Carlo James Q.

Sablan
Science Teacher
 “Every new beginning
comes from some other
beginning’s end.”

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Unscramble Me!
1. KDAR ETARTM
2. GLHIT SEAYR
3. VTIAVGR
4. EBULNA
5. ILMYK YWA
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How big is a billion?
✗ Suppose you are a
billionaire. How many years
will it take you to spend 1
billion pesos if you spend 1
peso per second?

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1
✗ Describe the structure and composition of the
Universe;
✗ State the different hypotheses that preceded the
Big Bang Theory of the Origin of the Universe;
✗ Explain the Big Bang Theory and pieces of
evidence supporting the theory.
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Structure, Composition, and Age
✗ The universe, as we currently know it, comprises all
space and time, and all matter and energy in it.
✗ It is made of 4.6% baryonic matter (“ordinary”
matter consisting of protons, electrons, and
neutrons: atoms, planets, stars, galaxies, nebulae,
and other bodies), 24% cold dark matter (matter
that has gravity but does not emit light), and 71.4%
dark energy (a source of anti-gravity).
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Structure, Composition, and Age
✗ Hydrogen, helium, and lithium are the three most abundant
elements.
✗ Stars, the building block of galaxies, are born out of clouds of
gas and dust in galaxies. Instabilities within the clouds
eventually results into gravitational collapse, rotation, heating
up, and transformation into a protostar – the hot core of a
future star as thermonuclear reactions set in.
✗ Stellar interiors are like furnaces where elements are
synthesized or combined/fused together. Most stars such as
the Sun belong to the so-called “main sequence stars.”

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Structure, Composition, and Age
✗ In the cores of such stars, hydrogen atoms are fused through
thermonuclear reactions to make helium atoms. Massive main
sequence stars burn up their hydrogen faster than smaller
stars. Stars like our Sun burnup hydrogen in about 10 billion
years.

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Birth, Evolution, and Rebirth of Stars
✗ The remaining dust and gas may end up as they are or as
planets, asteroids, or other bodies in the accompanying
planetary system.
✗ A galaxy is a cluster of billions of stars and clusters of galaxies
form superclusters. In between the clusters is practically an
empty space. This organization of matter in the universe
suggests that it is indeed clumpy at a certain scale. But at a
large scale, it appears homogeneous and isotropic.

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Origin of the Expanding Universe
Non-Scientific Thought
✗ Ancient Egyptians believed in many gods and myths which
narrate that the world arose from an infinite sea at the first
rising of the sun.
✗ The Kuba people of Central Africa tell the story of a creator
god Mbombo (or Bumba) who, alone in a dark and water-
covered Earth, felt an intense stomach pain and then vomited
the stars, sun, and moon.
✗ In India, there is the narrative that gods sacrificed Purusha, the
primal man whose head, feet, eyes, and mind became the sky,
earth, sun, and moon respectively.
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Origin of the Expanding Universe
✗ The monotheistic religions
of Judaism, Christianity,
and Islam claim that a
supreme being created
the universe, including
man and other living
organisms. The Biblical
theory tells that everything
on earth was created by
God exactly as it is.

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Origin of the Expanding Universe

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 Origin of the Expanding Universe
Steady State Theory
✗ This was proposed in 1948 by Bondi and Gould and by Hoyle.
✗ It maintains that new matter is created as the universe expands
thereby maintaining its density. But, although the universe is
expanding, it nevertheless does not change its appearance over
time (the perfect cosmological principle).
✗ The universe has no beginning and no end. This requires that
matter be continually created in order to keep the universe's
density from decreasing. During 1950s and 60s, observations
began to support the idea that the universe was in fact changing.

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 Origin of the Expanding Universe
Steady State Theory
✗ Its predictions led to tests and its eventual rejection with the
discovery of the cosmic microwave background.
✗ It is now known that Albert Einstein considered a steady-state
model of the expanding universe, as indicated in a 1931
manuscript.

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 Origin of the Expanding Universe
Big Bang Theory
✗ Billions of years ago - more than 14 billion years - there was
nothing: no matter, no energy, and no space. Scientists now
believe that the universe began in a tremendous release of energy
known as the Big Bang. The universe has been expanding ever
since.
✗ One of the misconceptions about the Big Bang is that it was an
explosion, kind of like a bomb. It wasn't. Instead, it was probably
more like a balloon being blown up - a really tiny balloon. A balloon
starts small and expands outward at roughly the same speed all
around. Our universe is that balloon.
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 Pieces Of Evidence On Big Bang
✗ When scientists first propose a hypothesis to explain a
phenomenon, they expect to find certain evidence to support it and
turn their hypothesis into a theory. There are several main pieces
of evidence that support the Big Bang theory. Here are the pieces
of evidence:

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RED SHIFT
In 1929, Edwin Hubble
found that galaxies are
flying away from us in
every direction. The
farther they are, the
faster they are moving.
This is an evidence for
the expansion of the
universe.
 The expansion of the universe can be viewed as
stretching the space-time fabric of the universe.

Light waves get stretched out or compressed as they move.

DOPPLER SHIFT
 COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
RADIATION
In the 1960s, Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson were
experimenting with a 6-meter radio telescope, and discovered
a background radio emission that was coming from every
direction in the sky. Theories predicted that after a Big Bang,
there would have been a tremendous release of radiation. And
now, billions of years later, this radiation would be moving so
fast away from us that the wavelength of this radiation would
have been shifted from visible light to the microwave
background radiation we see today.
COSMIC MICROWAVE BACKGROUND
RADIATION
 ABUNDANCE OF LIGHT ELEMENTS
In the earliest moments after the Big Bang, there was nothing
more than hydrogen compressed into a tiny volume, with
crazy high heat and pressure. The entire Universe was acting
like the core of a star, fusing hydrogen into helium and other
elements. This is known as Big Bang Nucleosynthesis. As
astronomers look out into the Universe and measure the ratios
of hydrogen, helium and other trace elements, they exactly
match what you would expect to find if the entire Universe was
once a really big star.
 Contemplation Time:
✗ In which theory do you mostly believe:
Creationism or Big Bang Theory? Why?

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Quiz
1. The universe is mostly made up of
A. Dark Matter
B. Stars
C. Dust
D. Empty Space

2. About how long ago do scientists believe the universe

began?
A. 13 – 14 billion years ago
B. 13 – 14 million years ago
C. 12 – 13 billion years ago
D. 12 – 13 million years ago
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3. What were the original two elements in our universe?
A. Lithium and Carbon
B. Hydrogen and Neon
C. Helium and Chlorine
D. Hydrogen and Helium
4. Inside a singularity, what type of conditions can we find?
A. Infinite density
B. Infinite heat
C. Infinitesimally small diameter
D. All of these
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5. What are the building blocks of galaxies?
A. Stars
B. Milky Way
C. Planets
D. Suns

6. What stage is the sun currently at?

A. Protostar
B. Main Sequence
C. Supernova
D. Black Hole

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7. What is the unit of distance used in astronomy?
A. Light years
B. Gravity
C. Time
D. Seconds

8. What theory says that the universe is created by a

supreme being in six days?
A. Creationism Theory
B. Steady State Theory
C. Big Bang Theory
D. Impact Theory
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9. What is the most accepted theory for how the universe
formed?
A. Creationism Theory
B. Steady State Theory
C. Big Bang Theory
D. Impact Theory
10.What refers to an educated guess formed at the start of
a research?
A. Hypothesis
B. Theory
C. Conclusion
D. Prediction 32
 Assignment
✗ Identify the large scale and small-scale properties of
the Solar System.
Thank you!