Massless Localized Vector Field on a Wall

in Five Dimensions
Norisuke Sakai (Tokyo Institute of Technology)
in collaroration with Youichi Isozumi and Keisuke Ohashi, hep-th/0310130, hep-th/0310189
Talk at Riken 2003.11.4

Contents
1 Introduction 3

2 Walls in SUSY QED in 5 dimensions 6

3 Fluctuation around the BPS wall 9

4 Model with Tensor Multiplets 12

5 Massless Localized Vector Field from the Tensor Multiplet 14

6 Four-Dimensional Coulomb Law 21

7 Generalization to D Dimensions 22

8 Summary 23

2
1 Introduction
Brane-world models → Localization of matter on a wall

Gauge Sym Restored

Superconducting Superconducting

Figure 1: Electric Superconductivity in the Bulk Screens Electric Flux in the Wall

Massless Localized Vector Field on a Wall : Long-Standing Difficult Probelm

Gauge Symmetry Broken in Bulk, Restored on Wall
3
 → Localized but Massive Gauge Field (m ∼ 1/width)
↓ Dual field
(Magnetic) Confinement in Bulk, no Confinement on Wall
→ Massless Localized (Dual) Gauge Field
Electric Flux Squeezed

Confinement of Monopole Confinement of Monopole

Figure 2: Magnetic confinement in the bulk squeezes electric flux into the Wall

Dvali-Shifman, Phys.Lett.B396 (1997) 64; ArkaniHamed-Dimopoulos-Dvali, Phys.Lett.B429 (1998)

263; · · · Dvali-Gabadadze-Shifman, Phys.Lett.B497 (2001) 271 ; Akhmedov, Phys.Lett.B521 (2001)
79 ; · · ·

D = 3 Wall in D = 4 model → D = 3 Gauge field as Dual of NG Scalar

Shifman-Yung, Phys.Rev.D67 (2003) 125007, [hep-th/0212293].

4
Dual of Vector Field in 5 D → 2–Form Tensor Field
Dubovsky-Rubakov, Int.J.Mod.Phys.A16 (2001) 4331, [hep-ph/0105243].

Supersymmetric (SUSY) version → helps to construct a realistic model

1
2
SUSY on the Wall → N = 1 SUSY Standard Model
Our Purpose :
Fully Consistent Model for a Wall with 5 D SUSY with Tensor Multiplets
Results:

1. Massless Localized Vector field is obtained in 5 D SUSY QED coupled

to Tensor Multiplets as a 12 BPS solution.
2. 4 D Gauge Coupling is obtained as a Topological Charge.
3. All the (bosonic) Massive Modes are also obtained Exactly for a partic-
ular value of a parameter, explicitly exhibiting a Mass Gap.
4. 4 D Coulomb Law is shown to hold for sources placed on the wall.
5. Can be generalized to (nonSUSY) arbitrary D dimensions.

5
2 Walls in SUSY QED in 5 dimensions
Lwall : for building walls, LT : for localizing a massless gauge field
Ltotal = Lwall + LT
Lwall : 8 SUSY QED Lagrangian in 5 Dimensions
1 MN 1 M 1 a 2
Lwall|bosonic = FM N (W )F (W )+ ∂ Σ∂M Σ+ (Y ) −ghζ aY a
4 2 2
† † †
+DM HiA D M H iA−HiA (ghΣ−mA)2H iA+HiA (σ aghY a)ij H jA+FA†iFiA
U (1) vector multiplet :
(Vector WM , Scalar Σ, Auxiliary fields Y a)
Charged Hypermutiplets : gh : hypermultiplet gauge coupling,
(Scalar H iA, Auxiliary fields FiA) with A = flavor
SU (2)R triplet : a = 1, 2, 3, doublet : i = 1, 2,
FM N (W ) = ∂M WN − ∂N WM , DM = ∂M + ighWM ,
After eliminating the auxiliary fields, we obtain
1 1
Lboson = − 2 (FM N (W )) + 2 (∂M Σ)2+(DM H)†iA(D M H iA)−Vpot
2
4gh 2g
6
 g2 h †
i2
†
Vpot ≡ ζ a − HiA (σ a)ij H jA + HiA (Σ − mA)2H iA
2
SUSY vacua FI parameters ζ a = (0, 0, ζ > 0),
Σ = mA, |H 1A|2 = ζ, H 2A = 0, H 1B = 0, H 2B = 0, (B 6= A)
Numbers of SUSY vacua ≤ Numbers of hypermultiplets → flavor A = 1, 2
mass splitting mA = (mh, −mh)
4-Dim Lorentz invariance in the world volume xµ = (x0, · · · , x3) implies
FM N (W ) = 0
SUSY transformations of fermions
³1 ´ ³ ´i
δελi= γ M N FM N (W ) + γ M ∂M Σ εi + i Y aσ a j εj ,
2√ h i √ A i
A M iA iA j
δεψ =−i 2 γ DM H + i(Σ − mA)H ²ij ε + 2Fi ε
Partial (1/2) SUSY conservation
P+ε1 = 0, P−ε2 = 0, P± ≡ (1 ± γ5)/2
BPS equations
³ ´
† †
∂y Σ = ζ − H1A H 1A + H2A H 2A
7
 † †
2g 2H2A H 1A = 2g 2H1A H 2A = 0
Dy H iA = (mA − Σ)H iA, i = 1, 2, A = 1, · · · , N
Boundary conditions H 2A(y = ±∞) = 0 → H 2A(y) = 0
The boundary conditions for BPS equations
11 12
p
Σ(−∞) = −m, H (−∞) = 0, H (−∞) = ζ
p
Σ(∞) = m, H (∞) = ζ, H 12(∞) = 0
11

2 8m2
New Exact BPS solution at Finite gauge coupling g ζ ≡ k2
,k = 0, 2, 3, 4
Simplest example k = 2 : gh2 ζ = 2m2h
mh
Σ= tanh(mhy)
gh
11 mh +mhy
H (y) = √ e sechmhy
2gh
12 mh −mhy
H (y) = √ e sechmhy
2gh
hH iAi 6= 0 → U (1) gauge sym Broken in the Bulk (Restored on Wall)
8
 √
Σ/mh 2gh H 1A /mh
1 1
12
H 0.8 H 11
0.5
0.6
mh y
-6 -4 -2 2 4 6 0.4

-0.5 0.2
mh y
-1 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6

a) b)
√ √
Figure 3: The exact BPS wall solution for finite gauge coupling g = 2m/ ζ. a) Scalar field Σ(y) of vector multiplet
divided by the mass parameter mh as a function of the coordinate y times mh . b) Hypermultiplet scalar field H 11 (y) as
a function of the coordinate y times mh (solid line), and H 12 (y) as a function of the coordinate y times mh (dotted line).

3 Fluctuation around the BPS wall

Nambu-Goldstone bosons for spontaneously broken
translation Reφ0, U (1) phase rotation Imφ0
Σ(x, y) = hΣ(y)i − ∂y hΣ(y)iReφ0(x)
H 11(x, y) = hH 11(y)i−∂y hH 11(y)iReφ0(x)−imhH 11(y)iImφ0(x)
H 12(x, y) = hH 12(y)i−∂y hH 12(y)iReφ0(x)+imhH 12(y)iImφ0(x)
Field equation for Hypermultiplets, Σ → ∂µ∂ µφ0(x) = 0
Field equation for Vector Multiplet → vector field WM
W4(x, y) = 0, Wµ(x, y) = hΣ(y)i∂µImφ0(x)
9
Nonvanishing field strength around the wall
Fµ4(W )(x, y) = −∂y hΣ(y)i∂µImφ0(x)
Nambu-Goldstone fermion for spontaneously broken SUSY
i
λ+(x, y) = − ∂y hΣ(y)iγ5χ0(x), λ−(x, y) = 0
2
1
ψ (x, y) = √ ∂y hH 1A(y)iP−χ0(x)
A
2
To make N = 1 SUSY manifest, Gauge transformations is needed
W4 −→ W4 − ∂y (hΣiImφ0) , Wµ −→ Wµ − ∂µ (hΣiImφ0)
H 1A −→ hH 1Ai + i (hΣiImφ0) hH 1Ai
Massless part of fluctuations in the gauge choice for manifest N = 1 SUSY
H 11(x, y) = hH 11(y)i − ∂y hH 11(y)iφ0(x)
H 12(x, y) = hH 12(y)i − ∂y hH 12(y)iφ0(x)
Σ(x, y) + iW4(x, y) = hΣ(y)i − ∂y hΣ(y)iφ0(x)
Nambu-Goldstone field for translation and U (1) φ0, SUSY χ0
10
 a chiral scalar multiplet of conserved N = 1 SUSY
δε− φ0(x) = ε̄−P−χ0(x)

Vector fluctuations : Massive N = 1 multiplets

Wµ(x, y) = W̃µ(x, y) + ∂µw(x, y), ∂ µW̃µ = 0
X
W̃µ(x, y) = an(y)Wµ(n)(x)
n
−∂y2an(y) + V (y)an(y) = m2nan(y), V (y) = 2g 2|hH 1Ai|2
V (x)
5
gh2 ζ = 2m2h
4

2 gh2 ζ = 8m2h /9
1 gh2 ζ = m2h /2
-4 -2 2 4 x

Figure 4: The potential V (x) for vector fluctuations for several coupling constants : gh2 ζ = 2m2h (solid line), gh2 ζ = 8m2h /9
(dotted line), and gh2 ζ = m2h /2 (dashed line). as a function of extra dimension coordinate y. The mass parameter is taken
to be mh = 1.

11
Σ = hΣi + s, H Ai = hH Aii + hAi
X X
A1
s= (∂y an(y))φn(x), h = − hH A1(y)ian(y)φn(x)
n n

4 Model with Tensor Multiplets

Our mechanism to localize a massless vector field is general :
Vector Multiplet Scalar Couples to Tensor Multiplets satisfing BPS eq.
0 dhΣi
hΣi ≡ = 2hY 3i, hY 1i = hY 2i = 0
dy
α α α
Massive Tensor Multiplet (2 form BM N , scalar σ , auxiliary fields Xij )
Always in pairs α = 1, 2 → one of them becomes auxiliary field
mass term mt allowed, can carry U (1) charge gt
Most general Lagrangian : Prepotential Cubic in Vector and Tensor
Seiberg, Phys. Lett. B388 (1996) 753-760 ; Kugo-Ohashi, Prog. Theor. Phys. 105 (2001) 323 ; · · ·

U (1) gauge inv. δ(Λ)T α = −Λgt²αβ T β determines the prepotential

12
 Lagrangian containing Tensor multiplets (M ≡ mt − gtΣ )
2 ³
X ´
α MNα
LT|bosonic=M − 14 BM NB + 12 D M σ αDM σ α + 14 X ijαXij
α
− 12 M2(σ α)2
α=1
2
X ³ ´
α α MN M α α ij
− 2gtσ 1
4
B MN F (W ) + 12 D σ ∂M Σ + 1
4
X ij Y
α=1
1 M N LRS α β M N LRS α α
− 8² BM N ∂ L B RS ² αβ − 1
8
gt ² WL B B
M N RS

DM σ α = ∂M σ α − gtWM ²αβ σ β

Ltotal = Lwall + LT (with fermionic terms) : 8 SUSY inv. in D = 5

BPS Wall Solution of Lwall is not disturbed by adding the tensor multiplet
σ α = BM
α α
N = Xij

13
Quadratic terms of the Fluctuations of the Tensor Multiplet on Wall
X2
¡ α MNα M α α
¢
LT|bosonic = M − 4 BM N B
1
+ 2 ∂ σ ∂M σ
1

α=1
X2 µ ¶
(M0)2
− 1
2
M3 + − M00 (σ α)2
α=1
M
2
X
M N LRS α β ¡ 0
¢
α 2 0
− ² 1
8
BM N L RS ²αβ
∂ B + − M (σ )
1
2
α=1
+ (higher order terms of the fluctuations)

5 Massless Localized Vector Field from the Tensor

Multiplet
Lagrangian for the 2-form tensor fields
2 2 1
BM N Equation of Motion → BM N is a function of BM N ≡ BM N
0 = −MB 2M N + 12 ²M N LRS ∂LBRS
1

2
Total divergence has been added to make BM N an auxiliary field
14
 2
Eliminating the auxilary field BM N
1 M
L2form = FM N L(B)F M N L(B) − BM N B M N
12M 4
Massless modes and Localisation
4 D Lorentz invariance → momentum space pµ(µ = 0, · · · , 3)
Massless modes p2 = 0 : basis vectors pµ, lµ, ²iµ, (i = 1, 2),
lµlµ = 0, lµpµ = 1, ²iµpµ = ²iµlµ = 0, ²iµ²µj = −δ ij
Z ³
d4p 2 i
Bµν (x, y)|massless = δ(p ) 2p [µ l ν] a(p)φ 1 (y) + 2ip [µ ² ν] bi (p)φ2 (y)
(2πi)4
´
i 1 2 ipκ xκ
+ 2il[µ²ν]ci(p)φ3(y) + ²[µ²ν]d(p)φ4(y) e
Z
d4 p 2 i ipκ xκ
+ρ(y) δ(p )2ip ²
[µ ν] ic (p)e
(2πi)4
Z ³ ´
1 d4p 2 0 i 0 ipκ xκ
Bµy |massless = δ(p ) ip µ a(p)φ 1 (y) + ² c
µ i (p)φ 3 (y) e
M (y)2 (2πi)4
5 independent mode functions φa(y), (a = 1, · · · , 4), ρ(y) satisfy
15
 M = constant φ = ge 1

φ=0 M=0

y = −∞ y=∞
µ ¶0
φ0(y)
0= − M(y)φ(y)
M(y)
µ ¶0 µ ¶0
ρ0(y) 1 φ03(y)
0= − M(y)ρ(y) +
M(y) M(y)2 M(y)
Most general solution φ(y)
Z ∞
φ(y) = C1es(y) + C2e−s(y), s(y) ≡ dzM(y)
y

Convergent ⇒ M(y) → +0, as y → ∞, φ(y) = ge−1e−s(y)

Normalizability of mode functions : Energy density T00 bounded from above
¯ · ¸¯
δS ¯¯ 1 M ¯
T00 ≡ 2 00 ¯ = FM N L(B) + 2
BM N ¯¯
2
δg MN
g MN→η 12M 4 MN MN η →δ
16
 µ 0 ¶2
M 2 M φ φ2
Bµy |η→δ ∈ = → ∞ as y → ∞
2 2 M22M
ci(p), a(p) ∈ Bµy → unphysical
µ 0 ¶2 2
1 M φ φ
Fµνλ(B)2|η→δ ∈ 2
= → ∞ as y → ∞
12M 2 M 2M
d(p) ∈ Fµνλ(B) ∈ Fµνλ(B) → unphysical
bi(p) ∈ Bµν expressible as 2∂[µAν](x) ≡ Fµν (x) (∂ ν Fµν (A) = 0)
Bµν (x, y)|massless = φ(y)Fµν (A(x)), Bµy (x, y)|massless = 0

bi(p) : Finite energy density

2
¡ 2
¢ 2
T00(x, y) = M(y)φ (y) E (x) + B (x)
Z ∞
1 ¡ 2 2
¢
dyT00(x, y) ≡ 2
E (x) + B (x)
−∞ 2ge
Z ∞ Z ∞ 2
1 2 dφ (y) £ ¤
2 ∞
2
=2 dyM(y)φ (y) = dy = φ(y) −∞
ge −∞ −∞ dy
4 D Gauge coupling ge is a Topological charge (given by boundary cond.)
17
 1 0.5

M(y)/mh ge φ(y)
0.8 0.4 f (y)

0.6 0.3

0.4 0.2

0.2 0.1

mh y mh y
-10 -5 5 10 -10 -5 5 10
Figure 5: The function M(y) and the mode function φ(y). The profile function f (y) of the energy density.

Energy density profile f (y) is Localized near the wall

Exact solution with mt/mh = −gt/gh ≡ λ/2 > 0
λmhe−mhy
M(y) ≡ mt + gthΣi = λmh
2
(1 − tanh(mhy)) =
2 cosh(mhy)
µ ¶ λ2
emhy
φ(y) = ge−1
2 cosh(mhy) (
λmhe(λ−1)mhy f (y) → λmh −2mh y
e (y → ∞)
f (y) = 2
λmh 2λmh y
2λ cosh(1+λ)(mhy) f (y) → 2
e (y → −∞)
18
Massive modes
Momentum space : ²iµ i = 1, 2, 3, pµ (pµ²iµ = 0, ²iµ²µj = δ ij )
X Z d4 p
2 2 ipk xk
Bµν (x, y)|massive= 4
δ(p − m(n))e
n≥1
(2πi)
( 0
)
i
u(n)(y)
2ip[µ²ν]ci(p) + ²iµ²jν dij (p)u(n)(y)
M(y)
X Z d4 p u(n)(y)
2 2 ipk xk 2 i
Bµy (x, y)|massive= 4
δ(p − m(n))e m(n)²µci(p)
n≥1
(2πi) M(y)

d 1 d
Ku(n) = m2(n)u(n), K ≡ −M(y) + M(y)2
dy M(y) dy
Scalars σ α of the tensor multiplets
Finte energy density → No massless modes in σ α
Massive modes
X Z d4 p u(n)(y) α
α 2 2 ipk xk
σ (x, y) = 4
δ(p − m(n)) σ̃ (p)e
n
(2πi) M(y)
19
ghζ = 2m2h and with λ = 1 → Exact soltions for Massive modes
s µ ¶2
2
n
m(n) = mh + , n = 1, 2, · · · ,
2L
Mass gap is explicitly found
4 D effective Lagrangian (quadratic terms)
X (n)
eff
L = Lboundary + Lmassive
n≥1

1 2
Lboundary → Lmassless = − 2
Fµν (A)
4ge

(n)
m2(n)
Lmassive = − 14 Fµν (A(n))2 + (A(n)
µ ) 2
2
1 m2(n) m2(n)
+ Fµνλ(C (n))2 − (n) 2
(Cµν ) + 12 ∂ µσ̃(n)
α α
∂µσ̃(n) − α 2
(σ̃(n) )
12 4 2

20
6 Four-Dimensional Coulomb Law
Massless Localized Vector → 4 D Coulomb Law between sources on Wall
Source T M N for the tensor field
1 MNL M
L = FM N L(B)F (B) − BM N B M N + 12 BM N T M N
12M 4
The equation of motion for the tensor field
µ ¶
1
∂L FM N L(B) + MBM N = TM N
M
Taking divergence → magnetic charge current J˜M (as an external source)
∂N (MB M N ) = ∂N T M N ≡ −J˜M , ∂M J˜M = 0
If J˜M is placed on the wall near y = 0 → Only massless mode excited
Bµν (x, y) = φ(y)Fµν (A(x)), Bµy (x, y) = 0
Equation of Motion →
J˜µ(x, y) = φ0(y)∂ ν Fνµ(A(x)), J˜4(x, y) = ∂ ν Tνy (x, y) = 0
∂ ν Fµν (A(x)) = −ge2Jµ(x)
21
Source current Jµ(x) for Aµ(x) defined by Magnetic source current J˜M (x, y)
J˜µ(x, y) = ge2φ0(y)Jµ(x), J˜4(x, y) = 0
Consistent with the Localized Magnetic Source Current
With a source of a static electronic charge,
ge2
Jµ(x) = δµ0 δ 3(x), → A0(x) = , Ai(x) = 0
4πr

7 Generalization to D Dimensions
Generalization to D dimensional spacetime (without SUSY)
1
L(D−3)form = Fµ1···µD−2 (B)F µ1···µD−2 (B)
2(D − 2)!M
M
− Bµ1···µD−3 B µ1···µD−3
2(D − 3)!
Ltotal = Lwall|bosonic + L(D−3)form

22
8 Summary
1. Massless Localized Vector field is obtained in 5 D SUSY QED coupled
to Tensor Multiplets as a 12 BPS solution.
2. 4 D Gauge Coupling is obtained as a Topological Charge.
3. All the (bosonic) Massive Modes are also obtained exactly for a particular
value of a parameter, explicitly exhibiting a Mass Gap.
4. 4 D Coulomb Law is shown to hold for sources placed on the wall.
5. Can be generalized to (nonSUSY) arbitrary D dimensions.

23