Module -1 Topics

Electronic Circuits:
Power Supplies – Block diagram, Rectifiers, Reservoir and smoothing circuits,
Full-wave rectifiers, Bi-phase rectifier circuits, Bridge rectifier circuits,
Voltage regulators, Output resistance and voltage regulation, Voltage
multipliers.

Amplifiers – Types of amplifiers, Gain, Input and output resistance, Frequency

response, Bandwidth, Phase shift, Negative feedback, multi-stage amplifiers.

1
Text Book
Text - Mike Tooley, ‘Electronic Circuits, Fundamentals &
Applications’, 4th Edition, Elsevier, 2015. DOI
https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315737980. eBook ISBN9781315737980.

Chapters 6, 7

2
 WHAT IS A POWER SUPPLY?
Power supply is a device that supplies electric power to
a load.
The requirement for a reliable source of constant
voltage in virtually all electronics systems has led to
many advances in power supply design.
 Block Diagram of DC Power Supply

High Voltage AC Low Voltage AC Unsmoothed DC Smoothed DC Regulated DC

RESERVOIR/
STEP-DOWN VOLTAGE
RECTIFIER SMOOTHING
TRANSFORMER REGULATOR
FILTER
 Block Diagram of DC Power Supply
- Step-Down Transformer – Steps down the AC main voltage which is usually high (220V) to a lower value
(9V, 12V, 15V, 20V, 30V). This is achieved by varying the turns ratio on the transformer.
- Rectifier – The AC output from transformer secondary is then rectified using convectional silicon rectifier
diodes to produce an unsmoothed output (pulsating DC).
- Reservoir/Filtering Circuit – The unsmoothed output from rectifier is smoothened by reservoir/filtering
circuit (a high value capacitor). The high value capacitor stores a considerable charge. The capacitor helps
smooth out the voltage pulses produced by the rectifier.
- Voltage Regulator – A series transistor regulator using a Zener diode as a fixed voltage source stabilizes
and provides a constant voltage.

5
A SIMPLE DC SUPPLY

6
 RECTIFIERS
A rectifier is a device that converts alternating current (ac) to
direct current (dc).
RECTIFIERS

HALF WAVE RECTIFIERS FULL WAVE RECTIFIERS

BI-PHASE RECTIFIERS BRIDGE RECTIFIERS

 WHAT IS A HALF WAVE RECTIFIER?
The simplest form of rectifier circuit makes use of a single diode and,
since it operates on only either positive or negative half-cycles of the
supply, it is known as a half-wave rectifier.

Alternating Voltage

Pulsating DC Voltage
 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
• Semiconductor diodes are commonly used to convert Alternating Current (AC) to Direct Current
(DC), also referred as Rectifiers.

• The simplest form of rectifier circuit uses a single diode and operates only in positive or negative
half cycles of the supply, known as half-wave rectifier.

• The mains voltage (220 to 240V) applied to primary of step-down transformer.

• The secondary of transformer steps down the 240V rms to 12V rms (the turns ratio 20:1).

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OPERATION OF HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
• Diode D1 will allow the current to flow in the direction is shown below.

• The Diode D1 will be forward biased during each positive half-cycle and behaves
as a closed switch.

• When the circuit current flows in opposite direction, the voltage bias across the
diode will be reversed, causing the diode to be reverse biased and act like an open
switch.

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 OPERATION OF HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

D1 FWD Biased
Vin T1
+
+A
+ VL

RL t
t Current Flow
- -
B
-
 OPERATION OF HALF WAVE RECTIFIER

D1 REV Biased
Vin T1
-
- A
VL

RL t
t

+B
+
WAVEFORMS OF HALF WAVE RECTIFIER
Vin

VL D1 FWD D1 REV D1 FWD D1 REV

Biased Biased Biased Biased

Pulsating Output Voltage

t