CHAPTER 1

THE PROBLEM AND THE SCOPE

This chapter introduces the rationale of the study, the theories that were used as a basis that

could help in supporting the variables in the study, the statement of the problem that will be

used to investigate the variables, and the factors that affect our study. Chapter 1 also contains

the scope and delimitation of this study, the significance of the study to each beneficiary, and

the operational definition of terms that would contain the words that are important in

understanding this study's key concepts.

Rationale of the Study

With the different effects of globalization that are observed worldwide, this study

aims to identify and understand the factors in Globalization on students’ career choices

especially for senior high school students here in the Philippines. It has been found on

different studies that a person's future earnings, type of employment, and personality

are all greatly impacted by their chosen career decision. With these factors in mind, this

could lead to mismatches in a person's life and career and in addition to that, misfits at

work may have lower efficiency and productivity.

It is stated in the matrix society and social forces, including globalization, affect the

career choices of students from international policies to day-to-day activities

(Thompson, Hickey, & Thompson, 2018). However the group wanted to know how and

in what way it can affect the student. And through our questionnaires we can identify

how it can affect. As the perceived impacts of Globalization on Senior High School

students' career choices help students in achieving their ideal job suitable for them?
 Personal interests were featured as the major factor that has influenced career

choice in individualistic settings. The term "youth" is described by the United Nations

Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). It refers to young people

surrounded by the period of transitioning from the dependence of childhood to

adulthood as independence and awareness of their interdependent members of the

community (UNESCO, 2017).

Further research is vital to guide the understanding of parental influence and

diversity specifically for bicultural youth's career likeness and their ability to use the

resources available in their own and new environments to earn meaningful future career

goals (Kunnen, 2013).

Good career planning leads to life fulfillment however cultural heritage can

conflict with youth's interests as we look into the systematic review, of the existing

literature on factors that influence youth's career choices in both collective and

individual cultural settings all around the globe as it aims of identifying knowledge gaps

and providing direction for future research. Findings revealed that youth from collectivist

cultures were highly and mainly influenced by family expectations, where higher career

congruence with parents increased career confidence and self-efficacy (Lent et al.,

2000; Blanco, 2011).

This study is well-concerned with how students make choices and how choices

are made as the chosen career is being settled. This might affect the child's future

status as how this is settled in too many ways, as others might have a great impact on

its behavior and own individual review. On the contrary, the higher capability of the
student's career choices is affected by Globalization. This paper presents more

information and more understanding of how Globalization affects the Senior High

School students' career choices in St. Alphonsus Catholic School, Lapu-Lapu City Inc.
Theoretical Background

This study is anchored with Shanteu & Pingenot’s Subjective Expected Theory

(2009), and Luszczynska, Schwarzer's Social Cognitive Theory (2015) concerning an

individual's capability to decide regarding their future career choices considering the

effects of globalization. With Parenti's Theory about Neocolonialism (2012) the

researchers may be able to narrow down the factors that affect the decision-making of

the individual.

Neocolonialism (Parenti, 2012)

Neocolonialism is a policy or practice of exerting economic, political, cultural, or

other pressures to control or influence other countries, especially former dependencies.

In a neocolonial state, the former colonial masters ensure that the newly independent

colonies remain dependent on their economic and political direction (Parenti, 2012). In

the Philippines, this is most commonly seen in military forces from the U.S., rice, oil, and

other areas (T. Ruanni F. Tupas, 2004). This is commonly carried out through indirect

control of economic and political practices instead of direct military control as was the

case during the colonial era.

The theory of neocolonialism holds great significance for the Philippines, as it

hinders the nation's ability to evolve and adapt as rapidly as some other countries. This

limitation can have a profound influence on the aspirations and choices of Filipino

students (T. Ruanni F. Tupas. 2004). They may find themselves compelled to align their

career paths with opportunities abroad, where they anticipate faster development,

greater economic growth, and improved financial prospects.

 With that being said, students in the Philippines are increasingly inclined to

shape their career paths to find work opportunities overseas. This trend is a direct result

of the challenges posed by neocolonialism, as they perceive foreign countries as

offering more promising prospects for personal and professional growth. As a

consequence of this, the Philippines faces the potential loss of its talent and workforce

to other nations, which could further slow down its progress and development. This

underscores the pressing need to address the long-standing issue of neocolonialism

and its impact on the aspirations and decisions of the Filipino youth.

Subjective Expected Utility Theory – Shanteau & Pingenot (2009)

According to the subjective expected utility theory, “People are more inclined to

choose a course of action that will maximize (minimize) the favorable (unfavorable)

results of their reaction”. Subjective Expected Utility (2009), states that in making a

decision, there are a lot of alternatives that give us a lot of probabilities which affect the

final decision of a person. With the assumptions made by a person, oftentimes they

tend to make irrational decisions mainly because they don't know how to weigh

possibilities for them to make an effective decision.

In choosing a career path, teenagers may consider a lot of possibilities and

reasons on what work field they would take. Shanteau and Pingenot's SEU Theory

gives us a bigger idea that the value of the choices presented to an individual, would

affect the probable outcome of their decision (Shanteau & Pingenot, 2009) Teenagers

make decisions that are based on which they can benefit, a decision that's made from
the effects of pressure, and a decision that's made due to the situation that they are in;

a decision where they are at risk that leads to the impulsive answers.

In relation to that, when choosing their preferred career choice, teenagers would

choose something which they think they can benefit from a sure outcome risking

another choice that would give them a much better opportunity and outcome than their

final career commitment. Understanding that a decision's quality is determined by its

process rather than its result.

Social Cognitive Theory – Luszczynska, Schwarzer (2015)

Social Cognitive Theory (SCT; Bandura 1986) states that the fundamental

resource in clinical, education, development, health, and personality psychology. That it

may result in and has applied to career choices, social-political change, and physical

health. Career Choices are affected by behavior and change to oneself decision and

self-efficacy.

The theory states one motivation for one student's decision-making to the fullest

for the future is also the result of career choice which also relates to the actions that

may have caused the student. Which mechanism affects the students very clearly and

may resolve to the facts that may have caused the choice that they have made in the

influence of one another's behaviors.

In relation, self-efficacy is the concerned factor to one another's capabilities and

beliefs to their specific actions that are required to achieve the outcome (Bandura

1997). Outcome expectancies are also the other core to construct SCT, which is the

concern of other people's beliefs about the possible consequences of their actions. In
addition to these two cognitions, SCT also includes goals, perceived impediments, and

facilitators.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to analyze the perceived impacts that Senior High School

Students of St. Alphonsus Catholic School consider in choosing their future career plans

with the effects caused by globalization. It further examines the following questions:

1. Profiles of the respondents

a. Age

b. Sex

2. What common professions do students choose when establishing their goals for

the future?

3. What are the factors that impact the students' decision-making in terms of future

career plans?

4. Which among the factors is the most significant/least significant?

5. What are the impacts of globalization on the students’ career choices?

Scope and Delimitation

Since the scope of this research focuses on SHS students only of St. Alphonsus

Catholic School (SACS) Lapu-Lapu City, Cebu Inc. as its respondents, the researchers

would only be able to gather limited data and information that answers the questions

that would support the purpose of the study since it would only be selected who would

be asked for the SHS students. This would only have a limited number of students to be

asked estimated to be 20-30 students only, as the students are finally certain of what

career they would be choosing shortly as they are now capable of working at the age

they are in.

However, it may be observed that the questions that would be asked to each

individual would be close-ended and would not require the student's personal

experiences. Instead, this would require their perceptions and beliefs of one another's

personal choices.
Significance of the Study

The effects of globalization in the Philippines have positive and negative effects,

especially on the economy and employment here in the country. This study can be

significant to the SHS students of SACS, the parents, SACS teachers, the researchers,

and lastly the future researchers.

Students. This study can help them understand and comprehend the effects of

globalization on our country and how these factors would affect their decision-making

for future career choices. After graduating from SHS, the grade 12 students would take

into consideration their choices for employment for them to cater to their needs or plans.

It would help them determine the importance of early planning when it comes to their

career choices.

Parents. This study will allow the parents to know their children's plans for their

future for them to be able to share their knowledge about jobs and work environments

influencing their career decision-making. It can enlighten them about the aspirations of

their child would enable them to give them support and motivation in the choice that

they would be making.

 Teachers. This study can help them in guiding the students in understanding the

concept of globalization. It would allow them to know the students' views about the

following factors and how it would affect their thinking.

Researchers. This study will allow the researchers to have a much deeper grasp

of the concept and issue that they are studying regarding the effects of globalization on

the career decision of an individual. It would let them realize the values that are needed

in making and studying this research.

Future researchers. This study would serve as their guide in determining the

different factors that influence the career decisions of today's generation for future

references to see if there are any changes in these aspects. In the future, they could be

the ones who would find the answers to the loopholes that the researchers of this study

would observe.
Operational Definition of Terms

The following words and phrases are operationally used in this study to provide a

clearer understanding for the readers:

Career choice

This refers to the certain work field or job that the respondents would choose in

alignment with their plans for their future.

Close-ended

It is a set of questions asked to respondents the answers to the questions are

fixed and the respondents would only choose among the choices; a type of

questionnaire that can be used in quantitative research.

Data Gathering

The systematic collection of information through the administration of

questionnaires to the respondents, aimed at obtaining insights into their

perspectives on globalization and its effects on career decision-making

Decision making
 This refers to an action that takes information that is gathered into consideration,

finding an alternative solution/option when it comes to planning.

Enlightenment about Globalization

This refers to the process of increasing awareness and understanding among

students about the impacts of globalization in the Philippines, emphasizing its

implications on employment, economy and the importance of informed career

planning.

Globalization

This refers to the incorporation between companies, countries, and the

government with the expansion of financial products, technology, information,

and jobs across national borders.

Impediment

This refers to the obstacle that hinders movement and process. Usually,

impediments stand in the way of achieving what we want.

Influences, Circumstances, and Factors

This refers to the various elements, conditions, and situations that may affect the

students’ consideration when contemplating future career choices,

encompassing social, economic, familial, and educational aspects

Neocolonialism

This refers to the influence of developed countries on less-developed countries

through indirect means such as monetary, socioeconomic, and cultural.

Self-Efficacy

It is the belief in the capacity that students execute their behavior to perform

specific attainment and reflects on self-confidence as they exert control of their

actions.
 CHAPTER 2

Review of Related Literature and Studies

In examining the complex landscape of career choices among senior high school

students, various perspectives shed light on the multifaceted factors influencing

decision-making. Michael Parenti's (2012) exploration of neocolonialism underscores

the external forces that shape career aspirations, emphasizing the impact of U.S.

military presence and resource control on Filipino students. This external influence

intersects with Cordova's (2022) study on Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy, as the

perceived limitations imposed by neocolonial forces may play a role in how students

assess their self-efficacy when considering overseas career opportunities.

Cordova's (2022) research, “The Career Decision-Making Self-Efficacy and

Career Action Steps of Humanities Students: A Quantitative Survey Analysis”, delves

into the critical role of self-efficacy in career decision-making, emphasizing the need for

high self-efficacy and informed workforce guidance. This aligns with Shanteau and

Pingenot's (2009) Subjective Expected Utility (SEU) Theory, where individuals,

influenced by neocolonial forces as discussed by Parenti (2012), may weigh the

perceived outcomes of their career choices. Furthermore, the study provides a

psychological lens to the external influences, connecting individual beliefs and abilities

with broader societal and economic factors.

 Social Cognitive Theory (SCT), as presented by Luszczynska and Schwarzer

(2015), offers a comprehensive psychological framework applicable to various domains,

including career choices. SCT highlights the reciprocal influence of behaviors and

decision-making changes in shaping career choices. This theory intersects with

Cordova's (2022) emphasis on self-efficacy, where belief in one's capabilities is a

central element in SCT. The interconnectedness of self-efficacy, outcome expectancies,

and societal goals provides a rich understanding of how psychological factors contribute

to career decision-making.

Ahmad, Sarwar, and Sharif's (2019) study, “Factors Influencing Career Choices”,

delves into the multifaceted factors influencing career choices, emphasizing societal

status, income considerations, societal impact, and parental pressures. This study

enriches the narrative by providing a socio-economic perspective, connecting with

neocolonial influences discussed by Parenti (2012). The societal and economic factors

identified in this study could be crucial considerations for senior high school students in

shaping their career aspirations.

“Global Partnerships in Higher Education-Katherine”, as explored by Katherine

Adamsa (2021), introduces a new dimension to career choices. While promoting

intercultural understanding and fostering innovative opportunities, global partnerships

can also pose challenges. Adamsa's paper suggests that students might be inclined to

pursue foreign jobs due to the new career paths opened by global partnerships. This

perspective aligns with the neocolonialism discourse, emphasizing how external factors

shape career aspirations. The proposed open systems theory provides a constructive
lens for reimagining global higher education partnerships, ensuring benefits not only for

internal stakeholders but also for society at large.

Dr. Nancy T. Pascual's (2013) research “Factors Affecting High School Students’

Career Preference: A Basis for Career Planning Program”, provides key insights into the

impact of globalization on senior high school students' career choices. The study

highlights the challenges posed by the global context, especially in countries like the

Philippines with a limited labor market, contributing to a high unemployment rate.

Pascual's findings underscore the significant role of the family in shaping students'

decisions, with financial considerations and the expectation of supporting the family

influencing career choices. The study also reveals economic challenges, where

students may prioritize salary and job availability over skills, leading to mismatches

between courses and job requirements, contributing to high unemployment rates among

college graduates in the Philippines. Pascual emphasizes the importance of aligning

college courses with students' personalities, skills, and intelligence for successful

careers, highlighting the need for proper guidance and tools like the BOFI test.

Munshi and Rosenzweig's (2003) study, “Traditional Institutions Meet the Modern

World: Caste, Gender and Schooling Choice in a Globalizing Economy”, sheds light on

how traditional institutions, including caste and gender norms, influence the career

choices of senior high school students. Their findings reveal a shift towards prioritizing

quality and individual capabilities in decision-making, aligning with Cordova's (2022)

emphasis on self-efficacy. The socio-economic factors identified by Ahmad, Sarwar,

and Sharif (2019) resonate with the study's exploration of how traditional institutions

shape career choices. Furthermore, Munshi and Rosenzweig's insights connect with
Parenti's (2012) discussion on neocolonial forces, providing a comprehensive

understanding of societal, economic, and institutional factors collectively influencing

students' career aspirations. This study enriches the broader literature on career

decision influences, emphasizing the importance of informed decision-making and

proper guidance in aligning education with future careers.

The study, “Effect of Family Influence, Personal Interest and Economic

Considerations on Career Choice Amongst Undergraduate Students in Higher

Educational Institutions”, investigates how family influence, personal interest, and

economic factors affect career choices among undergraduate students in Vehari,

Pakistan. Based on a survey of 300 students from three universities, the research finds

that family influence has the most significant impact, followed by economic

considerations and personal interest. Gender differences in career preferences are

noted, with males favoring engineering and technology, and females opting for

education and healthcare. The study recommends improvements in career counseling,

particularly focusing on family influence. Despite limitations, the research provides

valuable insights into the factors influencing career decisions among undergraduates in

Vehari. The study also suggests that school counselors have limited influence, and girls

are more influenced by peers in their career choices.

The bօօk "Sօciety in Fօcսs: An Intrօdսctiօn tօ Sօciօlօgy" by Th օmps օn,

Hickey, and Thօmpsօn (2018) explօres the rօle օf mass media and technology in

contemporary society, emphasizing glօbalizatiօn's impact օn diverse sօcieties. It

encourages students to think critically about sօciօlօgical issսes and it suggests that

they should actively engage in the sօciօlօgical enterprise. The bօօk's insights are
relevant tօ օսr stսdy օn the perceived impacts օf glօbalizatiօn օn senior high school

stսdents' career chօices, because it offers a sօciօlօgical perspective օn hօw sօcietal

fօrces inflսence career decisiօns.

Lastly, The study "World Class? An Investigation of Globalization, Difference,

and International Student Mobility" explores how globalization has transformed higher

education. It highlights the impact on institutions, emphasizing global collaborations and

the role of cultural differences in shaping international students' experiences. The study

focuses on analyzing patterns and factors driving international student mobility,

recognizing both challenges and opportunities and aims to contribute valuable insights

for informed policies in higher education that balance global and local considerations.
 CHAPTER 3

Research Methodology

This chapter introduces the steps that would be observed as the group conducts the research to

its respondents to thoroughly elaborate on the said steps, this would contain the research

design, the environment, and participants, the research instruments, and the procedures that

the group has decided to use. Chapter 3 would enable the researchers to have an answer to the

said problems of the research with the use of surveys and questionnaires that would be

gathered and analyzed in the following parts. Lastly, ethical considerations will also be

presented in this chapter.

Research Design

This study will make use of a descriptive quantitative research method wherein a

sample size from the population will serve as the respondents to answer the given

surveys and questionnaires to give data to the researchers about the different factors

that affect the SHS students of St. Alphonsus Catholic School's career decision making

with the observed impacts of globalization.

Research Environment

The research environment would take place in St. Alphonsus Catholic School

Lapu-Lapu City Cebu Inc located at G.Y. Dela Serna St, Poblacion, Lapu-Lapu City,

6015 Cebu I with the supervision of the research adviser Ms. Nevia Mae O. Baguio.

Research Participants
 The chosen respondents of this study would be the Senior High School Students

(Grades 11 and 12) since it has been decided that they are the ones who can benefit

the most from the goal of our study. The respondents would be classified as the sample

size from the population of the institution. Also, the researchers would be needing their

demographics in order to help in analyzing the data between the different responses of

each respondent.

Research Instruments

Research Procedures

For the procedure that will be used and observed, the researchers decided to

use the Stratified Sampling Method as the respondents would be then classified as the

group’s strata. With the chosen sampling method, the researchers would choose 20-30

students per section accordingly to answer the questionnaire and surveys. The

questionnaire and surveys would be provided through a Google Forms that would be

sent to the respondent’s email keeping in mind their privacy and anonymity.

Ethical Consideration
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