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2
SECTION ONE: MATRIX CONCEPTS
Section Objectives : Up on completing this section, you
will be able to:
 Know the definition and meaning of a matrix.

 Know dimension of a matrix and basic types of

matrices.
 Develop an insight towards basic operations in
matrix and the techniques.
 Develop know-how towards inverse of a matrix

 Build an insight on matrix algebra principles and

CHAPTER TWO concepts.
Matrices and its applications 11/20/2022

Definition of a Matrix Matrix definition …

3 4

 Matrix - rectangular array of numbers, parameters,  Denoted by a single letter in bold face type.
or variables each of which has a carefully ordered
 First subscript in a matrix refers to the row
place within the matrix.
 The numbers (parameters or variables) are referred and the second subscript refers to the column.
to as elements of the matrix.  A general matrix of order m x n is written as:
 The numbers in the horizontal like are called rows;
the numbers in a vertical line are called columns.
 Elements enclosed in parentheses, brackets, or
braces to signify that they must be considered as a
whole and not individually.
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Matrix …
5 6

 Matrix X above has m rows and n columns or it is

said to be a matrix of order (size) m x n (read as m
by n).

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General matrix … Dimensions and Types of Matrices

7 8

 The above 3x3 = 9 general matrix has 9 elements,  Dimension of a matrix is defined as
arranged in three rows and three columns.
 All elements have double subscripts which give the
the number of rows and columns.
address or placement of the element in the matrix;  Based on their dimension (order),
 First subscript identifies the row and the second matrices are classified in to the
identifies the column in which the element appears
following types:
 a23 is the element which appears in the second row
and the third column and a32 is the element which
appears in the third row and the second column.
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Dimensions and Types of Matrices Dimensions and Types of Matrices

9 10

 Vector matrix – is a matrix, which consists of just one  Column matrix/Column Vector: is a matrix with
row or just one column. It is an m x 1 or 1 x n one column and can have many rows.
matrix.
Row matrix/Row Vector: is a matrix that has only one
row and can have many columns.

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It is also called n-th order matrix, 2x2, 3x3, nxn

Dimensions and Types of Matrices Dimensions and Types of Matrices

11 12

 F. Unit matrix (Identity matrix): is a type of diagonal

matrix where its main (Primary) diagonal elements are
equal to one. Denoted by I

 “ An identity matrix is a scalar matrix but a

scalar matrix may not be an identity matrix”.
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Dimensions and Types of Matrices

13 14

 N.B. Each identity matrix is a square matrix  G. A null matrix (zero matrix): a matrix is called a
 * Primary diagonal represents: a11, a22, a33, a44- null matrix if all its elements are zero. Denoted by
--------ann entries element 0mxn
 A x I = A & I x A = A that is, the product of any
given matrix & the identity matrix is the given
matrix itself.
 Thus, the identity matrix behaves in a matrix
multiplication like number 1 in an ordinary
arithmetic.
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15 16

 H. A symmetric matrix: a matrix is said to be I. Idempotent matrix: this is a matrix having the property
symmetric if A = At. that 𝐴 =A.

what do you conclude about the relationship of scalar matrix

Transpose matrix: let A be an mxn matrix. The transpose of A,
denoted by 𝐴 or A’ is an nxm matrix which is obtained by
interchanging rows and columns of A
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and diagonal matrix? And about unit matrix and scalar matrix?
Every scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix; whereas a diagonal
matrix need not be a scalar matrix. Every unit matrix is a scalar
matrix; whereas a scalar matrix need not be a unit matrix.
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Matrix Operations and Properties
17
1. Matrix equality: two matrices are said to be
equal if and only if they have the same
dimension and corresponding elements of each
matrix are equal.
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Matrix Operations and Properties
19
The dimension of B is changed from11/20/2022
3x4 to 4x3.
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Matrix Operations and Properties
18
2. Transpose of a matrix: If the rows and columns of a
matrix are interchanged the new matrix is known as
the transpose of the original matrix.
 If the original matrix is denoted by A, the transpose
is denoted by 𝐴 or 𝐴 .
 Transposition means interchanging the rows or
columns of a given matrix.
 That is, the rows become columns and the columns
become rows.
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Matrix Operations and Properties
20
Properties of the transpose
The following properties are held for the transpose of
a matrix:
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Properties … Matrix Operations and Properties

21 22

3. Addition and subtraction of matrices: Two matrices A and B with

the same order can be added or subtracted (which is the same
number of rows and columns).
 Number of columns of matrix A is equal to the number
of columns of matrix B, and the number of rows of
matrix A is equal to the number of rows of matrix B.
 Two matrices of the same order are said to be
conformable for addition and subtraction.
 The sum and subtraction of two matrices of the same
order is obtained by adding together or subtracting
corresponding elements of the two matrices.
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Matrix Operations and Properties Matrix Operations and Properties

23 24

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Matrix Operations and Properties

25 26

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Properties … Matrix Operations and Properties

27 28

c. Existence of identity: A+ 0 = 0 + A = A.
 Note: The subtraction (difference) of two

matrices of the same order is obtained by

subtracting corresponding elements.
 Referring to the above matrices given in (a);

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Matrix Operations and Properties

29 30

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Matrix Multiplication Matrix Multiplication

31 32

 Two matrices A and B can be multiplied together to
get AB if the number of columns in A is equal to the
number of rows in B.
 If two matrices have the same inner dimension,
then we can get the product of the matrices.
 The resulting matrix will have a dimension
equal to the outer dimensions of the two
matrices.
 There are two types of matrix multiplication:

1. multiplication by a scalar and

2. multiplication by a matrix.

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Matrix Multiplication By Constant

33 34

1. By a constant (scalar multiplication)

 A matrix can be multiplied by a constant, by multiplying
each component in the matrix by a constant.
 The result is a new matrix of the same dimension as the
original matrix.
Laws of scalar multiplication
 If K is any real number & A is an M x N matrix, then the
product KA is defined to be the matrix whose
• The operation of multiplying a matrix by a constant (a
components are given by K times the corresponding scalar) has the following basic properties.
component of A; i.e. • If X & Y are real numbers & A & B are m x n matrices,
 KA = Kaij (m x n) conformable for addition, then

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Laws … Laws ….
35 36

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Laws… Laws…
37 38

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Laws … Laws…
39 40

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Laws ….
41 42

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b ) Matrix by matrix multiplication Matrix by matrix …

43 44

 If A & B are two matrices, the product AB is defined
if and only if the number of Columns in A is equal to
the number of rows in B, i.e. if A is an m x n matrix,
B should be an n x b.
 If this requirement is met., A is said to be
conformable to B for multiplication. The matrix
resulting from the multiplication has dimension
equivalent to the number of rows in A & the number
columns in B
 If A is a matrix of dimension n x m (which has m
columns) & B is a matrix of dimension p x q (which
has p rows) and if m and p aren’t the same product
A.B is not defined.
 That is, multiplication of matrices is possible only if
the number of columns of the first equals the number
of rows of the second.
 If A is of dimension n x m & if B is of dimension m x
p, then the product A.B is of dimension n x p

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Matrix by matrix …
45 46

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Special properties of matrix

47 48
application
1. The associative & distributive laws of ordinary
algebra apply to matrix multiplication.
 Given three matrices A, B & C which are
conformable for multiplication,
 A (BC) = AB (C)  Associative law, (not C (AB)

 A (B+C) = AB + AC  Distributive property

 (A + B) C = AC + BC  Distributive property

 Property 3: If I is an identity matrix, then; AI = IA

=A

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Examples
49 50

 In general, as long as the order of the matrix is
maintained, matrix multiplication is associative, but
matrix multiplication is not commutative except for:
a) The multiplication of a matrix with an identity
matrix;
i.e. A.I = I. A =A
b) The multiplication of a matrix with its inverse;
i.e., A.A-1 = A-1.A = I
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1. Interest at the rates of 0.06, 0.07 and
0.08 is earned on respective investments of
$3000, $2000 and $4000.
a) Express the total amount of interest
earned as the product of a row vector by a
column vector.
b) Compute the total interest by matrix
multiplication.
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51 52

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53 54

 Finfine Furniture Factory (3F) produces three types
of executive chairs namely A, B and C. The
following matrix shows the sale of executive chairs
in two different cities.
 If the cost of each chair (A, B and C) is
Birr 1000, 2000 and 3000 respectively,
and the selling price is Birr 2500, 3000
and 4000 respectively;
a) Find the total cost of the factory for the
total sale made.
b) Find the total profit of the factory.

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55 56

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Special pro…..
57 58

2. On the other hand, the commutative law of

multiplication doesn’t apply to matrix multiplication.
 For any two real numbers X & Y, the product XY is
always identical to the product YX.
 But for two matrices A & B, it is not generally true
that AB equals BA.
 (In the product AB, we say that B is pre multiplied
by A & that A is post multiplied by B.)

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Special pro….. Special pro…

59 60

3. In many instances for two matrices, A & B, the
product AB may be defined while the product BA
is not defined or vice versa.
 In some special cases, AB does equal BA. In
such special cases A & B are said to be
commute.
4. Another un usual property of matrix multiplication
is that the product of two matrices can be zero
even though neither of the two matrices themselves
are zero:
we can’t conclude from the result AB = 0 that at least
one of the matrices A or B is a zero matrix

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Special pro… The multiplicative inverse of a matrix

61 62

5. Also we can’t, in matrix algebra, necessarily  If A is a square matrix of order n, then a square
conclude from the result AB = AC that B= C even if A matrix of its inverse (A-1) of the same order n is said
 0. to be the inverse of A, if and only if A x A-1 = I =
Thus the cancellation law doesn’t hold, in general, in A-1 x A
matrix multiplication  Two square matrices are inverse of each other, if
their product is the identity matrix.
 AA-1 = A-1 A = I
 Not all matrices have an inverse. In order for a
matrix to have an inverse, the matrix must, first of
all, be a square matrix.
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… inverse… Finding the inverse of a matrix

63 64

 Still not all square matrices have inverse.
 If a matrix has an inverse, it is said to be INVERTIBLE OR
NON-SINGULAR.
 A matrix that doesn’t have an inverse is said to be singular.
 An invertible matrix will have only one inverse; that is, if a
matrix does have an inverse, that inverse will be unique.
Note:
a) Inverse of a matrix is defined only for square matrices
b) If B is an inverse of A, then A is also an inverse of B
c) Inverse of a matrix is unique
d) If matrix A has an inverse, A is said to be invertible & not
all Square matrices are invertible.
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 Lets begin by considering a tabular format where
the square matrix A is AUGMENTED with an identity
matrix of the same order as A / I i.e. the two
matrices separated by a vertical line
-1
 Now if the inverse matrix A were known, we could
multiply the matrices on each side of the vertical line
by A-1 as
 AA-1 / A-1 I
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… three types of row operations

65 66

 Then because AA-1 =I& A-1I A-1,

= we would have I / A-1.  Type 1: Any pair of rows in a matrix may
We don’t follow this procedure, because the inverse is not
known at this juncture, we are trying to determine the inverse. be interchanged / Exchange operations
 We instead employ a set of permissible row operations on the  Type 2: a row can be multiplied by any
augmented matrix A / I to transform A on the left of the
vertical line in to an identity matrix (I). non-zero real number / Multiple
 As the identity matrix is formed on the left of the vertical line, operation
the inverse of A is formed on the right side.
 The allowable manipulations are called Elementary raw  Type 3: a multiple of any row can be
operations. added to any other row. / Add A-
 ELEMENTARY ROW OPERATIONS: are operations permitted multiple operation
on the rows of a matrix.
 In a matrix Algebra there are three types of row operations
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67 68

In short the operation can be expressed as

 Interchanging rows

 The multiplication of any row by a non-

zero number.
 The addition / subtraction of (a multiple
of) one row to /from another row

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Theorem on row operations

69 70

 A row operation performed on product of two

matrices is equivalent to row operation performed
on the pre factor matrix.

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Ones first method Ones first method

71 72

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Ones first method Ones first method

73 74

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Find the inverse for the following

Zeros first method
75 76
matrices (if exist)


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77 78

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79 80

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81 82

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83 84

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MATRIX APPLICATIONS
Inverse method:
85
I. n by n systems 86

 Solving Systems of Linear Equations Steps

 Systems of linear equations can be solved using 1. Change the system of linear equation into matrix form.
different methods. Some are: 2. The result will be 3 different matrices constructed using
 coefficientof the variables,
 Estimation
method – for two (2) variable
 unknown values and
problems (equation)
 right hand side (constant) values
 Matrix method
3. Find the inverse of the coefficient matrix
- Inverse method 4. Multiply the inverse of coefficient matrix with the vector
- Gaussian method of constant, and the resulting values are the values of the
11/20/2022 unknown matrix. 11/20/2022

Inverse method: Inverse method:

87 88

Given this system Step 1. Change it into matrix form

 2X + 3Y = 4 
 Using coefficient construct one matrix i.e. coefficient matrix
 X + 2Y = 2
of linear equation,
applying Inverse
method we can
find the unknown
 Using the unknown variables construct unknown matrix & it
values. is a column vector (a matrix which has one column)

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89 90

 Using the constant values again construct vector of

constant

 Step 2. Find inverse of the coefficient matrix  Step 3. Multiply the coefficient inverse with the vector
of constant
 Now we are familiar how to find an inverse for any
square matrix.
 Assuming once first method find the inverse for
matrix
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91 92

 The logic is these given three matrices,

coefficient matrix, unknown matrix and
vector of constant in the following order.
 AX = B

 Then X = 2 and Y = 0 that is unique solution

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Limitations of inverse method

93 94

 It is only used whenever the coefficient

matrix is square matrix
 In addition to apply the method the
coefficient matrix needs to have an
inverse
 It doesn’t differentiate between no
solution and infinite solution cases.

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Gausian method Gauss …. “n” by “n” systems

95 96

 It is developed by a mathematician Karl F. Step:

Gauss (1777-1855). 1. Change the system of linear equation into a matrix

form
 It helps to solve systems of linear
2. Augment the coefficient matrix with the vector of
equations with different solution constant.
approaches i.e. unique solution, no solution 3. Change the coefficient matrix into identity form by
and infinite solution cases. applying elementary row operation and apply the
same on the vector of constant.
4. The resulting values of the vector of constant will be
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the solution or the value of the unknown
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97 98

Step: 3. Change the coefficient matrix into identity

form by applying elementary row operation (use ones
first method)

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99 100

 Change first the primary diagonal entry  Next change the remaining numbers in the
from the first row into positive one. first column into zero, this case number 2
 Possible operation is exchange row one  Now multiply the 1st row by –2 & add the
with row two. result to row –2

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101 102

 Then proceed to column 2 and change the
primary diagonal entry i.e. –1 into 1
Multiply the 2nd row by –1 (-1R2)
 Now change the remaining number with in
the same column (column –2) into zero i.e.
number 2
 Multiply 2nd row by –2 and add the result
to the 1st row

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 Therefore X = 2 and Y = 0 11/20/2022

103 104

 The next step is changing the primary diagonal

entry in the 2nd row to 1.
 But there is no possible operation that can
enable you to change it in to number 1
 Therefore the implication is that you can’t go
further but we can observe something from the
result.
 And it is implying an infinite solution case
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105 106

 Note:
 An equation is an expression that has an equal sign (=) in
between. For example, 4+3 = 7.
 An expression consists of variables like x or y and constant
terms which are conjoined together using algebraic operators.
For example, 2x + 4y - 9 where x and y are variables and 9
is a constant.
 As far as we look there is usually one solution to an equation.
 But it is not impossible that an equation cannot have more than
one solution or an infinite number of solutions or no solutions at
all.
 Having no solution means that an equation has no answer
whereas infinite solutions of an equation mean that any value
for the variable would make the equation true.
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107 108

 Change the encircled number  There is no possible operation that we can

apply in order to change the primary
above in to zero diagonal entry in the 2nd column without
 Multiply the first row by –1 & add the affecting the first column structure.
result to the 2nd row.  Therefore stop there, but here we can observe
something i.e. it is no solution case.
 Therefore, Gaussian method makes a
distinction between No solution & infinite
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109 110

 Summarizing our results for solving an “n” by “n” system, 2. A row that is all zeros except in the constant column,
we start with the matrix. indicating that there are no solutions,
 (A/B), & attempt to transform it into the matrix (I/C) one of
the three things will result.
1. an “n” by “n” matrix with the unique solution.

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111 112

3. A matrix in a form different from (1) & (2),

indicating that there are an unlimited number of
solutions.
Note that for an n by n system, this case occurs
when there is a row with all zeros, including the
constant column.

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II M by n linear systems Linear equation where m > n

113 114

 The m x n linear systems are those systems To solve an m by n system of

where the number of rows (m) and number equations with m > n, we start with
of columns (n) are unequal
the matrix (A/B) and attempt to
 Or it is the case where the number of
equations (m) & the number of variables transform it into the matrix (I/C).
(n) are unequal.  One of the three things will result:
 And it may appear as m > n or m < n.

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1. An m by n identifying matrix above m – n 2. A row that is m – n bottom raw is all zeros

bottom rows that are all zeros, giving the unique except in the constant column, indicating that
solution: there are no solutions

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Linear Equations where m < n

117 118

3. A matrix in a form different from (1) & (2),
indicating that there are an unlimited number
of solutions
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 Our attempts to transform (A/B) into (I/C) in
the case where m < n will result in:
1. A raw which is all zeros except in the constant
columns, indicating that there are no solutions, or
2. A matrix in a form different from number one
above indicating that there are an unlimited number
of solutions.
 “Every system of linear equations has either No
solution, Exactly one solution or infinitely many
solutions.” 11/20/2022

Example
Solve the following systems of linear equations Solution for an “n” by “n” system
119 120

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Solution … Solution …
121 122

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“m” by “n” systems “m” by “n” systems

123 124

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“m” by “n” systems m by n system where m <n

125 126

 i.e. Number of equations are less than # of variables

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Word problems
127 128

 Steps
1. Represent one of the unknown quantities by a letter
usually X & express other unknown quantities if there is
any in terms of the same letter like X1, X2 etc
2. Translate the quantities from the statement of the
problem in to algebraic form & set up an equation
3. Solve the equation (s) for the unknown that is
represented by the letter & find other unknowns from the
solution
4. check the findings according to the statement in the
problem
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Word problems, Example: Solution …

129 130

1) A Manufacturing firm which manufactures office furniture

finds that it has the following variable costs per unit in
dollar/unit

Assume that an order of 5 desks, 6 chairs, & 4 tables & 12

cabinets has just been received. What is the total material,
labor & overhead costs associated with the production of
ordered items? 11/20/2022 11/20/2022

Example … Solution …
131 132

2. Kebede carpet co. has an inventory of 1,500 square

yards of wool & 1,800 square yards of nylon to
manufacture carpeting. Two grades of carpeting are
produced. Each roll of superior grade carpeting
requires 20 sq. yards of wool & 40sq. yards of
nylon. Each roll of quality-grade carpeting requires
30 square yards of wool & 30 square yard of nylon.
If Kebede would like to use all the material in
inventory, how many rolls of superior & how many
rolls of quality carpeting should be 11/20/2022
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133 134

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Example 3: Solution …
135 136

3. Getahun invested a total of br. 10000 in

three different saving accounts. The
accounts paid simple interest at an annual
rate of 8%, 9% & 7.5% respectively. Total
interest earned for the year was br. 845.
The amount in the 9% account was twice the
amount invested in the 7.5% account. How
much did Getahun invest in each account?
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137 138

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Exercise … solve the following cases Markov Chains

139 140

1. A certain manufacturer produces two product P & q. Each unit  This model is a forecasting
of product P requires (in its production) 20 units of row model.
material A & 10 units of row material B. each unit of product
of requires 30 units of raw material A & 50 units of raw  Probabilistic (stochastic)
maternal B. there is a limited supply of 1200 units of raw model.
material A & 950 units of raw material B. How many units of
P & Q can be produced if we want to exhaust the supply of  A Russian Mathematician
raw materials? : Ans. 45 units of P and 10 units of Q called Andrew Markov
2. Attendance records indicate that 80,000 South Koreans around 1907 develops this
attended the 2002 world cup at its opening ceremony. Total model.
ticket receipts were Birr 3,500,000. Admission prices were  Markov chains are models,
Birr 37.5 for the second-class and Birr 62.50 for the first
class. Determine the number of South Koreans who attended which are useful in studying
the football game at first class and second class. the evolution of certain
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35

141
 These repeated trials are often successive time periods
where the state (outcome condition) of the systems in any
particular time period can’t be determined with certainty.
 Therefore, a set of transition probabilities is used to
describe the manner in which the system makes transition
from one period to the next.
 Hence,. We can predict the probabilities of the system
being in a particular state at a given time period.
 We can also talk about the long run or equilibrium or
steady state.
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Information flow in the analysis
143
 The Markov model is based on
two sets of input data
The set of transition probabilities
The existing or initial or current
conditions or states
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The necessary assumptions of the chain:
142
1. The system condition (outcome) state in any given
period depends on its state in the Preceding period
& on the transition probabilities
2. The transition probabilities are constant overtime
3. Change in the system will occur once & only once
each period eg. If it’s a week, its only once in a
week
4. The transition period occurs with regularities
* if we start with days, we use the day until we reach
our end.
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Information flow in the analysis
144
 The Markov process, therefore, describes
the movement of a system from a certain
state in the current state/time period to
one of n possible states in the next stage.
 The system makes in an uncertain
environment, all that is known is the
probability associated with any possible
move or transition. 11/20/2022
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Information flow in the analysis
145
 This probability is known as transition
probability, symbolized by Pij.
 It is the likelihood that the system which is
currently in state i will move to state j in the
next period.
 From these inputs the model makes two
predictions usually expressed as vectors.
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147
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146
The probabilities of the system being in any
1.
state at any given future time period
2. The long run (equilibrium) or steady state
probabilities.
 The set of transition probabilities are
necessary for both prediction (time period n, &
steady state), but the initial state is needed for
only the first prediction.
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Example
148
 Currently its known that 80% of customers shop at store 1
& 20% shop at store 2. In reviewing a past data suppose
we find that out of all customer who shopped at store 1 in
a given week 90% remain loyal for the next week (store
one again), 10% switch to store 2. On the other hand, out
of all customers who shopped at store 2, in a given week
80% remains loyal for the next week (store 2 again), 20%
switch to store 1. What will be the proportion of customers
shopping at store 1 & 2 in each of the next two weeks.
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Solution… Solution …
149 150

Transition probability matrix is a square matrix

such that each entry indicates the probability of
the system moving from a given state to another
state.
• The sum of rows in the transition matrix should be 1
• We have to be consistent in writing the elements
• We also know that each entry in the P matrix
must be nonnegative.

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Markov Chain Formula For the Above example

151 152

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For the Above example b) Long run market share

153 154

Assumption: In the log run the share of the

systems is assumed to be constant.
Let : The share of store 1 in the long run be
V1 and The share of store 2 in the long run
be V2

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155 156

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Prediction:
157
 Long run: only the transition matrix
 At specified time:- the transition matrix &
state vector. Hence unless the transition
matrix is affected, the long run state will
not be affected.
 Moreover, we can’t know the number of
years, weeks to attain the long run state /
point but we can know the share
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Solution
159
 Let U – stands for Smokers
 N – stands for non-Smokers
 Initial state VUN(0) = (0.2 0.8)
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Exercises
158
 1. A division of the ministry of public health has conducted
a simple survey on the public attitude to wards smoking .
From the results of the survey the department concluded
that currently only 20% of the population smokes
cigarette & every month 10% of non-smokers become
smokers where as 5% of smokers discontinue smoking.
 Required:
1. Write the current & transition matrices
2. What will be the proportion of the non-users (non-
smokers) & users (smokers) in the long run
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160
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Exercise Solution
161 162

 2. A population of 100,000 consumers make the following  2) Given: 20,000 purchase brand A
purchases during a particular week: 20000 purchase Brand A,
35,000 Brand B & 45000 purchase neither Brand. From a  35,000 purchase brand B
market study, it is estimated that of those who purchase Brand
A, 80% will purchase it again next week, 15% will purchase  45,000 purchase neither brand
brand B next week, & 5% will purchase neither brand. Of Total consumers = 100,000 (20,000 + 35,000 + 45,000)
those who purchase B, 85% will purchase it again next week,
12% will purchase brand A next week, & 3% will purchase  Let VA represents the share of brand A purchasers
neither brand. Of those who purchase neither brand, 20% will  VB represents the share of Brand B purchasers
purchase A next week, 15% will purchase Brand B next week,
& 65% will purchase neither brand next week. If this  VN represent the share of neither brand purchasers
purchasing pattern continues, will the market stabilize? What
will the stable distribution be?
 Yes. The share of A, B and C is = (0.4 0.5 0.1)
respectively 11/20/2022 11/20/2022

Solution …. 2
163 164

 And in the long run we have said that the share at n

period is equal with the share at n + 1 period. Therefore
 (The share at n period) x (the transition probabilities) =
(the share at n + 1 period)
 Let the share of brand A purchasers be V1 in the long run
 the share of brand B purchasers be V2 in the long run
 the share of neither purchasers be V3 in the long run
The stable market means the long run or steady
state market because it is noted that in the long
run the share will be stable. 11/20/2022 11/20/2022

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Solution ….2 Solution ….2

165 166

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Solution ….2 Solution ….2

167 168

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Solution ….2 Solution ….2

169 170

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Exercise ….3 Solution …3

171 172

 3. A vigorous television advertising campaign is conducted

during the football reason to promote a well-known brand
X shaving cream. For each of several weeks, a survey is
made & it is found that each week 80% of those using
brand X continue to use it & 20% switch. It is also found
that those not using brand X, 20% switch to brand X while
the other 80% continue using another brad.
 a) Write the transition matrix, assuming the transition
percentage continue to hold for succeeding weeks.
 b) If 20% of the people are using brand X at the start of
the advertising campaign, what percentage will be brand
X 1week later? Two weeks later? 11/20/2022 11/20/2022

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Solution …3 Solution …3
173 174

 The proportion of brand X and other brand users after

one week period is expected to be 32% and 68%
respectively. Then the expected users in the 2nd week
will be

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UNIT 3: INTRODUCTION TO LINEAR

Solution …3
175 176
PROGRAMMING
 The expected share of brand X and other
brand users is 39.2% and 60.8% in the
second week.

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