn duns
dunstr
traa ni ca emgu
emgura
ra a`
a`ku
kuit
ita.
a.
a \m  sn dm`n ni dntrhs, laclucn nc árna `n ca
rngmüi .
o \m ui dntrh lua`ra`h vacn 1>:: `ücarns,
lacl
lacluc
ucnn nc va
vach
chrr `nc
`nc tn
tnrr
rrni
nih.
h.

\hculmüi.
_nndpcazai`h  4 5 ni ca euilmüi , sn hotmnin  4 1.
7 7
1? x
A( _ ) 4 `x 4  ?(? x + ?)</ ? ∟ 1?(? x + ?)1/ ?  4 66 d
?
 
1 ?x + ?

1

(Ladomh `n varmaocn;  4 ?? ??)

Nc vachr `nc tnrrnih

tnrrnih ns `n 1<?::: `ücarns
DAPNDÁPMLA AZCMLA@A A CH\ INGHLMH\
Z_HG_ADA @N N\P^@MH\ GNIN_ACN\
Á_NA @N LMNILMA\

Nxln`nitn `nc lhisudm`hr Nxln`nitn `nc prh`ulthr

Nc NL ns ca `menrnilma nitrn ca laitm`a` Nc NZ ns ca `menrnilma nitrn ca

 `n `minrh qun nc lhisudm`hr nstaräa  lait
laitm`
m`a`
a` `n `m`min
inrh
rh qu
qun
n rn
rnlm
lmon
on nc

 4  `msp
`mspun
unst
sth
h a ga gast
star
ar ac lhlhdp
dpra
rarr  
prh`ulthr ac vni`nr uim`a`ns y ca
uim`a`ns y su gasth rnac.  lait
laitm`
m`a`
a` `n `m `min
inrh
rh qu
qun
n nsnsta
tarä
räa
a

  4  `mspunsth a rnlmomr.


:   :  
 4   ns ca euil
euilmümüi
i `n `nda
`ndai`i`aa `n `m
`mlf
lfhh omni
omni..  4   ns ca eueuililmümüii `n henr
henrta
ta `n `m
`mlf
lfhh omni
omni..
ns ca la
uim lait
itm`
m`a`
a` `n omomni
nins
ns qun
qun sn vni
ni`n
`ni
i ac prnl
prnlmh
mh ns ca lait
uim laitm`
m`a`
a` `n omni
omnins
ns qun
qun sn vni
ni`n`ni
i ac pr
prnl
nlmh
mh
uimta rmh `n  uim`a
tarmh uim`a`ns`ns dhint
dhintarma
armas.
s. uimta rmh `n  uim`a
tarmh uim`a`ns`ns dhint
dhintarma
armas.
s.

Nc nx
nxln
ln`n
`nit
itnn `n
`ncc lh
lhis
isud
udm` hr () nst
m`hr nstá `a`h
`a`h phr
phr Nc nx
nxln
ln`n
`nit
itnn `n
`ncc pr
prh`
h`ul thrr () nst
ulth stáá `a`h
`a`h ph
phrr

 4 න        4 න      
DAPNDÁPMLA AZCMLA@A A CH\ INGHLMH\
Z_HG_ADA @N N\P^@MH\ GNIN_ACN\
Á_NA @N LMNILMA\

Za
Zara
ra lm
lmnr
nrth
th prh`
prh`ululth
th,, ca
cass euil
euilmh
mhin
inss `n `nda
`ndai`a
i`a y `n henr
henrta
ta shi
shi  y 
 4 :,1  6:  4 :,<    <:,
5
`hi`n ns ca laitlaitm`
m`a`
a` `n prh`prh`ul
ulth
thss y ns nc prnl
prnlmhmh ui
uimt
mtar
armh
mh ni shcn
shcns.
s.
a La
Lacl
cluc
ucnn nc nx
 nxln
ln`n
`nit
itnn `nc
`nc lh
lhis
isud
udm` m`hr
hr y nc nxln
nxln`n
 `nit
itnn `n
`ncc pr
prh`
h`ul
ulth
thrr ni nc nq
nqum
umcm
cmor
ormh
mh `n dn
dnrl
rla`
a`h.
h.
o Grafiqun cas eui
euilmh
lmhins
ins `n henrt
henrtaa y shd
shdor
ornn
nn ca
cass rngmh
rngmhins
ins qun rnrnprn
prnsni
snitai
tai `ml
`mlfhs
fhs nx
nxln`
ln`nit
nitns.
ns.

\hculmüi.
a Zuith `n nqumcmormh; o  
 4:,1  6:
:,1   6: 4 :,<     <: ⇟  4 1:,  4 1?,>   4 7:
Nxln`nitn `nc lhisudm`hr; 
1:
1:  ∟ x< 
 4  : (∟:,1x ? + 6:) ∟ 7:  `x 4  :,1
 <
+ 1: x  4 55,57 shcns
:
 4 :,<   <:
Nxln`nitn `nc prh`ulthr;
1:
1:  x? 
 7: ∟ (:, <x ? + x + <:)  `x 4  0: x ∟ :,1x< ∟ ?  4
 4  :  :
?>: shcns

DAPNDÁPMLA AZCMLA@A A CH\ INGHLMH\
Z_HG_ADA @N N\P^@MH\ GNIN_ACN\
Á_NA @N LMNILMA\

7 Zara lmnr
lmnrtth prh`
prh`ul
ultth, cas nlu
luaalm
lmhi
hinns `n `n
`nda
dai`
i`aa y `n hen
henrt
rtaa shi
shi rnsp
spnnltm
ltmvad
adni
nittn
(  1) 4 ?: (1?  ?) 4 <:
y , `hi` 
i`nn ns ca laitm`a` `n prh`ulths y ns nc
prnlmh
prnlmh uim
uimta
tarmh
rmh ni `üc
`ücar
arns.
ns.
a LaLacl
cluc
ucnn nc nx
nxln
ln`n
`nit
itnn `nc
`nc prh`
prh`ululth
thrr ni nc nqum
nqumcm
cmor
ormh
mh `n dn
dnrl
rla`
a`h.
h.
o \hdornn cas rngmhins qun rnprnsnitai chs nxln`nitns `nc lhi hissudm`hr y `nc
prh`ulthr.
\hculmüi. o 

Cas euilmhins `n `ndai`a y `n henrta shi  4  ?: 1 y  4 1?<: ?

 4 ?: 1
a Zuith `n nqumcmormh;  4 < y  4 >
Nxln`nitn `nc prh`ulthr; 
>
< <: 


<
> ∟ ∟  `x 4 > x + 1> ci
ci 1? ∟ ? x  4 0,5: `ücarns
:
`ücarns
 4 <:
 4 :
 1? ? x  1??

DAPNDÁPMLA AZCMLA@A A CH\ INGHLMH\
Z_HG_ADA @N N\P^@MH\ GNIN_ACN\
Á_NA @N LMNILMA\

6 Zara lm
lmnnrth
rth prh`
prh`ul
ultth, ca
cass eui
uillmhin
mhinss `n hen
henrt
rtaa y `n `nd
ndai
ai`a
`a shi rnspnl
pnltmvad
adnnit
itnn
 4  ?  4     6
y  , `h
`hi`
i`nn ns ca la
lait
itm`
m`a`
a` `n pr
prh`
h`ul 
ultths y ns nc pr
prnnlmh
lmh

aui
uimt
mtar
\armh
mhoni
hd rnnsh
shcn
ccns.
ass. rNc
ngprnl
pr
mhnlmh
inmh
s `n
qunnq
nqum
rumcm
npcmor
rormh
nsmh
nins `nc?hsshcn
tai shncns
xlsnph
phr
`nriui
uim`
tnsm`a`
`a`.
nc. lhisu
isudm`hr y `nc
`nc
prh`
prh`ululth
thrr ni nc nq nqum
umcm
cmor
ormh
mh `n dn
dnrl rla`
a`hh
o Lac
Lacluc
lucnn chs nx
nxln`
ln`nitnitns
ns `nc lhi
lhisud
sudm`h m`hrr y `nc prh
prh`ul
`ulthr
thr.. a 
\hculmüi.  4     6
Zuith `n nqumcmormh;  4 ? y  4 ?
o Nxln`nitn `nc lhisudm`hr;
?
?  < ? 
:
(∟ x ? ∟ x + 6) ∟ ?  `x 4  ∟ x ∟ x + 5 x  4 7,<< shcns
 
shcns 
 :
 4  < ?

Nxln`nitn `nc prh`ulthr;

?

?  ?( x + ?)</?   4  ?
(? ∟ x+? ) `x 4  ? x ∟  4 :,>> shcn
shcnss

 4  :
 <  :

DAPNDÁPMLA AZCMLA@A A CH\ INGHLMH\
Z_HG_ADA @N N\P^@MH\ GNIN_ACN\
Á_NA @N LMNILMA\

Ca nlua
nlualm
lmüi
üi `n `n
`nda
dai`
i`aa `n lm
lmnr
nrtth prh`
prh`ul
ultth ns  `hi`n
 4 ?7:
?7:::    rnprnsnita
=
nc prnl
prnlmh
mh ui
uimt
mtar
armh
mh ni `ü
`üca
carn
rnss lu
luai
ai`h`h sn `nda
`ndai`i`ai 
ai uim`a`ns.

La
Lacl
`ncluc
ucnn`hncqu
dh
dh`h nxnln
qun ln`n
nc`nit
itn
migr
mi nnsh
grns`nc
`n
h csna
snlahisu
hidá
sudm
dm`h
dáxm `hr
xmdh
dh..r lu
luai
ai`h
`h ca la
lait
itm`
m`a`
a` y nc pr
prnnlmh
lmh sn `n
`ntn
tnrd
rdmi
miai
ai
\hculmüi.
  4 ?7::
?7:: 
 
Daxmdmzalmüi `nc migrnsh;

() 4 ?7::    
‿  4 ??7:
7:::  < ⇟ .∵
. ∵  4 <: 16::

‿‿  4 5 ⇟ ‿‿ <: 4 16: 3 :

Fay migrnsh dáxmdh luai`h ca laitm`a` ns  4 <:
y nc prnlmh `nc prh`ulth ns  4 16::
`ücarns. (  4 ?7::  )
?7::
Nxln`nitn `nc lhisudm`hr; 
<:
<: <
 (?7:: ∟ x ? ) ∟ 16:: `x 4 =:: x ∟ x  4 16::: `üca
 4  :  < 
:
`ücarns
rns
DAPNDÁPMLA AZCMLA@A A CH\ INGHLMH\
Z_HG_ADA @N N\P^@MH\ GNIN_ACN\
Á_NA @N LMNILMA\

Uachr aluduca`h y Uachr

Uachr prhdn`mh `n uia euilmüi
e uilmüi lhitmiua ni ui mitnrvach lnrra`h

Nc Uach
achrr alu
aluduc
duca`h
a`h ( ) `n ca euil
euilmmüi lhitm
hitmiu
iuaa Nc Uach
achrr prh
prhdn`
dn`mhmh ( ) `n ca eui
uilmlmüi
üi lhi
hittmi
miua
ua
 ni nc mit
mitnrv
nrvach
ach  22
, nstá
nstá `a
`a`h
`h ph
phrr  ni nc mit
mitnrv
nrvach
ach

 22 , nstá `a
`a`h
`h ph
phrr

 
 4 න     4  
DAPNDÁPMLA AZCMLA@A A CH\ INGHLMH\
Z_HG_ADA @N N\P^@MH\ GNIN_ACN\
Á_NA @N LMNILMA\

1:
@nspuíss `n snd
@nspuí sndaia
aias, 
s, ca lhc
lhcnl
nlta
ta hrg
hrgaim
aimza`
za`aa phr uia ash
ashlma
lmalm
lmüi
üi oniífila sn alu
aluduca
ducaoa
oa
a razüi
züi `n ∟, >::
 shcns
shc ns phr snd
sndaia
aia..
ao La
Lacl
cluc
ucnnn nc
Lacluc
Laclucn ca th
thta
tac
rnl c `nalmüi
rnlau`
au`alm`min
`müi
inrh
rh
prhrnla
rndn`mh
prhdn`lau`
u`a`
mha`h
h `u
snd`ura
rait
sndaia citn
aiac n ca
`urcas
s lm
`urait lmil
aitnnilh
cash lmi
pr
prmd
mdnr
lhnras
lmilh asdnra
prm sn
snda
prmdn daia
s ias.
ras s. aias.
snd
sndaia s.
\hculmüi.

a Ns ui prhocnda `n vachr aluduca`h. Nc thtac `n `minrh rnlau`a`h `uraitn

`uraitn cas lmilh prmdnras sndaias ns
> (*) >


∟:,:1x
@P 4 >:: xn∟:,:1x `x 4  ∟>:::: xn ∟ >::::::n∟:,:1x  4 5:0>,>:
:
 :

@uraitn cas lmilh prmdnras sndaias sn rnlau`ü 5:0>,>: shcns

o Ca rnlau`almüi prhdn`mh sndaiac `uraitn

`uraitn cas lmilh prmdnras sndaias eun `n 1?:= shcns. (5:0>,>:/>)

(*) Mitngralmüi phr partns;  4 >::,  4  ∟,2  4 >::,  4 1::  ∟,

 >:: xn∟

:,:1x
`x 4 (>:: x)(∟1::n
∟:,:1x ∟:,:1x :,:1x :,:1x
) + >:::: 4 ∟>:::: xn ∟ ∟
n `x ∟ >::::::n + B
DAPNDÁPMLA AZCMLA@A A CH\ INGHLMH\

11
Ca
Cass ut
utmc
mcm`
m`a`
a`nsns `n uiuiaa nd
ndpr
prns
nsaa sn al
alud
uducucai
ai a raz
azüi
üi `n (?(?7:
7::
:)) 1  <
shcn
shcnss ph
phrr dn
dns,
s,

`hi`n rnprnsnita nc iûdnrh `n dnsns traislurrm`hs `ns`n nc 1 `n ninrh `nc
prnsnit
prns nitnn añh.
a Lacl
Laclucucnn ca ut
utmc
mcm`
m`a`
a` al
alud
uduc
uca`
a`aa `u
`urrai
aittn chs
chs dn
dnsnsnss `n enor
nornr
nrh,
h, darz
darzh,
h, aorm
aormcc y da
dayyh
`nc prnsni
prnsnitn tn añh
añh..
o LacLacluc
lucnn ca utm
utmcm`
cm`a`
a` prh
prhdn`
dn`mh mh dni
dnisua
suacc `ur
`urait
aitnn nc pnr
pnräh`
äh`hh `nc ät
ätnd
nd ait
aitnrm
nrmhr
hr..
\hculmüi.
a Ca utmcm`a` aluduca`a `uraitn chs dnsns `n enornrh, darzh, aormc y dayh `nc prnsnitn añh ns
> (*) >
^ AL 4

1
?7:: x 1 + < x `x 4 1?:(1 + <x)>/ ? ∟ ?::(1 + <x)</ ?  4 1:760:
 1

Ca utmcm`a` aluduca`a `uraitn chs dnsns `n enornrh, darzh, aormc y dayh eun `n 1:760: shcns.

o Ca utmcm`a` prhdn`mh dnisuac `uraitn nc pnräh`h mi`mla`h eun `n ?5=5: shcns. (1:760:/0)

(*) Ladomh `n varmaocn;  4 1  <,  4 < ( 4  < 1 ,  4 < )

?7::

?7:: x 1 + < x `x 4
= (
1/?
u ∟ 1) u `u

4 <:: (u </ ? ∟ u1/ ? ) `u 4 1?:u
`u
>/ ?
∟ ?::u </ ? 4 1?:(1 + <x)>/ ? ∟ ?::(1 + <x)</ ? + B
DAPNDÁPMLA AZCMLA@A A CH\ INGHLMH\
Z_HG_ADA @N N\P^@MH\ GNIN_ACN\
Á_NA @N LMNILMA\

1? ^i eaorml
ormlaaitn
itn `n papait
itaachin
chinss mig
igrrnsa
nsa a tr
trao
aoaakar
kar a ca
cass 6;
6;::
:: fhfhrras y pr
prh`
h`ululnn a raz
azüi
üi `n (1>   )
+
paita
paitachi
chins
ns phr fhr
fhra,
a, `hi
`hi`n`n ns nc iûiûdn
dnrh
rh `n fhr
fhras `ns`
`ns`nn qu
qunn mi
migr
grns
nsaa ac tr
trao
aoak
akh.
h.
a LaLacl
cluc
ucnn nc iû
iûdn
dnrh
rh `n papait
itac
achi
hins 
ns qu
qunn prh`
prh`ul
ulmr
mráá nitr
nitrnn cas
cas =;:
=;::: y cas
cas 1<
1<;:
;::
: fh
fhra
ras.
s.
o ¸L¸Luá
uácc ns ca prh`
prh`ul
ullmlmüi
üi prhd
prhdn` n`mh
mh ph
phrr fh
fhra
ra `n nstn
nstn ea
eaor
orml
mlai
aitn
tn ni
nitr
trnn cas
cas =;:
=;::: y cas
cas 1<;::
1<;:: fh
fhra
ras.
s.
\hculmüi.
a Nc iûdnrh `n paitachins qun prh`ulmrá nitrn cas =;:: y cas 1<;:: fhras ns
>
 <: x  (*) >
ZAL 4

1


1> + ?
x +<
 `x 4 

1> x + 1> ci( x + <) 
?
1
4 6=,1=

Nitrn cas =;:: y cas 1<;:: fhras, nc eaormlaitn prh`uln 6= paitachins.

o Ca prh`ullmüi prhdn`mh phr fhra nitrn cas =;:: y cas 1<;:: fhras ns `n ?? paitachins. (6=/0)

(*) Ladomh `n varmaocn;  4   <,  4 ?

1> + <: x  `x 4 1> x + 1> `u 4 1> x + 1> ci( x? + <) + B
  ?
x +< u 
DAPNDÁPMLA AZCMLA@A A CH\ INGHLMH\
Z_HG_ADA @N N\P^@MH\ GNIN_ACN\
Á_NA @N LMNILMA\

1< Nc prnlmh `nc bmchgradh `n larin `n luy audnita a razüi `n shcns phr dns, ?:ci(  ?)
`hi`n ns nc iûdnrh `n dnsns traislurrm`hs `ns`n mimlmh `n añh.
Laclucn nc prnlmh prhdn`mh `nc bmchgradh `n larin `n luy `uraitn chs luatrh prmdnrhs

dnsns `nc añh.
\hculmüi.

Nc prnlmh prhdn`mh `nc bmchgradh `n larin `n luy `uraitn chs luatrh prmdnrhs dnsns `nc añh ns

0 (*)
1

0
Zprhd 4 ci( x + ?) `x 4 >  x ci
?: ci ci( x + ?) ∟ x + ? ci( x + ?) : 4 ?5,6?1...
0 :

Nc prnlmh prhdn`mh `nc bmchgradh `n larin `n luy `uraitn chs luatrh prmdnrhs dnsns `nc añh eun `n ?5,6? shcns.

(*) Mitngralmüi phr partns;  4 ci(  ?),  4 2  4  ? ,  4 

x `x
ci( x + ?) `x 4 x ci( x + ?) ∟ 4 x ci( x + ?)
?) ∟ x + ? ci( x + ?)
?) + B
x+?
 