Question 01

(a)

(i) ∇ × ∇ × A=∇ . ( ∇ . A )−∇ 2 A

(ii) ∇ .(∇ × A)=0
(iii) ∇ ×( ∇ ∅ )=0 ∅ is a scaler

(b)

(i) Maxwell’s equations

 Curl eq. for electric field

−∂ B
∇ × E=
δt
 Curl eq. for magnetic field
−∂ D
∇ × H=J + ( J=σE)
δt
 Divergence eq. for electric field
∇ . D=ρ
 Divergence eq. for magnetic field
∇ . B=0
E – Electric field strength

B – Magnetic field

H – Magnetic field intensity

J – Current density

D – Electric displacement

σ – Conductivity
ρ – Density of a medium

(ii)

−∂ B
∇ × E=
δt

∇ × ( ∇ × E )=∇ × (−∂∂ tB )
 ( −∂∂μH
∇ ( ∇ E ) −∇ 2 E=∇ ×
t )

−∂ H
∇ ( ∇ E ) −∇ E=∇ × μ (
∂t )
2

−∂ (∇ × H )
∇ ( ∇ E ) −∇ 2 E=−μ
∂t
∂D
−∂ (J + )
∂t
∇ ( ∇ E ) −∇ 2 E=−μ
∂t
Such that;

∇ E=0 ; ρ=0 in free space

∂(εE)
−∂(σE+ )
∂t
0−∇ 2 E=−μ
∂t

2 ∂E ∂2 E
∇ E=−μ σ +με 2
∂t ∂t

2 ∂2 E
∇ E=μ ε
∂t 2

Question 02

(a) (i)

∂D
∇ × H=J +
δt
∂D
∇ ×(∇ × H )=∇ × J + ( δt )
∂ εE
∇ ( ∇ H )−∇2 H=∇ × σE+ ( δt )

( Bμ )−∇ H=σ ( ∇ × E )+ ε ∂(∇∂t× E)

∇ ∇ 2

2
−∂ B ∂ B
−∇ H =σ (
∂t )
2
−ε 2
∂t
 ∂ (μH ) ∂2 (μH )
−∇ H =−σ2
∂t (
−ε
∂ t2 )
∂H ∂2 H
2
∇ H =σμ ( ) ∂t
−εμ 2
∂t
2
∂H ∂ H
∇ H =σμ ( )
2
+ εμ 2
∂t ∂t

2 ∂2 H
∇ H =εμ
∂ t2
(ii)

∂H ∂2 H
2
∇ H =σμ ( )
∂t
+ εμ 2
∂t

∇ 2 H =σμjωH + εμ jω2 H

∇ 2 H =μjω( σ +ε Jω) H

γ 2 H =μjω( σ +ε Jω)
γ is the propagation constant.
γ =± √ μjω( σ +ε Jω )

(iii)

γ =α +iβ
γ = Propagation constant
α = attenuation constant
β = Phase constant

α =ω
√( √
με
2
1+
σ2
(ωε)2
−1
)

√(
2
1× 4 π ×10−7 × 78× 8.85 ×10−12 4.2
α =2 π ( 86 ×109 )
2 √ 1+(2 π × 86 ×109 ×8.85 ×10−12) −1
)
α =5.4 × 1011 j
Intrinsic impedance

η= |HE |
jωμ
η=
√ σ + jωε

j× 1× 4 π ×10−7 × 86 ×109
η=
√( 4.2+ j×2 π ×86 ×10 9 ×78 × 8.85 ×10−12 )
η=1820.0+20.5 i

(b)

σ =1.45 ×107 Ω−1 m−1

2 2 1
Depth of penetration δ =
√ √
ωσμ
=
2 π fσμ
=
√
π fσμ
At f = 1 MHz

1
δ=
√ π ×1 ×10 × 4 π ×107 ×1.45 ×107
6
=1.32 m

At f = 1 GHz

1
δ=
√ π ×1 ×10 × 4 π ×107 ×1.45 ×107
9
=4.18 μm

At f = 10 GHz

1
δ=
√ π ×10 ×10 × 4 π ×107 ×1.45 ×107
9
=1.32 μm

Question 03

(a)

(i)

∂Hz ∂ Ex
E x=
−1
2
kc {
jωμ
∂y
+γ
∂x }
 ∂ Hz ∂ Ex
E y=
−1
2
kc {
jωμ
∂y
+γ
∂x }
∂ Ez ∂ Ex
H x=
−1
2
kc {
jωμ
∂y
+γ
∂x }
k c −Cutoff wave number

(ii) TEM mode is characterized by electric fields and magnetic fields perpendicular to one another and
perpendicular to the direction of propagation. In order to have such a configuration, there has to be a
source of electric field at the center from where E fields originate and terminate on the outer
conductor and  there has to be a current source which can generate magnetic fields. For TEM mode the
current flow should be along the axis of the waveguide, which creates rotating magnetic fields which are
normal to the electric fields generated due to the (moving) charges in the current carrying conductor.
Since such a current source is absent and waveguide being a single conductor configuration, TEM mode
cannot exist inside a waveguide. Also, it is evident from the above explanation that for TEM mode to
exist, presence of at least two conductors is compulsory.

(iii)

γ −Propergation constant
k c −Cutoff wave number

k 2=ω2 με

γ 2=k 2c −k 2

γ 2=k 2c −ω 2 με

k 2c =γ 2+ ω2 με
When γ ≤0 , waves propagate at the cutoff frequency

k 2c =k 2

k 2c =ω2c με

k 2c
2
ω= c
με
kc
Where ω 2c =2 π f c 2 π f c=
√ με
kc
f c=
2 π √ με
(iv) a=breadth

b b=height

mπ 2 nπ 2
k 2c =k 2x + k 2y = ( ) ( )
a
+
b

mπ 2 nπ 2
Therefore, k c =
√( a
+
b )( )
mπ 2 nπ 2
1
f c=
2 π √ με √( a
+
b )( )
Where m and n are half wave variations in wide and narrow dimensions of wave guide.

If cutoff frequency is the operating frequency, before attenuation occurs and propagation takes place.

(b)

Cutoff wavelength = λ c

2π
λ c=
kc

2π
¿
mπ 2 nπ 2

√( ) ( )
a
+
b
, Where a = 2b

2
¿
m 2 n 2

√( 2b
+)()
b
4b
¿
√m2 +4 n2
The order of the mode refers to the field configuration in the guide, TE mn and TM mn

TE mode TE20=2 b
TE01=2 b TM mode

TE10=4 b TM 11=1.796

4b 4b
TE11 = =1.796 TM 12= =0.976
√5 √17
 4b
TM 21= =1.416
√8
TE11 TE01 TE 20 TE10

λc

TM 12 TM 21 TM 11

Question 04

(a) D = 01km

Therefore, at f = 4GHz

Path loss L(s) = 100+20log(10)

= -120dB

Antenna 20dBi Antenna 15dBi

S R = 90dBm S R = -80dBm

TX Path Loss RX

PT = 30dBm -2dB -20dB at 10km -2dB P R = 20dBm

Access Point Client

Link budget calculation,

Access point to client

=30dBm+20dBi-2dB-120dB-2dB+15dB

=-59dBm (expected received signal level)

=-59dBm-(-30dBm) (sensitivity of client)

=21dBm (link margin)

Client to Access point

=15dBi+20dBm-2dB-120dB+20dB-2dB

=-69dBm (expected received signal level)

=-69dBm-(-90dBm) (sensitivity of access point)

 =21dBm (link margin)

(c) Height = 36,000km f=6000MHz

G T = 30dB G R = 50dB

(i) Free space transmission loss

L(s) = 32.45 + 20log(d) + 20log(f)

= 32.45 + 20log(36000) + 20log(6000)

= 199.14dB

(ii) PR = ? PT = 300W

P R ¿ PT + G T (dB )+ G R (dB)−L( s)(dB)

= 10log (300) + 30 + 50 – 199.14

log ( P R) = -94.37dB

P R = anti(-94.37dB)

= 3.65 ×10−10

= 0.365nW

(c) Use of adaptive modulation and its benefits when designing microwave links.

Adaptive modulation techniques strive to maintain an expected level of service at all times. When
changing to a lower modulation state, link continuity is maintained and high-priority traffic is not
affected. Similarly, existing traffic is unaffected when the link reverts to a higher modulation state.

Improve operational efficiency of microwave links by increasing network capacity.

Operating a system at its maximum throughput under clear sky conditions.

 Longer link lengths

 Using smaller antennas
 Higher availability