EATING HABITS AND LIFESTYLES OF IDENTIFIED STUDENTS OF

BAMBAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

LEMIE B. DULDULAO
MAT-TLE

RESEARCH PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY AND STAFF,

SOUTH UPI COLLEGE, INC. TIMANAN
SOUTH UPI, MAGUINDANAO

2023 – 2024
1
 TRANSMITTAL SHEET
Lemie B. Duldulao
MAT-TLE
January 30, 2024

Subject: Transmittal of Research Study on Overweight Students' Dietary Habits and

Lifestyle

Dear Sir Abas S, Dollente,

I am pleased to transmit the research study titled "Analysis of Overweight
Students' Dietary Habits and Lifestyle" for your consideration. This study addresses
the critical issue of unhealthy eating habits among individuals, particularly focusing
on overweight students, and explores the interconnected factors influencing their
journey towards a healthier lifestyle.

The study emphasizes the neglect of nutritional values in contemporary diets,

leading to adverse effects at various life stages. Recognizing the importance of
healthy eating for intellectual growth, prevention of health issues, and the promotion
of a long and healthy life, the research investigates the dietary habits, physical
activities, and food intake of overweight students.
Thank you for your time and attention.

Sincerely,
Lemie B. Duldulao
MAT-TLE

2
 APPROVAL SHEET
ABAS S. DOLLENTE
Bambad NHS Principal

Sir,
I, a graduate student of this Institution is currently working on my research
entitled: EATING HABITS AND LIFESTYLES OF IDENTIFIED STUDENTS
OF BAMBAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
With this, we would like to request permission from your good office to inside
your campus to conduct the surveys with the participants, who are the students of
Bambad National High School on the course of January 2024.
I assure you that the gathered information will be treated with the utmost
confidentiality and will be utilized solely for the purpose of academic research. The
cooperation of your institution is paramount in ensuring the comprehensive and
reliable nature of my study.
Your favorable feedback to this activity would be extremely beneficial to the
study's success.
Thank you and God Bless!

Sincerely,
Lemie B. Duldulao
MAT-TLE

Noted:
Dr. Amil K. Kamid
Adviser

Approved:
Abas S. Dollente
Bambad NHS Principal

3
 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremost, praises and thanks to the God, the Almighty for His
showers of blessings throughout my research work to complete the research study
successfully.
Many people made significant contributions to the successful completion of
this study. I appreciate all materials and ideas incurred during the study by the people
who showed concern, love and care. Unfortunately, it is difficult to mention all of
them individually but there are some whose immense contributions deserve special
appreciations.
I would like to express special gratitude and appreciations to my research
adviser, Dr. Amil K. Kamid, South Upi College Inc. President and founder for his
unwavering support to the graduate school program and his commitment to advanced
education and for the encouragement which motivated the researcher to pursue and
fulfil her desire to finish a Master’s Degree.
Dr. Robert C. Alcarde, Dean of the College of Graduate Studies and MAT
Chairperson for giving me the opportunity to do research and providing invaluable
guidance throughout this research. He worked tirelessly in making constructive
criticisms, ideas, suggestions and corrections from research proposal development to
final report write-up. His intellectual skills, comments, advice, commitments and
close supervision are quite remarkable towards successful completion of my study.
Dr. Paul Q. Eulatic, a member of the panel of examiners for his constructive,
timely and worthy suggestion for the improvement of this study. My statistician, for
her valuable insights and suggestion, intellectual guidance and patience in the data
statistical analysis. All my professors and mentors who generously shared their
knowledge in the materialization, preparation and completion of the study.
I am grateful to my Principal, Sir Abas S. Dollente, teachers and students
of Bambad National High School who are involved to be part of this study. I would
not be able to complete this thesis without them.
I would also like to express my appreciation for the cooperation of my beloved
husband, Edwin Duldulao, and my children, Windel, Marvin, Jemina, Elijah and
family as a whole for their continuous support and understanding when undertaking
my research and for supporting me throughout this study.

4
 To my colleagues for their pieces of advice, constructive criticisms and
challenges were of special value. Bambad National High School, Isulan, Sultan
Kudarat, June 2023.
DEDICATION

First and foremost, I extend my deepest gratitude to the Almighty God for His
abundant blessings, guiding me throughout my research journey and enabling the
successful completion of this study.
I am indebted to the numerous individuals whose contributions played a
pivotal role in this research. While it is challenging to acknowledge everyone
individually, there are those whose exceptional support deserves special recognition.
My heartfelt thanks to Dr. Amil K. Kamid, my esteemed research adviser and
the President and founder of South Upi College Inc., for his unwavering support of
the graduate school program. His encouragement fueled my aspiration to attain a
Master's Degree, and his commitment to advanced education has been a guiding light.
I express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Robert C. Alcarde, the Dean of the
College of Graduate Studies and MAT Chairperson, for providing me with the
opportunity to conduct this research. His tireless efforts, constructive criticisms, and
invaluable guidance were instrumental from the development of the research proposal
to the final report write-up.
Special thanks to Dr. Paul Q. Eulatic, a member of the panel of examiners,
for his constructive suggestions that significantly improved this study. I am also
grateful to my statistician for her intellectual guidance and patience in the data
statistical analysis.
I extend my gratitude to the professors and mentors who generously shared
their knowledge, contributing to the materialization, preparation, and completion of
this study.
To the Principal, Sir Abas S. Dollente, and the teachers and students of
Bambad National High School, your involvement and cooperation were indispensable
to the realization of this thesis. I am profoundly thankful for your support.
My deepest appreciation goes to my beloved husband, Edwin Duldulao, and
my children, Windel, Marvin, Jemina, and Elijah, and my entire family for their
unwavering support and understanding throughout my research journey.

5
 I am grateful to my colleagues for their valuable advice, constructive
criticisms, and challenges that enriched the value of this study. This dedication is a
tribute to the collective efforts and collaboration of everyone involved.

ABSTRACT
Nutritional values of what people eat are usually neglected, nowadays leading
to unhealthy eating habits which are known to have effects in all life stages of
individuals. Healthy eating is vital for several reasons, including the promotion of
intellectual growth in kids and teenagers, the prevention of serious health issues, and
ensuring a long and healthy life style.
This study delves into the analysis of data pertaining to overweight students'
dietary habits, physical activities, and food intake to address specific questions related
to their journey towards a healthier lifestyle. The findings reveal commendable
progress in adopting healthier eating habits, as reflected in the diet score of 2.975 out
of 4. The nuanced recognition of areas requiring improvement underscores the
complexity of altering entrenched dietary patterns, encouraging a mindset of continual
improvement. Similarly, the physical activity score of 2.665 out of 4 emphasizes the
importance of regular exercise, signaling room for improvement and advocating for a
tailored approach respecting the unique needs of overweight individuals. The food
intake score of 2.75 out of 4 suggests moderate alignment with recommended dietary
practices, prompting attention to healthier food choices and consistent adherence.
In conclusion, the comprehensive perspective underscores the
interconnectedness of dietary choices, physical activity, and individualized
considerations in the journey towards weight management. The findings support the
hypothesis of a significant relationship between eating habits and lifestyles,
advocating for a holistic approach that includes dietary modifications, increased
physical activity, and personalized strategies. The recommendation to seek
professional guidance highlights the importance of a multifaceted approach, guiding
overweight students towards sustainable weight management and a resilient
commitment to an overall healthier lifestyle.
Keywords: Eating Habits, Student’s Lifestyles, Health concerns, High School
students

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DULDULAO, LEMIE B. (2024). EATING HABITS AND LIFESTYLES OF
IDENTIFIED STUDENTS OF BAMBAD NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL, South Upi
College, Inc. Timanan, South Upi, Maguindanao.
Adviser: AMIL B. KAMID, PhD, EdD.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page 1
Transmittal Sheet 2
Approval Sheet 3
Acknowledgement 4
Dedication 5
Abstract 6
Table of Contents 7

CHAPTER I 9
Background of the Study 9
Statement of the Problem 10
Hypothesis 10
Conceptual Framework 10
Significance of the Study 11
Scope and Delimitation 11
Definition of Terms 12

CHAPTER II 13
Consequences of weight gain 13
in adolescence/young adult
Common Psychological factors 14
Obesity: Global Status 15
Obesity in the Philippines 15
Calorie Intake and Weight Management 17
The effects of childhood overweight and obesity 18
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 Bullying 19
Correlations of Bullying and Obesity 20

CHAPTER III 22
Objectives 22
Research Design 22
Research Tool 22
Sample Size 22
Participants of the Study 23
Locale of the Study 23
Data Gathering Procedure 24
Data Analysis 24

CHAPTER IV 25
Findings 25
Diet 25
Physical Activities 26
Food Intake 27

CHAPTER V 28
Summary 28
Insights 29
Conclusion 30

BIBLIOGRAPHY 32

APPENDICES 34
Parental Consent 34
Survey Questionnaire 35
Rubric for Validation of Instrument 37
Curriculum Vitae 38

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9
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
Across the world, there is growing concern over student obesity, especially
among the population that has been recognized as obese. Obesity is a complex
condition, with serious social and psychological dimensions, affecting virtually all
ages and socioeconomic groups. Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally
and is a major contributor to the global burden of chronic diseases and disability.
India and many other countries in South-East Asia are currently going through the so-
called nutrition transition which is associated with a change in the structure of the diet
and rapid increase in the prevalence of obesity. Overeating high calorie foods adds to
weight gain and raises the risk of a number of health issues.
A study conducted in the Philippines found that children who consumed more
fast food and soft drinks had a higher risk of being overweight or obese. Another
study found that the intake of high-fat and high-sugar foods was associated with an
increased risk of obesity among Filipino children. The promotion of healthy eating
habits, such as increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables and reducing the
intake of unhealthy foods, is crucial in preventing and reducing childhood obesity in
the Philippines (Genuino et al., 2021). Addressing the issue of the wrong type of food
contributing to obesity among Filipino children requires a multi-faceted approach. It
involves raising awareness about the importance of a balanced and nutritious diet,
promoting healthy eating habits, improving access to affordable fresh food options,
implementing effective nutrition education programs in schools, and engaging with
the food industry to encourage healthier product formulations. By addressing these
factors and promoting healthier food choices, we can work towards reducing the
prevalence of obesity and improving the overall health of Filipino children.
As enclosed in DepEd Order No. 13, s. 2017, make available healthier food
and beverage choices among the learners and DepEd personnel and their stakeholders;
introduce a system of categorizing locally available foods and drinks in accordance
with geographical, cultural, and religious orientation; and • provide guidance in the
selling and marketing of foods and beverages in schools and DepEd offices, including
the purchasing of foods for school feeding. Thus, this study aims to find out the eating
habits and the lifestyle of students in the researcher’s school.

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Statement of the Problem
The aim of this study was to assess the eating habits of a group of students in
Bambad National High School, to highlight any differences between students living at
and away from home and to examine aspects of their health and nutritional status.
Specifically, this study seeks to achieve the following questions:
1. What are the factors affecting the student’s Body Mass Index (BMI) in terms
of:
A.) Diet
B.) Physical activities
C.) Food Intake
2. What are the preferred food intakes of identified Bambad National High
School learners?
3. What eating practices and the lifestyles did the students engage in?

Hypothesis
Ha: There is a significant correlation between the eating habits and lifestyles of
identified students at Bambad National High School.
Ho: There is no significant correlation between the eating habits and lifestyles of
identified students at Bambad National High School.
Conceptual Framework

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE DEPENDENT VARIABLE

Student’s Profile Eating habits and Lifestyle
 Age  Healthy eating habits
 Gender  Unhealthy food habits
 Grade level  Body Weight status
 Place of Origin
 Religious Affiliation

Figure 1. Schematic Diagram of the Study

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Significance of the Study
Every research study has significance to the people, the society, the country,
and the world. The generalization of this present would be a great contribution to the
vast knowledge in relation to student’s health.
The individuals who stand to gain the most from the study are its main
beneficiaries. This study will give important information about how to prevent
diseases brought on by unhealthy lifestyle choices and eating habits as well as about
the nutritional worth of the foods people should eat.
This study's findings will help parents teach their kids about developing
healthy eating habits at home and will give them knowledge about the meals they
should prepare for their kids.
To Students, this study will provide them with the knowledge that will help
them educate themselves, especially on health-related issues. This study will be
beneficial to those students who are engage to unhealthy living. Hence, it will help
them to control their food intake whether it is healthy or unhealthy.
To the Community, this study will be most beneficial to the community
because of the reason that due to the awareness and utilization of the proper health
care services offered by the government, they will be more knowledgeable and
engage in the programs offered by the community. The study can also gauge the
acceptance level of the community of the existing health care facility and there
privileges.
Finally, to the field of Research, this will help future researchers as it will
serve them as a stepping stone to come up with new theories to study from this field.
This study will also contribute to the specific field as added for new inferences that
guide researchers related to this study they are pursuing.

Scope and Delimitation

With an emphasis on student health and wellness promotion and sickness
prevention, the overall goal of this study is to understand the eating habits and
lifestyle of middle adolescents in the Junior High School department of Bambad
National High School. The purpose of this study is to identify and evaluate the
various factors that have an impact on the health and physical measurements of
middle school children. Specifically on their eating habits and lifestyles.

12
 Additionally, this study seeks to determine how the researchers can help
middle school students become self-aware of the foods they eat and how to deal with
the various health-related issues that they are currently facing and problems that may
arise in the future. This study will be conducted with limited amount of financial
resources and time framework.

Definition of Terms
To further understand the study the following are the terms conceptually and
operationally defined in this study.
Balanced Diet: A diet that includes a variety of foods from all food groups in
appropriate proportions to meet nutritional needs.
Body Mass Index (BMI): A measurement that assesses body weight relative
to height, commonly used to classify individuals as underweight, normal
weight, overweight, or obese.
Caloric Intake: The total number of calories that students consume through
food and beverages.
Diet: The overall pattern of food and beverage consumption of students,
including their choices, preferences, and nutritional habits.
Normal Weight: A body weight status indicating that a student's BMI falls
within a healthy range for their height.
Obesity: A body weight status indicating a higher degree of excess body fat,
often associated with increased health risks.
Physical Activity: Any bodily movement engaged in by students that expends
energy, including activities such as walking, playing sports, or exercising.
Physical Activity Level: The amount of physical exercise or movement that
students engage in regularly.

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 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review of related literature and studies. This pieces
of literature and studies were reviewed as they were deemed relevant to the present
study. They have also provided a conceptual framework for the current study.
Researchers gathered information was congregated through articles, journals, and
books that are related with the study which serve as the foundation for collecting more
knowledge and understanding the essence of the study for additional reference.

Consequences of weight gain in adolescence/young adults

Overweight and obesity together represent the second leading preventable
cause of death in the United States and so as threatening Philippines. Obesity is a
serious chronic disease that can inflict substantial harm to a person’s health.
Overweight and obesity are not the same; rather they are different points on a
continuum of weight ranging from being underweight to being morbidly obese. The
percentage of people who "t into these two categories overweight and obese is
determined by Body Mass Index.
Obesity has been well documented as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease
(CVD). It is also a risk factor for hypertension and dyslipidemia, which are additional
risk factors for CVD (Jolliffe and Janssen, 2006). Lawlor et al (2006) have shown that
an increase in BMI has a huge effect on the risk of type 2 diabetes. Obesity is the
most important risk factor associated with type 2 diabetes in children (Hussain et al,
2007) whilst abdominal obesity is the most important risk factor for the onset of type
2 diabetes in adults (Vissher and Seidell, 2001). Current trends in increasing waist
circumference in 11–16-year-olds greatly exceed trends in Body Mass Index (BMI)
(McCarthy et al, 2003). However, Denney Wilson et al (2008) reported that waist
circumference is not a better predictor of metabolic risk factors than BMI. The onset
of diabetes in youth increases the risk in early adulthood of cardiovascular disease,
kidney failure, visual impairment and need for limb amputations (International
Obesity Taskforce, 2004). Vissher and Seidell (2001) also show a relationship
between increased obesity and increased risk of stroke. Obesity is the main risk factor

14
for developing obstructive sleep apnea, 40-90% of obese patients suffer from it (Arias
et al, 2008).
A diet lacking in fruit and vegetables may be lacking in vitamins, minerals and
fibre. Vitamin C helps to prevent scurvy, calcium helps to build bone mass and
prevent Osteoporosis in later life, whilst a sufficient iron intake helps to prevent iron
deficient Anaemia. Diets low in fibre have been linked to bowel cancer (Ferguson,
2005).
Obesity can be defined as a disease in which excess body fat has accumulated
such that a person’s health may be adversely affected (Bray, 1985). There are several
different techniques used to assess obesity such as the body mass index (BMI), waist
circumference, skin-fold thickness, calculation of waist-to-hip circumference ratios,
and underwater weighing. The BMI is one of most popular methods used to assess
obesity and the World Health Organization (WHO) classified the BMI cutoff point.
However, BMI has some limitations such as BMI does not only measure body
fat but muscle and bones (Stein & Colditz, 2004). For example, the athlete or body
builder may have a higher BMI than others because of their dense muscle tissue.
Therefore
BMI can underestimate or overestimate weight. Even though BMI cannot
measure body fat exactly (Stein & Colditz, 2004), there are a number of studies that
have found a relationship between BMI and health problems (Franks et al., 2004;
Kopelman, 2000; Stein & Colditz, 2004).
A number of studies (Butler et al, 2004; Matvienko et al, 2001; Johnston et al,
1998; Haberman and Luffey, 1998) have suggested universities offer nutrition
education programs to emphasize the importance of a balanced diet and to help
prevent weight gain at university. Meiselman and Edwards (2003) believe it is
important for university students to monitor their food and alcohol consumption and
ensure that total alcohol consumption does not take place in single binge session.

Common Psychological Factors

Body image and self-perception is seen by many as a major reason that
influence eating patterns. A study has found a relationship between body image,
health perception, appropriate nutrition intake, and nutrition knowledge (Korn,
Gonen, Shaked, and Golan, 2013). Another study shows that students who are
concerned about their weight tend to consume food with lower sugar and fat content,
15
but the authors have also found that many individuals voice their desire to lose weight
even if their BMI does not give indication of them being overweight (Navia et al.,
2003). Scholars add that psychological factors in school such as stress may lead to
eating disorders and unhealthy behaviors (Korn, Gonen, Shaked and Golan, 2013).
Poor nutritional practices and heightened levels of stress, two common attributes of
university life, are strongly linked with weight gain and decreased health (Jackson,
Berry and Kennedy, 2009). According to a study using first-year college students,
emotions are significantly associated with food choices, and negative emotion, or
stress is related to an increase in the consumption of unhealthy food such as salty
snacks, fried food, or fast food, and a decrease in fruits and vegetables consumption
(Ashurst et al., 2018). In another study, a comparison of cafeteria purchases shows
that students are more likely to 3 purchase less healthy fast foods during stressful
period of time such as final exams week when students’ workloads are more
important (Lien and Zheng, 2018).

Obesity: Global Status

Obesity is a medical condition characterized by excess body fat that can have
unfavorable effects on health, leading to increased health problems and shorten life
expectancy (Yanikkerem and Mutlu, 2012). A growing global concern is among
students' obesity. In contrast to other age groups, the obesity rate among Korean
college students increased significantly from 15.2% in 1998 to 23.9% in 2014, based
on the studies conducted by Yanikkerem and Mutlu, 2012. The World Health
Organization (WHO, 2018) defines obesity as a “global epidemic”. Childhood obesity
has reached epidemic levels in developed as well as in developing countries, and it
may result in increased morbidity and mortality during young adulthood
(Krushnapriya Sahoo, Bishnupriya Sahoo, Ashok Choudhury et al., 2015). Due to the
global complexity of factors influencing the development of obesity and the speed at
which childhood obesity has become commonplace, our society is unprepared to
adequately address the crisis (Hutapea, 2019). Thus, controlling the childhood obesity
epidemic has become a top public health priority worldwide (Storz, 2020).

Obesity in the Philippines

Multiple studies and reports indicate an increasing prevalence of childhood
obesity in the Philippines over the past decade. The National Nutrition Survey
16
conducted by the Food and Nutrition Research Institute (FNRI) in 2019 revealed a
notable increase in the prevalence of overweight and obesity among Filipino children
and adolescents. According to Joe, Cortez, Lopez et al. (2022), obesity among
children and adolescents in the Philippines has been on the rise over the last decade,
and has been further exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic.
The consumption of the wrong type of food is a significant contributing factor
to the high prevalence of obesity among Filipino children. The availability and
affordability of high-calorie, processed foods have increased in the Philippines,
leading to a shift in dietary patterns among children. These foods often contain
excessive amounts of added sugars, unhealthy fats, and refined carbohydrates, which
contribute to weight gain and the development of obesity. The consumption of
energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods and beverages, such as fast food, sugary drinks, and
processed snacks, has been identified as a major contributor to the increasing
prevalence of obesity among Filipino children.
A study conducted in the Philippines found that children who consumed more
fast food and soft drinks had a higher risk of being overweight or obese. Another
study found that the intake of high-fat and high-sugar foods was associated with an
increased risk of obesity among Filipino children. The promotion of healthy eating
habits, such as increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables and reducing the
intake of unhealthy foods, is crucial in preventing and reducing childhood obesity in
the Philippines (Genuino et al., 2021). Addressing the issue of the wrong type of food
contributing to obesity among Filipino children requires a multi-faceted approach. It
involves raising awareness about the importance of a balanced and nutritious diet,
promoting healthy eating habits, improving access to affordable fresh food options,
implementing effective nutrition education programs in schools, and engaging with
the food industry to encourage healthier product formulations. By addressing these
factors and promoting healthier food choices, we can work towards reducing the
prevalence of obesity and improving the overall health of Filipino children.
Good eating habits allow individuals to benefit from the food consumed by
them. Furthermore, good nutrition contributes to the health and fitness of the body as
well-balanced nutrition can provide enough energy for proper functioning of the body
organs. This, in turn, can prevent one from being afflicted by dangerous illnesses
and/or Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs) like diabetes, hypertension, and heart

17
failure. In contrast, unbalanced nutrition can cause the body's immune system to
become weak and vulnerable to diseases.

Calorie Intake and Weight Management

Calorie intake refers to the total number of calories consumed through food
and beverages in a given period, typically measured in a day. Calories are a unit of
energy that the body obtains from food to fuel its various functions and activities.
When we eat, our bodies break down the food into nutrients, including carbohydrates,
proteins, and fats. These nutrients are then converted into energy through a metabolic
process. The energy content of food is measured in calories. Calorie intake is
an important consideration for maintaining a healthy weight and overall well-being.
Consuming more calories than the body needs can lead to weight gain, while
consuming fewer calories can result in weight loss.
The WHO provides general recommendations for calorie intake based on age,
sex, and activity level. For adults, it suggests an average daily intake of about 2,000-
2,500 calories for men and 1,800-2,200 calories for women, with variations based on
physical activity levels and individual requirements. It's worth noting that not all
calories are the same in terms of nutritional value. Foods high in added sugars or
unhealthy fats may provide a lot of calories but lack essential nutrients. Therefore, it
is important to focus on consuming a balanced diet that includes a variety of nutrient-
dense foods to meet your calorie needs while also ensuring proper nutrition.
Reduced calorie diets are difficult to sustain, but even moderate weight loss
can improve metabolic health. The macronutrient composition of dietary protein,
including the intake of branched-chain amino acids, may impact the effectiveness of
weight loss diets (Cummings et al., 2017).
Reduced calorie diets are difficult to sustain due to various factors, including
hunger, cravings, and the challenges of maintaining long-term dietary changes. These
types of diets typically involve a significant reduction in overall calorie intake, often
resulting in a negative energy balance where the body burns more calories than it
consumes. While reduced calorie diets can lead to initial weight loss, many people
find it difficult to adhere to them in the long term, leading to weight regain or a cycle
of yo-yo dieting.

18
Reducing calorie intake is an important component of weight management and can
help prevent and treat obesity. However, reducing calorie intake can be challenging,
and it is important to find a sustainable approach to achieve and maintain a healthy
weight. In addition to reducing calorie intake, the macronutrient composition of the
diet, including the intake of branched-chain amino acids, may also play a role in
weight management. Therefore, it is important to consider not only the quantity but
also the quality of the food consumed when addressing obesity and weight
management.
However, it's important to note that even moderate weight loss can have
significant benefits for metabolic health. Losing just a modest amount of weight, such
as 5 to 10 percent of initial body weight, can improve various metabolic parameters,
including blood pressure, blood sugar control, cholesterol levels, and insulin
sensitivity. These improvements can have a positive impact on overall health and
reduce the risk of chronic diseases like type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and
certain cancers. uman, 2014). Physical activity and obesity have known associations
with diseases and, thus, have corresponding health care costs. In a study conducted in
the U.S. by Pratt, Macera, and Wang (2000), it was found out that higher direct
medical costs were associated with physical inactivity.
Pelletier and Laska (2013) even suggest that students who spend more time on
campus are more at risk since the study has found that frequent food and beverage
purchased around campus is associated with less frequent breakfast consumption and
higher fat and added sugar intake while bringing food from home is associated with
healthier dietary patterns. In another study, students report the limited access to food
vending points with nutritious options on campuses, the inconvenience of
transportation and kitchen access, limited food variety at the cafeteria, and weekend
hours are perceived as barrier to obtain nutritious food (Dhillon et al., 2017). In
addition, irregular eating schedules and lack of familiarity with available food options
are critical barrier to the access of healthier food alternatives (Dhillon et al., 2017).

The Effects of Childhood Overweight and Obesity

Balaban and Silva (2004) and Caballero (2001) identify that childhood obesity
increases the risk of poor health in childhood, the development of obesity in adults
and subsequent obesity-related health problems in adulthood. During childhood, Graf
et al. (2004) suggest that overweight and obesity are associated with poorer gross
19
motor development and Davidson et al. (2003) identify that children who are obese
may be more prone to orthopedic problems. Type two diabetes, traditionally viewed
as a disease of adulthood, is now seen with increasing incidence in the pediatric
population and has been linked with childhood obesity (Pinhas et al. 2004).
Kelley et al. (2004) and Harrell et al. (2003) also claim that the changes which
result in cardiovascular disease, such as atherosclerotic changes, can begin in early
childhood and Al Sendi et al. (2003) identify that adolescent obesity is associated with
raised blood pressure. Thus, the physiological changes associated with later
cardiovascular disease development seem to be evident in overweight or obese
children and adolescents, resulting in the potential for early development of
cardiovascular disease. Childhood obesity has also been linked to an increased risk of
orthopedic disorders, respiratory problems and diabetes in adulthood (Balaban and
Silva 2004, Caballero 2001). As well as physiological changes resultant on
overweight and obesity, which appear to commence in childhood, obese children are
thought to be more prone to psychological distress than non-obese children, and the
effect is greater for girls than boys. (Phillips and Hill, 1998). Obesity in childhood and
adolescence is also associated with poor self-esteem, eating disorders and body
dissatisfaction (Neumark-Sztainer and Hannan, 2000). As well as such adverse
effects, the habits and behaviors established in childhood are hard to change at a later
stage (Caroli and Lagravinese, 2002). Thus, preventing or reversing habits and
lifestyle choices that predispose to poor health in childhood seems preferable and
more likely to be successful than attempting to address them in adulthood.

Bullying
When defining bullying, many researchers use variants of Olweus’s (1993)
definition. It states, a student is being bullied or victimized when he or she is exposed
repeatedly and over time to negative actions on the part of one or more other students
(Ross, 2002, pg. 106). As Ross (2002) points out, “the problem with the repeated
occurrence requirement is that the waiting period heightens the negative effects on the
victim, allows the bully to feel rewarded, increases fear in onlookers, and makes
intervention a lengthier process.” (Ross, 2002, pg. 106). Which indicates that there
needs to be more diligence by staff and students in acknowledging negative behaviors
and language within the hallways and classrooms. Maybe, if a teacher or another 7
student points out the first incidents with bullying a child experiences, it will prevent
20
the situation from repeating itself (Bennett, 2009). Bullying can take many forms
especially for adolescents, such as physical, verbal, and relational. Jing Wang, et al
(2009) states, “Physical bullying (e.g., hitting, pushing, and kicking) and verbal
bullying (e.g., name-calling and teasing in a hurtful way) are usually considered to be
a direct form, while relational bullying refers to an indirect form of bullying, such as
social exclusion and spreading rumors.” (Wang, et al, 2009, pg 2). Another form of
bullying that has become more popular since computers and cell phones is cyber
bullying, which is where adolescents use social media, texting, or calling to bully
other adolescents. The National Center for Education Statistics (2011) states that in
2010-2011, 27.8% of students reported that they were bullied, 17.6% of those students
were bullied by being “made fun of”, called names, or insulted. 18.3% stated that they
were subject of rumors, 7.9% said that they were pushed, shoved, tripped, or spit on.
Only 9% of students claimed that they were cyberbullied, 4.4% of those students
claimed that it was through texting and 3.6% claimed it was through the internet.
According to those statistics, verbal and social bullying is the most frequent and
physical and cyber bullying seems to be happening less.

Correlations between bullying and obesity

Physical appearance is one of the main influences that lead to bullying.
According to Kukaswadia et al, (2011) individuals’ appearance affects how others
treat and react to them in social contexts. If an individual internalizes these behaviors,
then that could lead to perpetration of bullying. Also, to compare, the ‘Obesity Stigma
Approach’ suggests that weight-based stigma places overweight youths at risk of anti-
social health outcomes and those findings have been supported by past cross-sectional
analyses (Kukaswadia, et al, 2011). Kukaswadia’s study helped confirm that obese
males and females do experience increases in victimization due to two major forms of
bullying, relational and physical. The findings of this study are congruent with
previous cross-sectional studies and confirm that obese children are at risk for social
consequences which is consistent with Lerner’s theory of planned behavior, and the
Weight Stigma Approach (Kukaswadia, et al, 2011). This study’s finding is important
because the relationship between bullying may have long term health and social
consequences for children during periods throughout their lives. This research only
adds to the growing body of literature that shows that excess weight has consequences
for youth beyond just physical health (Kukaswadia, et al, 2011). In Hayden-Wade, et
21
al’s, (2005) study appearance-related teasing was found to be pervasive and frequent
among overweight or obese children and adolescents. Almost three times more than
their average weight peers, overweight children were teased more for weight related
aspects of their appearance (Hayden-Wade, et al, 2005). According to Hayden Wade,
“increased frequency in chronic teasing among obese children or adolescents makes
theoretical sense, because one of the main reinforcers for peer teasing is getting a
visible reaction from the victim, and teasing about a sensitive area such as weight
status is likely to get an especially strong reaction.” (Hayden-Wade, et al, 2005, pg.
1387).
Obese or overweight individuals have been known to be frequent targets of
weight discrimination and stigmatization. It occurs from the media, educators, health-
care professionals, employers, peers, and sometimes even family members. Puhl, et
al, (2008), found that the prevalence of weight/height discrimination in US adults was
relatively high. On average, women reported daily or lifetime discrimination due to
weight/height while men reported that they were half as likely to experience the same
discrimination. They also found that there were large gender differences in
weight/height discrimination across education groups, “For example, men with low
educational achievement had few occurrences of weight/height discrimination, while
women in this group showed the highest prevalence of this discrimination, 3.5% and
12.6% respectively.”

22
 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Objectives
The main objective of the research is to develop good eating habits and
practice healthy lifestyles to make teachers and students well informed on health-
related issues at school and at home. The specific objectives are as under:
1.1 To assess and discuss the student’s daily lifestyle practices at home.
1.2 To guide the students on how to control their consumption of unhealthy foods.
1.3 To encourage the students to engage in physical activity and a nutritious diet.

Research Design
A quantitative study through the paper-pencil survey method was used for the
study. The researchers used 4-point Likert Scale as a way of scaling the respondents’
view through a four-level scale. It is often used to measure respondents’ eating habits
by asking the extent to which how they answer the particular questions or statement.
The researcher also used Purposive Sampling Technique. Purposive sampling
refers to a group of non-probability sampling techniques in which units are selected
because they have the characteristics that you need in your sample. Creswell (2014)
suggests being purposeful in identifying participants that might provide insight into
your research question. Purposeful sampling involves selecting participants because
you believe that they might contribute something to your analysis.

Research Tool
A self-developed questionnaire will be used for data collection, which was
contained in 15 statements. It was developed under the supervision of experts.

23
Respondents answered the items using the four – point scale as follows: 4 (always), 3
(sometimes), 2 (rarely), 1 (never)

Sample Size
The feedback will be obtained from forty (40) identified learners. The study
used purposive Sampling in determining the samples. The proponent first determined
the students who faced obesity-related conditions within Bambad National High
School.

Participants of the Study

The population targeted for the study is from grades 7–10 identified junior
high school students aged 13–16 years old, enrolled in Bambad National High School
located in Brgy. Bambad, Isulan, and Sultan Kudarat for the school year 2022-2023.
These year levels were chosen because students in these year levels usually belong to
the age group that is more assertive and independent. Thus, they are more likely to
have eating habits and have activities during their free time, limited to the preferences
of their families and the food and activities available at home and school.

Locale of the Study

The study was conducted at Bambad National High School, Purok Bagong
Silang, Bambad, Isulan, Sultan Kudarat, on June 2022–2023. This particular school
and respondents were selected because they are the most eligible respondents
considering the limitations and safety protocols, to test out the efficiency of our study
among the students here, and for them to be conscious and knowledgeable regarding
good eating habits and a proper lifestyle.

24
 Figure 2. Locale of the Study

Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers had allotted vigorous time, effort, and cooperation in
developing their questionnaire so as to serve its intended respondents. The survey was
created using suitable questions modified from related research and individual
questions formed by the researchers. The researchers made sure that the set of
questions was sufficient to provide the data needed for the study. The survey was
comprised of three main parts, each subdivided into five questions. In the
questionnaire, a 4-point Likert scale was used to determine how often they answered
every statement. After the professor approved the questionnaire, copies were
distributed to the 40 identified respondents at Bambad National High School.
Participants were given time to respond, and then the researchers collected the survey
questionnaires after they answered them. The data gathered from this research
instrument were tallied and computed for interpretation according to the frequency of
items checked by the participants. These data became the basis for analysis and
interpretation.
Point Scale Range Verbal Interpretation
4 3.26 – 4.00 Always
3 2.51 – 3.25 Sometimes
2 1.76 – 2.50 Rarely
1 1.00 – 1.75 Never
Table 1. Five-point Likert Scale.

Data Analysis
In determining the eating habits and lifestyle of the identified learners of
Bambad National High School, the data through four-point Likert Scale was used to

25
examine how often they practices each of the statements in the questionnaire. It used a
four-point scale, each point correspondent to a Likert item.

26
 CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF DATA

This chapter presented the analysis of data to provide answers to the specific
questions drawn from the statement of the problem.

Table 2 presents the summary of the scores of the students in regards to their
Diet.
Items Statements 4 3 2 1
1 I eat more than 3 times a day. 10 18 8 4
2 I balance my food intake every meal. 13 20 4 3
3 I am aware of what food I am eating. 20 12 4 4
4 I am avoiding some foods for health reasons. 13 14 6 7
5 I feel hungry when I skip meals. 10 20 7 3
Table 2. Students’ summary of scores in Diet.
A score of 2.975 out of 4 in a diet context for overweight students likely
indicates a moderate level of adherence and success in implementing dietary changes.
It's essential to recognize that achieving and maintaining a healthy weight involves a
combination of factors beyond just diet, including physical activity, lifestyle choices,
and individual metabolic differences. The scoring system used likely assesses various
aspects of dietary habits, such as portion control, food choices, and overall
consistency in following the prescribed guidelines.
For overweight individuals, this score suggests that they are making progress
in adopting healthier eating habits but may still have areas that need improvement. It
could be indicative of a commitment to change but also highlights the complexity of
modifying long-standing dietary patterns. The score serves as feedback, offering
insight into where adjustments can be made to enhance the effectiveness of the diet
plan.

27
 Table 3 presents the summary of scores of the students in regards to their
Physical Activities.
Items Statements 4 3 2 1
1 I am getting more than 10 hours of sleep. 21 16 8 5
2 I do work out body exercises at home. 6 20 11 3
3 I participate in extracurricular activities at school. 18 13 6 3
4 I watch TV with a lot of snacks and drinks. 5 9 12 14
5 I prefer to sleep rather than doing household 6 12 16 6
chores.
Table 3. Students’ summary of scores in Physical Activities.
A score of 2.665 out of 4 in physical activities, particularly for overweight
students, suggests a moderate level of engagement in physical activity. This numerical
representation likely reflects an assessment of the individual's participation in various
physical exercises, routines, or sports. However, the specific criteria and components
of the assessment tool are crucial in interpreting the meaning of the score.
For overweight individuals, incorporating regular physical activity into their
routine is particularly important for managing weight and promoting overall health. A
score below 3 may indicate room for improvement, suggesting that the individual
might benefit from increasing their activity levels. Engaging in regular exercise not
only contributes to weight management but also enhances cardiovascular health,
boosts mood, and improves overall fitness.
It's essential for individuals with concerns about their weight, especially those
who may be overweight, to approach physical activity with consideration for their
unique needs and abilities. Consulting with healthcare professionals or fitness experts
can provide valuable insights into developing a tailored exercise plan. Additionally,
addressing dietary habits alongside increased physical activity is often a
comprehensive approach to achieving and maintaining a healthy weight.
In summary, while a score of 2.665 out of 4 signals a moderate level of
physical activity, it should be viewed in the context of the specific assessment criteria.
For overweight individuals, this score may serve as a motivator to gradually enhance
their engagement in physical activities and adopt a holistic approach to health that
includes both exercise and dietary considerations.

28
 Table 4 presents the summary of scores of the students in their Food Intake.
Items Statements 4 3 2 1
1 How often do you eat processed food? (Hotdogs, 8 17 11 4
Canned Foods, Instant Noodles, etc.)
2 How often do you eat Junk Foods? 6 17 13 4
3 How often do you eat fruits and vegetables? 16 17 4 3
(Squash, Apple, Orange, Leafy Vegetables, etc.)
4 How frequently do you eat sweet and salty foods? 6 15 15 4
5 How frequently do you eat fatty foods? (Street 7 16 14 3
Foods, Ice cream, chips, etc.)
Table 4. Students’ summary of scores in Food Intake.
A food intake score of 2.75 out of 4 for overweight students suggests a
moderate alignment with recommended dietary practices but indicates room for
improvement. This score, assumed to be part of a measurement or assessment related
to dietary habits, implies that the individual's food choices may be somewhat below
average in terms of meeting established nutritional guidelines. Without specific
details regarding the criteria used to assign this score, it's essential to recognize that
the interpretation is somewhat generalized.
For overweight individuals, adopting a balanced and nutrient-dense diet is
crucial. This includes incorporating a variety of fruits, vegetables, lean proteins, and
whole grains while being mindful of portion sizes. It's important to limit the
consumption of processed foods, added sugars, and unhealthy fats. The score of 2.75
suggests that there may be room for improvement in making healthier food choices
and establishing more consistent adherence to dietary recommendations.
Individuals grappling with weight concerns should consider consulting with a
healthcare professional or a registered dietitian. These professionals can provide
personalized guidance tailored to the individual's specific needs and circumstances. A
comprehensive approach, including dietary modifications, regular physical activity,
and behavioral changes, can contribute to sustainable and healthy weight
management. Understanding the factors contributing to the food intake score and
addressing them with informed choices can pave the way toward improved overall
well-being.

29
 CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary
In the previous, we delved into the analysis of data to address specific
questions arising from the statement of the problem. The journey through students'
dietary habits, physical activities, and food intake unveiled valuable insights into the
complex landscape of their efforts toward a healthier lifestyle.
For overweight students, achieving and maintaining a healthy weight is a
multifaceted endeavor that involves assessing various aspects of their lifestyle. A diet
score of 2.975 out of 4 suggests a commendable, moderate level of success in
implementing dietary changes. This signifies progress in adopting healthier eating
habits, although it also highlights certain areas that may benefit from improvement.
The complexity of modifying long-standing dietary patterns is acknowledged,
emphasizing the need for ongoing efforts and adjustments to enhance the
effectiveness of the diet plan.
In terms of physical activity, a score of 2.665 out of 4 reflects a moderate level
of engagement. This underscores the importance of regular physical activity,
especially for managing weight and promoting overall health. The score below 3
indicates room for improvement, suggesting that the individual might benefit from
increasing their activity levels. Recognizing the unique needs and abilities of
overweight individuals, it's crucial to approach physical activity with consideration.
Consulting with healthcare professionals or fitness experts can provide valuable
insights into developing a tailored exercise plan that complements the individual's
overall health goals.
The food intake score of 2.75 out of 4 suggests a moderate alignment with
recommended dietary practices but indicates room for improvement. This score
implies that there may be opportunities to make healthier food choices and establish
more consistent adherence to dietary recommendations. Overweight individuals
should consider consulting with healthcare professionals or registered dietitians who
can provide personalized guidance. A comprehensive approach, including dietary
modifications, regular physical activity, and behavioral changes, is emphasized as key
to achieving sustainable and healthy weight management.

30
 In summary, these scores serve as constructive feedback for overweight
students, guiding them towards a holistic approach that encompasses dietary
improvements, increased physical activity, and personalized strategies for long-term
well-being. Professional guidance is underscored as instrumental in navigating the
complexities of weight management, ensuring a tailored and effective approach.

Insights
The provided information unveils valuable insights into the journey of
overweight students striving for healthier lifestyles. A diet score of 2.975 out of 4
indicates commendable progress in adopting healthier eating habits. This achievement
is noteworthy, signaling a moderate level of success. However, the nuanced
recognition of areas requiring improvement underscores the complexity of altering
entrenched dietary patterns. This insight encourages a balanced perspective,
celebrating achievements while fostering a mindset of continual improvement in
pursuit of a healthier lifestyle.
In parallel, the physical activity score of 2.665 out of 4 sheds light on the
engagement level of overweight students in physical exercises and routines. The
moderate score emphasizes the importance of regular physical activity for weight
management and overall health. The score falling below 3 serves as a motivational
indicator, suggesting room for improvement and a call to enhance activity levels.
Importantly, it advocates for an approach that considers the unique needs and abilities
of overweight individuals, underlining the significance of consulting healthcare
professionals or fitness experts for personalized guidance.
Turning attention to the food intake score of 2.75 out of 4, the assessment
suggests a moderate alignment with recommended dietary practices for overweight
students. This score implies opportunities for improvement, directing attention
towards making healthier food choices and establishing consistent adherence to
dietary recommendations. The score serves as a constructive guide, prompting
individuals to assess and refine their dietary habits with a focus on a balanced and
nutrient-dense diet.
Overall, the comprehensive perspective emphasizes a holistic approach to
weight management. It recognizes the interconnectedness of dietary choices, physical
activity, and individualized considerations. The call for seeking professional guidance
from healthcare professionals or registered dietitians underscores the importance of a
31
tailored strategy. This approach encompasses not only dietary modifications but also
behavioral changes, promoting a sustainable and healthy journey towards weight
management. In summary, these insights provide a roadmap for overweight students,
navigating the complexities of lifestyle changes with a focus on continual
improvement and personalized well-being.

Conclusion
In conclusion, the detailed insights obtained from the evaluation of diet,
physical activity, and food intake among overweight students provide a
comprehensive overview of their journey toward a healthier lifestyle. The diet score
of 2.975 out of 4 reflects commendable progress in adopting healthier eating habits.
The acknowledgment of areas requiring improvement introduces a balanced
perspective, recognizing the ongoing nature of dietary changes and instilling a sense
of achievement, motivating individuals to sustain their commitment to refining dietary
patterns.
Shifting focus to the physical activity domain, the moderate score of 2.665 out
of 4 underscores the pivotal role of regular exercise in weight management and
overall well-being. A score below 3 serves as a constructive prompt for individuals to
reassess and enhance their engagement in physical activities. Importantly, it advocates
for a tailored approach that respects the unique needs and abilities of overweight
individuals, recommending consultations with healthcare professionals or fitness
experts for personalized guidance.
The food intake score of 2.75 out of 4 offers insights into the dietary practices
of overweight students, suggesting a moderate alignment with recommended
guidelines. Acting as a directional signal, the score prompts a closer examination of
food choices and consistency in adhering to nutritional recommendations, serving as a
navigational guide to healthier dietary practices and reinforcing the importance of a
balanced and nutrient-dense diet.
The presented data and analysis strongly suggest a potential correlation
between the eating habits and lifestyles of identified students at Bambad National
High School, aligning with the hypothesis positing a significant relationship between
the two factors. The moderate alignment of diet scores, physical activity scores, and
food intake scores implies an interconnectedness, suggesting that students with

32
healthier eating habits may also exhibit a higher level of engagement in physical
activities.
These findings collectively endorse the hypothesis that the eating habits and
lifestyles of students are intertwined. In essence, they advocate for a holistic approach
to weight management, highlighting the interconnectedness of dietary habits, physical
activity, and individualized considerations. The recommendation to seek professional
guidance, emphasizing the value of consulting healthcare professionals or registered
dietitians, underscores the importance of a multifaceted approach. This approach,
encompassing dietary modifications, increased physical activity, and personalized
strategies, not only charts a course for sustainable weight management but also fosters
a resilient commitment to an overall healthier lifestyle.

33
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Schmidt, B. A., ... & Breen, D. M. (2017). Restoration of metabolic health
by decreased consumption of branched-chain amino acids. The Journal of
Physiology, 596(4), 623-645. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP273478
Flores, D., Reimann, M., Castaño, R., et al. (2019). If I indulge first, I will eat less
overall: The unexpected interaction effect of indulgence and presentation
order on consumption. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied,
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Folwarczny, Otterbring, Sigurdsson, Tan (2022). Naturally Green, Irrationally
Lean: How Background Scenery Affects Calorie Judgments..
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Genuino et al. (2021). Prevalence and Factors Associated with Overweight and
Obesity among School Children in a Rural Community in the Philippines..
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Socioeconomic Status and Racial/Ethnic Populations: An analytical
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Joe, J. A. S., Cortez, J. B. S., Lopez, J. C. F., et al. (2022). The Potential of
Systems Thinking in Tackling The Wicked Problem of Childhood Obesity
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Boyle, J. R., & LaRose, N. R. (2008). Personal Beliefs, the Environment and
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live&scope=site
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2017a). National Diabetes Statistics
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Disease Control and Prevention (2017b). Heart Disease Facts. Atlanta, GA: Center
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Services. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/facts.htm

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 APPENDICES

PARENTAL CONSENT

I hereby willingly and voluntarily give consent to the participation of my

son/daughter, in the that is set to
be held at the on .
I have considered the benefits that my son/daughter will derived from his/her
participation in this activity and that due care precaution will be observe to ensure the
comfort and safety of him/her
I fully agree to wave’ any responsibility of the part of the employee and or
personnel of Bambad National High School for any and toward incident that may
happen beyond their control during the duration of the activity.

___________________________
Parent/Legal Guardian

36
 Republic of the Philippines
SOUTH UPI COLLEGE, INC.
Timanan, South Upi, Maguindanao

Self-Develop Questionnaire on the Eating Habits and Lifestyles of Identified

Students of Bambad National High School
Name: Grade & Sec. Sex: BMI:____
Direction: Using the number scale below, mark with check the number that suits your
answer to every statement. Rate yourself from 1-4 that corresponds to your rating.
4- Always 2-Rarely
3-Sometimes 3- Never
QUESTIONS RATINGS
TOTAL
A. DIET 4 3 2 1
1. I eat more than 3 times a day.
2. I balance my food intake every meal.
3. I am aware of what food I am eating.
4. I am avoiding some foods for health reasons.
5. I feel hungry when I skip meals.

TOTAL
B. PHYSICAL ACTIVITIES 4 3 2 1
1. I am getting more than 10 hours of sleep.
2. I do work out body exercise at home?
3. I am participating in extracurricular activities
in school?
4. I am Watching of TV with a lot of snacks and
soft drinks.
5. I prefer to sleep rather than doing household
chores.

TOTAL
C. FOOD INTAKE 4 3 2 1
1. How often do you eat processed food?
(hotdogs, canned foods, instant noodles etc.)
2. How often do you eat junk foods?
3. How often do you eat fruits and vegetables?

37
(squash, apple, orange, leafy vegetables etc.)
4. How frequently do you eat salty and sweet
foods? (Chocolates, milk teas, soft drinks, pizza
etc.)
5. How frequently do you eat fatty foods?
(street foods, Ice cream, chips)

Republic of the Philippines

SOUTH UPI COLLEGE, INC.
Timanan, South Upi, Maguindanao
38
 RUBRIC FOR VALIDATION OF INSTRUMENTS
Instruction: Please check the appropriate box that corresponds to your answer. Please
be guided by the scale.
CRITERIA 5 4 3 2 1
1. Clarity and Direction of Items.
The vocabulary level, language, structure and conceptual level of
participants. The test directions and the items are written in a clear and
understandable manner.
2.Presentation and Organization of Items.
The items are presented and organized in a logical manner.
3. Suitability of Items.
The item appropriately presented the substance of the research. The
questions are designed to determine the skills that are supposed to be
measured.
4. Adequateness of the Content.
The number of the questions per area is a representative enough of all
the questions needed for the research.
5. Attainment of Purpose.
The instrument as a whole fulfills the objectives needed for the
research.
6. Objective.
Each item question requires only one specific answer or measures only
one behavior and no aspect of the questionnaires suggests in the past of
the researcher.
7. Scale and Evaluation Rating.
The scale adapted is appropriate for the item.
Scale: 5-Excellent 4- Very Good 3-Good 2-Fair 1-Poor
Comments and Suggestions:

39
 CURRICULUM VITAE
Name: Duldulao, Lemie B.
Signature of the Validator
Address: Maremco, Bambad, Isulan, Sultan Kudarat
Phone Number: +63 9279106169
Email Address:

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Age: 48 Religion:
Birthdate: October 29, 1975 Civil Status:
Birthplace: Maremco, Bambad, Isulan, Father’s Name: Domingo D. Bautista
South Cotabato
Ethnicity: Filipino Mother’s Name: Rosita O. Sagun
Spouse’s Name: Edwin A. Duldulao

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Graduate Studies: South Upi College Inc. 2022 – Present

Tertiary: University of Southern Mindanao 1992 – 1997
BS Home Economics
Secondary: Notre Dame of Isulan 1988 – 1992
Primary: Maremco Elementary School 1982 – 1988

40