What disorders in patients will manifest the following abnormal respiratory patterns.

1. Cheyne Strokes Respiration – Cheyne-Stokes respirations may be a sign of a

serious lung, brain, or circulatory problem like a pulmonary edema, stroke, or
heart failure. It also commonly occurs as a person approaches the end of life.
2. Central Neurogenic Hyperventilation – Central neurogenic hyperventilation (CNH)
is a rare and neurological disorder characterized by rapid and deep breathing
that is typically involuntary and may be associated with underlying neurological
disorders or lesions affecting the brainstem, such as brain tumors, trauma,
vascular issues, infections, and other neurological disorders.
3. Apneustic Breathing – Apneustic breathing is a type of abnormal breathing
pattern characterized by prolonged and deep inhalation, followed by a brief
pause at full inspiration, and then a rapid exhalation. Disorders that may
manifest apneustic breathing include pontine lesions, traumatic brain injury,
inflammation or infections, congenital disorders, and central sleep apnea.
4. Cluster Breathing – Cluster breathing is characterized by clusters of breaths
followed by apneic episodes of variable duration, typically caused by cerebral
disorders, low pontine, or high medullary lesions.
5. Atoxic Biot’s Respiration – It is an abnormal breathing pattern characterized by
irregular, unpredictable deep and shallow breaths with periods of apnea. It is
associated with disorders or conditions that affect the brainstem and its control
over respiratory functions, such as brainstem lesions or injury, neurological
diseases, CNS infections, toxic or metabolic disorders, and other idiopathic
causes.