A generic reduction theory for Fermi sea topology in metallic systems

Wei Jia∗
Key Laboratory of Quantum Theory and Applications of MoE, Lanzhou Center for Theoretical Physics,
and Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics of Gansu Province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
(Dated: March 29, 2024)
Fermi sea can host exotic quantum topology, which determines the conductance quantization in
metals and is characterized by the Euler characteristic χF . Here, we propose a generic reduction the-
ory for the Fermi sea topology in d-dimensional metallic systems, showing that χF can be identified
by the feature of reduced critical points on Fermi surfaces, with theoretical simplicity and observa-
arXiv:2403.19125v1 [cond-mat.mes-hall] 28 Mar 2024

tional intuitiveness. We also reveal a striking connection between the Fermi sea topology and the
gapped band topology, in which χF exactly equals to the topological invariant of the gapped topo-
logical phases by using an ingenious mapping. This nontrivial result provides a potential method to
probe χF through Z-classified topological superconductors and further paves the way for studying
the Fermi sea topology via the gapped topological systems. Our work promotes a deep understand-
ing and simple detection for χF , which shall facilitate the discovery of other novel physical effects
caused by the Fermi sea topology in the future.

Introduction.—Since the discovery of two-dimensional
(2D) integer quantum Hall effect [1], a most fundamen-
tal phenomenon of topological quantum phases is quan-
tized response [2]. The quantization is associated with
the global feature of wave function across the Brillouin
zone, determined by defining topological invariant of the
ground state [3, 4]. In metals, there is another quan-
tum topology that significantly impacts the quantized re-
sponse [5–8], which is dictated by the geometry of Fermi
sea. Although this conductance quantization is not as ro-
bust as Hall conductance, it has been observed in quan-
tum point contacts [9], semiconductor nanowires [10, 11],
and carbon nanotubes [12].
In a recent breakthrough, it has been elucidated that
the Fermi sea topology can be characterized by the Euler
characteristic χF [13]. This remarkable discovery pro-
vides a novel insight for understanding the conductance
quantization in metals. Various probing schemes of χF
have also been proposed, such as multipartite entangle-
ment [14], Andreev state transport [15, 16], and density
correlations of Fermi gas [17]. The quantized nonlinear
response may be possible to measured in an ultracold
atomic gas [18, 19]. Nevertheless, the direct observation
of χF remains challenging. The reason is that χF is as-
sociated with the properties of (d − 1)D Fermi surfaces
(FSs) or the signatures of critical points in dD Fermi
sea, but both of them are not easily captured in higher-
dimensional systems. Particularly, the latter only focuses
on the nondegenerate critical points, but the degenerate
cases are widespread.
On the other hand, the studies of gapped topologi-
cal phases have driven many novel discoveries, such as
fractional charges [20], fractional statistics [21], and non-
Abelian statistics [22]. These phenomena brought by
the topology of wave function have promoted the de-
velopment of topological device [23], topological quan-
tum computing [24], and quantum simulation [25]. With
the quantized response being widely focused in the met-
als [13–19], whether the topology of Fermi sea can induce
other physical effects is also an interesting issue, which
should be further explored.
In this Letter, we propose a generic reduction theory
for the Fermi sea topology in dD metallic systems, of
which χF is identified by the features of reduced criti-
cal points on the FSs. This characterization using the
lower-dimensional momentum informations is theoreti-
cally simple and observationally intuitive. We general-
ize the nondegenerate critical points to characterize χF
based on the Poincaré-Hopf theorem [26], which improves
its universality for the general dD systems. A nontriv-
ial mapping is further revealed, showing that the sig-
nature of each critical point and Lifshitz transition in
the metallic systems can be mapped to the topological
charge [27, 28] and topological phase transition in the
gapped topological systems, respectively. Remarkably,
this mapping induces a striking result that χF can ex-
actly equal to the topological invariant of the gapped sys-
tems. As the dD gapped band topology can be continu-
ously reduced to 0D topological invariant [29], χF is cap-
tured by the discrete momentum on the FSs, which are
so-called reduced critical points. Moreover, the mapping
also provides a potential method to detect χF through Z-
classified topological (crystalline) superconductors (SCs).
We finally shows all possible topological (crystalline) SC
models, covering the completely dimensionality of the
metallic systems to capture χF . These results open
an avenue to deeply understand and simply detect χF ,
which shall facilitate the discovery of novel physical ef-
fects caused by the Fermi sea topology.
Topology of filled Fermi sea.—Our starting point is a
d-dimensional (dD) metallic system, with electronic dis-
persion Ek . Its filled Fermi sea can emerge the exotic
topology, which determines the quantization of conduc-
tance of this metal and is characterized by the Euler char-
acteristic χF [13]. For the 1D case, χF is the number
of disconnected components of the Fermi sea. For the
 2

higher-dimensional case, χF is expressed as a summation (a) (b) 0.04 0 −0.04

Fermi surfaces
over the disconnected components of the Fermi surfaces
(FSs). The Morse theory [30, 31] provides a direct way to

��
calculate χF based on the nondegenerate critical points
in the filled bands, shown by
Mapping DCP
X
χF = ηm . (1)

�� �
m

Here m labels the critical points km in Ek , where vk =

∇k Ek = 0 for Ek < EF , with Fermi energy EF . The sig-
nature of each critical point is given by ηm = sgn(det H), (c) (d)
where H is Hessian matrix of Ek and det H ̸= 0 hosts
−1 −1
that km are nondegenerate. When a minimum, maxi- +1 +1

mum, or saddle point passes though EF , it allows that

+1 +1
χF changes at a Lifshitz transition [32].
−�
However, a generic dD band dispersion can induce the
+1 +1
nonlinear behavior of vk near km , emerging det H = 0
at km , which characterizes the degenerate critical points. −1
+1 +1
−1

It is clear that the Eq. (1) is ill for the degenerate km . −1

We then need to generalize ηm for the degenerate cases

by defining an integer topological index
Z
Γ(d/2) 1 FIG. 1. (a) A 2D filled energy band Ek with four hole-like FSs
ηm = v̂k (dv̂k )d−1 ∈ Z, (2)
2π d/2 (d − 1)! Lm
which is the winding number of v̂k = vk /|vk | around
km . Here ‘d’ denotes the exterior derivative and Γ(a) is
Γ function. The counterclockwise contour Lm only en-
closes a single critical point km . Note that this definition
of ηm still keeps χF to satisfy the Eq. (1), which is known
as the Poincaré-Hopf theorem [26]. Moreover, the Eq. (2)
can capture the signature of nondegenerate critical points
when vk approaches km linearly. Hence we hereby pro-
vide a generic ηm to characterize the nondegenerate and
degenerate km and identify χF .
To illustrate the above results, we take a 2D band dis-
persion with Ek = e1 e2 e3 − µ, where e1 = sin2 (kx /2) −
sin2 (ky /2), e2 = sin(kx /2) sin(ky /2), and e3 = mz −
ts [cos(kx /2) + cos(ky /2)]. Here mz is a constant and µ is
used to shift EF . When mz = 0.5ts and µ = 0.18ts , this
single band is partially filled and has four hole-like FSs
[see Fig. 1(a)]. Meanwhile, both v1,k = 0 and v2,k = 0
identify fourteen critical points in the band, of which
the critical point at (kx , ky ) = (0, 0) is degenerate [see
Fig. 1(b)]. Based on the Eq. (2), we obtain a high-value
topological index ηm = −3 to characterize this degen-
erate critical point. The remaining critical points are
nondegenerate with det H ̸= 0, characterized by the pos-
itive or negative topological index with unit value [see
Fig. 1(c)]. Finally,Pthe topology of the filled Fermi sea
is given by χF = m ηm = −4, which can also be con-
firmed by the contribution of four hole-like FSs [16]. For
the completely filled band, χF is zero and determined by
all critical points in the Fermi sea.
Reduction of Euler characteristic.—The topology of
filled Fermi sea can be reduced by using an ingenious
(black curves), which can be translated to two gapped energy
bands Eg (k) by the nontrivial mapping. (b) Numerical results
of det H, where both v1,k = 0 (green dashed lines) and v2,k =
0 (blue dashed lines) determine fourteen critical points. Only
one critical point at (kx , ky ) = (0, 0) is degenerate (DCP) and
the others are nondegenerate. (c) Signature of each critical
point, characterized by ηm . The topology of filled Fermi sea
is captured by km within
P the region of Ek < EF (orange
color), giving χF = m ηm = −4. (d) Reducing the critical
points into the positive (red color) or negative (blue color)
reduced critical points on P the 1D FSs, where k̃c in the region
of v1,kc < 0 gives χF = c η˜c = −4. Here solid and open
circles indicate v1,kc < 0 and v1,kc > 0, respectively.
mapping. Specifically, we firstly map the Euler charac-
teristic to the topological invariant of a gapped topo-
logical system. By redefining v0,k ≡ Ek − EF and
vk ≡ (v1,k , v2,k , · · · , vd,k ), we construct a dD Bloch
Hamiltonian with Z classification,
d
X
Hk = vi,k γi . (3)
i=0
Here γ matrices obey the anticommutation relation and
Qd
satisfy the trace property Tr[ i=0 γi ] = (−2i)d/2 (if d is
Qd
even) or Tr[γ i=0 γi ] = (−2i)(d+1)/2 (if d is odd), with
d
γ = i(d+1)/2 i=0 γi . This ensures that the
Q
qPsystem only
d 2
has two energy bands with Eg (k) = ± i=0 vi,k , as
shown in Fig. 1(a). It is well-known that the gapped Hk
can host the topological phases, which are characterized
by the topological invariant W, giving the d/2-th Chern
number (if d is even) or a dD winding number (if d is
 3

odd) [3, 33]. One can reduce this dD topology so that

TABLE I. The Z-classified topological (crystalline) supercon-
W counts the winding of vk on the (d − 1)D momentum
ductors with the dimensionality d = 4n+j, where j = 1, 2, 3, 4
subspace of v0,k = 0. When employing topological charge and n = 0, 1, 2, · · · . The BdG Hamiltonian can have time-
Pd
Cm = Γ(d/2) 1 i−1
R
2π d/2 Lm |vk |d i=1 (−1) vi,k dv1,k ∧· · ·∧ dv
[ i,k ∧ reversal symmetry (T ), particle-hole symmetry (P ), chiral
· · · ∧ dvd,k at each km [27, 28], it is found that W is symmetry (C), and order-two spatial symmetry (S). The
superscript of S indicates the sign of S 2 , and the subscript of
determined by the summation of topological charges in
S specifies the commutation (+)/anticommutation (−) rela-
the regions of v0,k < 0, i.e., tion between S and T and/or P . The fourth column shows
X the topological classification of HBdG , captured by the zeroth
W= Cm . (4) homotopy group of the classifying space.
m
Dimension Class Symmetry π0 (∗)
Comparing Eq. (1) and Eq. (4), we observe that χF ex-
d = 4n + 1 BDI T, P, C Z
actly equals to W, where ηm and FSs of the metallic
systems are mapped to Cm and v0,k = 0 in the gapped d = 4n + 2 D P Z
topological systems, respectively. And then, the Lifshitz
d = 4n + 3 DIII T, P, C Z
transitions are mapped to the topological transitions of
+ −
Hk . This opens an avenue to capture the Fermi sea topol- DIII, CII T , P , C , S+− (S−+ ) Z
d = 4n + 4 −
ogy via the gapped topological systems. D, C +
P , S− (S+ ) Z
The above dD gapped topology can be further re-
duced to 1D winding number defined by the 1D ef-
fective Hamiltonian Hk̃ = vd−1,k̃ γ̃d−1 + vd,k̃ γ̃d , with superconductors (SCs). For a single filled band Ek , it can
k̃ ≡ {k|v0,k = · · · = vd−2,k = 0} and the correspond- be open energy gap by a nonzero pairing order parameter
ing Gamma matrices γ̃ [29]. Hence the total topologi- ∆k and further emerges the SCs. This SC systems are
cal charges defined by Hk̃ in the regions of vd−1,k̃ < 0 described by Bogoliubov-de Gennes (BdG) Hamiltonian
P
gives W = c sgn(∂vd,k̃ /∂ k̃), of which these topological " #
Ek ∆k
charges are located at k̃c ≡ {k̃|vd,k̃ = 0}. Following the HBdG (k) = . (7)
above mapping, we finally have ∆†k −Ek

X (−1)q h    i When ∆k drives HBdG to have the same form with Hk ,

χF = sgn vd,k̃c,R − sgn vd,k̃c,L (5) the topological invariant W of topological (crystalline)
c
2
SCs can exactly give χF of the normal filled band, which
in the metallic systems, where q = 0 (1) is for the has been shown for the special cases [34].
electron-like (hole-like) k̃. The subscripts R and L are the We hereby provide all possible topological (crystalline)
right- and left-hand points of k̃c , respectively. Clearly, SCs in Tab. 1, which cover the completely dimensionality
km in the dD system is reduced to k̃c in the 1D subsys- of metallic systems to determine χF . For the simplest
tem, and then we call k̃c as reduced critical points. The four cases of d = 1, 2, 3, and 4, the normal filled bands
signature of k̃c is given by and the paring order parameters are
d
(−1)q h   i X
η̃c = vd,k̃c,R − sgn vd,k̃c,L , (6) Ek = −ts cos ki − µ, ∆k = (∆0 /ts )∇k Ek · Γ(d) , (8)
2
i=1
as shown in Fig. 1(d). These reduced critical points in
original BZ are located at kc ≡ {k|v0,k = · · · = vd−2,k = with Γ(d) being given by
vd,k = 0} and their characterization is different from (1) (2)
the Ref. [15], in which kc of 2D metallic systems cap- ΓBDI = −i, ΓD = (1, −i),
ture the convexity (if ∂v2,k /∂k2 > 0) or concavity (if (3)
ΓDIII = (σz , −iσ0 , σx ),
∂v2,k /∂k2 < 0) of FSs. By denoting the number of con- (4)
vex or concave critical points as ce/h , the Euler charac- ΓDIII = (σx ρz , −iσ0 ρ0 , σx ρx , σz ρ0 ),
(9)
teristic is given by χF = ce − ch . However, the η̃c in our (4)
ΓCII = (σx ρz , −iσ0 ρ0 , σy ρ0 , σz ρ0 ),
theory actually characterizes the 0th Chern number of (4)
kc and captures their topological property. This theory ΓD = (σz ρx , −iσ0 ρ0 , σx ρx , σ0 ρz ),
provides an elegant and generic expression to identify χF (4)
ΓC = (σz ρx , −iσ0 ρ0 , σ0 ρy , σ0 ρz ).
via the reduced critical points on FSs.
Mapping to topological superconductors.—Mapping the These models describe 1D Kitaev chain [35], 2D p ± ip
metallic systems to the gapped systems provides a way to superconductor [36], and 3D He-3 B phase [37], respec-
identify χF by using Z-classified topological (crystalline) tively. For the 4D systems, we seek the Z-classified topo-

(a) �� = �2 + �3 =− 2
�1
�2
�4
�3
FIG. 2. (a) Reduction of Fermi sea topology in a 3D system. A 2D Fermi surface (orange color) with genus g = 3 gives
χF = 1 − g = −2. Reducing it to obtain 1D curves (green color) on the Fermi surface, denoted as k̃, in which the reduced
critical points with η̃2 and η̃3 determine χF = η̃2 + η̃3 = −2. (b) Measuring the topology of Fermi sea of the normal filled band
in a 3D topological superconductor. The pseudospin polarization of ⟨γ0,k ⟩ at kx = 0 in (b1) and kx = −π in (b2) capture k̃ by
⟨γ0,k ⟩ = 0. The topological charges C2,3 = −1 are determined by ⟨γ3,k̃ ⟩ = 0 and in the regions of ⟨γ2,k̃ ⟩ > 0, showing in (b3)
and (b4). Here we have ∆0 = ts and µ = −0.5ts .
logical crystalline SCs with order-two symmetries S [38].
These models in classes DIII and D have symmetries
+ +
S+,− (S− ) = τz σy ρy , T = iσy K and/or P = τx K, while
+ +
S+,− (S− ) = ρx , T = iσy K and/or P = iτx σz ρy K are for
classes CII and C. The K is a complex conjugate opera-
tor. Here σ, ρ, and τ are Pauli matrices acting on spin,
orbit, and Nambu degree of freedom, respectively.
We next show the Fermi sea topology of the nor-
mal filled band can be detected in the topological (crys-
talline) SCs, of which we employ the Eq. (5) and mea-
sure pseudospin polarizations ⟨γi,k ⟩ = ⟨uk | γi |uk ⟩ with
i = 0, 1, · · · , d, where |uk ⟩ are ground states of HBdG .
Since γ obey the anticommutation relation, we directly
qP
d 2
have ⟨γi,k ⟩ = −vi,k /ek with ek = i=0 vi,k . Hence
these discrete points kc in FSs are determined by kc =
{k|⟨γ0,k ⟩ = · · · = ⟨γd−2,k ⟩ = ⟨γd,k ⟩ = 0}. The Euler
characteristic is captured by
X (−1)q 


χF = sgn ⟨γd,kc,L ⟩ − sgn ⟨γd,kc,R ⟩ (10)
2 clockwise direction, as shown in Figs. 2(b3) and 2(b4).
c
in the regions of ⟨γd−1,k ⟩ > 0. As the pseudospin po-
larizations are measurable in realistic quantum simula-
tion experiments and have been applied to identify the
topological charges [39–41], providing a possible way for
detecting the topology of the Fermi sea.
Numerical results.—We next provide the numerical re-
sults of the 3D topological SCs to determine χF of the
normal band. The BdG Hamiltonian in the Eq. (8) is ex-
plicitly written as HBdG = Ek γ0 +∆0 (sin kx γ1 +sin ky γ2 +
sin kz γ3 ) with k1,2,3 = kx,y,z , where γ0 = τz , γ1 = τx σz ,
γ2 = τy , and γ3 = τx σx . Firstly, the FS of normal filled
band is figured out by Ek = 0 when µ = −0.5ts , show-
4
(b1) (b2) �0
D
D
C A C A
B
B
(b3) (b4)
��
��
�2
�3
ing a 2D geometry with the genus g = 3. This gives
χF = 1−g = −2 [16], as shown in Fig. 2(a). By perform-
ing reduction, the 1D momentum curves denoted as k̃ are
obtained by v1,k = 0 on the FS, which are electron-like
(hole-like) for kx = 0 (kx = −π). The v3,k̃ = 0 deter-
mine four reduced critical points, giving the topological
indexes η̃1,2,3,4 , where η̃2,3 are located in the regions of
v2,k̃ < 0 and which give χF = η̃2 + η̃3 = −2. This is
consistent with the result of using the genus of the FS
to determine χF . Furthermore, a complete result of χF
depending on µ is shown in Fig. 3(a). In the regions of
−3ts < µ < −ts and ts < µ < 3ts , we have χF = 1. Yet,
χF = −2 is for −ts < µ < ts . The Lifshitz transition
emerges at µ = ±3ts and ±ts .
We next show χF can be detected from the topological
SCs. By measuring the polarization of γ0 at kx = 0
and kx = −π, the above 1D momentum curves k̃ are
captured by ⟨γ0,k ⟩ = 0, as shown in Figs. 2(b1) and 2(b2).
We further measure ⟨γ2,k̃ ⟩ and ⟨γ3,k̃ ⟩ along k̃ with the
It is seen that C2,3 are determined by ⟨γ3,k̃ ⟩ = 0 and
in the regions of ⟨γ2,k̃ ⟩ > 0, where the charge value are
identified by C2 = (⟨γ3,k̃R ⟩ − ⟨γ3,k̃L ⟩)/2 = −1 and C3 =
(⟨γ3,k̃L ⟩ − ⟨γ3,k̃R ⟩)/2 = −1. Hence the topology of Fermi
sea of the normal filled band is χF = W = −2.
Besides, detecting Majorana edge states is of great sig-
nificance [42, 43]. For the 3D metallic sample, we can
put it on the s-wave SC and which can be induced as
the 3D topological SC by the proximity effect. If the
system has a reasonable pairing order and Fermi energy,
the numbers of Majorana cone should be given by |χF |.
We numerically calculate the Majorana edge states un-
der the z-direction open boundary conditions, as shown

(a) (b)
FIG. 3. (a) Numerical results of χF for the normal band of
the 3D topological SCs. (b) Majorana edge states for the
parameters µ = −3.5ts , −2ts , −0.5ts , and 2ts . The numbers
of Majorana cone is given by |χF |.
in Figs. 3(a) and 3(b). Our results may be helpful for the
study of Majorana zero modes.
Conclusion.—In summary, we have proposed a generic
reduction theory for the Fermi sea topology in the dD
metallic systems. We also have revealed a significant con-
nection between the Fermi sea topology and the gapped
band topology, showing that the Euler characteristic ex-
actly equals to the topological invariant of the gapped
topological systems by using a mapping. This further
provides a potential way to detect the Euler characteris-
tic via the Z-classified topological (crystalline) supercon-
ductors. These results promote the deep understanding
for the Fermi sea topology and contribute to its realistic
detection.
We thank Bao-Zong Wang for helpful discussions. This
work is supported by the start-up grant of Lanzhou Uni-
versity.
∗
jiaw@lzu.edu.cn
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