MSW 6 E 2023 24 MSW GSPH@9891268050 Ifl9wg

Social Work Research
ASSIGNMENT
Course Code: MSW-006
Total marks: 100
Note: (i) Answer all the five questions.
(ii) All questions carry equal marks.
(iii) Answers to question no. 1 and 2 should not exceed 600 words each.
1) Describe the meaning of social work research. Explain the Scope of Research in Social
Work. 20
OR
Highlight the features of descriptive research studies. 20
2) Define the term sampling. Discuss the important methods of sampling. 20

OR
Elaborate on Measures of Central Tendancy. 20
3) Answer any two of the following questions in about 300 words each:
a) Explain briefly the significant changes in the trend of social work research. 10
b) What are the steps of Single Design Research Process? 10
c) Define a questionnaire and discuss its various types.. 10
d) List out the steps in data Processing. 10
4) Answer any four of the following questions in about 150 words each:
a) Describe the criteria which are helpful in the evaluation of a research problem. 5
b) What is Action Research?. 5
c) Explain the characteristics of the 'case study' method of research. 5
d) Discuss the important participatory research methods 5
e) Describe the methods of collecting data. 5
f) List the three main components of a research report. 5
5) Write short notes on any five of the following questions in about 100 words each:
a) Research Design 4
b) Experimental Research 4
c) Nominal Level of Measurement 4
d) Interview 4
e) Observation 4
f) Code Book 4
g) Tabulation 4
h) t-Tests 4
8
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MSW-06 Social Work Research

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1) Describe the meaning of social work research. Explain the Scope of Research
in Social Work.
S.
Social work research is a systematic and organized inquiry into various aspects of
50 NT
social work practice, policies, and interventions. It is a critical component of the
social work profession, aiming to generate knowledge, evaluate the effectiveness
80 E
of social interventions, inform evidence-based practice, and contribute to social
26 NM
policy development. Social work research is conducted to address complex social
issues, enhance the well-being of individuals and communities, and promote
social justice.
91 IG
Scope of Research in Social Work:

98 S
AS
The scope of research in social work is broad and encompasses a wide range of
topics, areas, and methods. Here's an overview of the scope of research in social
work:
U
O
 Social Problems and Policy Analysis: Social work research often delves into
N
the analysis of social problems, such as poverty, homelessness, substance

abuse, domestic violence, and mental health issues. Researchers examine
IG
the root causes, consequences, and potential solutions to these problems,

contributing to evidence-based policymaking.
 Clinical and Practice-Based Research: Clinical social workers engage in

research to assess the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions and
treatment modalities. This includes research on counseling techniques,
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therapy outcomes, and best practices for working with specific client
populations.
 Community and Macro-Level Research: Social work extends beyond

individual and clinical practice to community and macro-level
interventions. Researchers explore community development, social
programs, and policy initiatives to improve social conditions, such as
affordable housing, access to healthcare, and educational programs.
IN
 Social Justice and Advocacy: Research in social work often aligns with
S.
advocacy for marginalized and disadvantaged populations. It seeks to
address issues related to racial and social disparities, discrimination, and
50 NT
human rights violations.
 Program Evaluation: Social work researchers conduct program evaluations
80 E
to assess the effectiveness and impact of social programs and services.
26 NM
This helps organizations and policymakers make informed decisions about
resource allocation and service improvements.
91 IG
 Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration: Social work research frequently involves

98 S
collaboration with other disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, public

AS
health, and economics. This interdisciplinary approach helps generate

comprehensive insights into complex social issues.
U
 Quantitative and Qualitative Research: The scope of research in social

O
work includes both quantitative methods (surveys, experiments, statistical

N
analysis) and qualitative methods (interviews, focus groups, content

analysis). Researchers choose methods based on the research question
IG
and objectives.
 Ethics and Values: Social work research is guided by ethical principles,

including respect for autonomy, beneficence, and social justice.
Researchers must consider the ethical implications of their work,
particularly when involving vulnerable populations.
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 Global Perspective: Social work research has a global scope, as it addresses

social issues and interventions in diverse cultural and geographical
contexts. It explores cross-cultural perspectives on social problems and
solutions.
 Education and Training: Research in social work also extends to education

and training. It involves evaluating social work curricula, teaching
methods, and the development of resources for educators.
IN
 Policy Development: Social work research plays a vital role in shaping social
S.
policies and legislation. Researchers provide evidence-based
recommendations to policymakers, advocating for reforms that address
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social problems and promote social justice.
 Advancing Theory: Social work research contributes to the development
80 E
and refinement of social work theories and models. It helps practitioners
26 NM
better understand human behavior, social systems, and the dynamics of
social change.
91 IG
In conclusion, social work research is a dynamic and diverse field that

98 S
encompasses various domains and methods. Its scope is not limited to any single
AS
area but extends to all facets of social work practice, education, and policy.
Research in social work is a vital tool for improving the lives of individuals and
communities, promoting social justice, and advancing the profession's
U
knowledge base.
O
N
2) Define the term sampling. Discuss the important methods of sampling.

IG
Sampling is the process of selecting a subset or a portion of a larger population or

group for the purpose of conducting research or collecting data. Instead of
studying an entire population, researchers select a sample, which is a
representative subgroup of that population. Sampling is a crucial method in
research as it allows researchers to draw conclusions about a population based on
the characteristics and data collected from the sample. Here are some important
methods of sampling:
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 Random Sampling:
 Random sampling is a method in which each member of the

population has an equal and independent chance of being selected
for the sample.
 This method minimizes bias and ensures that the sample is

representative of the population. It can be achieved using random
number generators or drawing lots.
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 Stratified Sampling:
S.
 In stratified sampling, the population is divided into subgroups or
50 NT
strata based on certain characteristics (e.g., age, gender, income).
 A random sample is then selected from each stratum in proportion to
80 E
its representation in the population.
26 NM
 Stratified sampling ensures that each subgroup is adequately
represented, making it useful for studying specific subpopulations.
91 IG
 Systematic Sampling:
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Systematic sampling involves selecting every nth member from a

AS

population after a random start.
U
 For example, if a researcher wants a sample size of 100 from a

O
population of 1,000, they might select every 10th person, starting

with a random individual.
N
IG
 Systematic sampling is relatively easy to implement and can provide a

representative sample if there is no hidden pattern in the
arrangement of the population.
 Cluster Sampling:
 In cluster sampling, the population is divided into clusters, often

based on geographical regions or other groupings.
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 A random sample of clusters is selected, and then all individuals

within the chosen clusters are included in the sample.
 Cluster sampling is efficient when it is costly or logistically challenging

to sample individuals individually.
 Convenience Sampling:
 Convenience sampling involves selecting individuals who are readily
IN
available or easy to access.
S.
 While convenient, this method can introduce bias because the
sample may not be representative of the entire population. It is often
50 NT
used in preliminary research or when other methods are impractical.
 Snowball Sampling:
80 E
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 Snowball sampling is often used in studies involving hard-to-reach or
hidden populations, such as drug users or marginalized groups.
91 IG
 Researchers begin with a small number of participants and ask them

to refer others they know who meet the study criteria.
98 S
This method can help access populations that are difficult to sample
AS

through traditional means.
U
 Quota Sampling:
O
 Quota sampling involves dividing the population into predetermined

N
categories and then selecting individuals from each category until a

IG
specified quota is met.
 It is similar to stratified sampling but does not involve random

selection within each category. Quota sampling is often used in
market research.
Each sampling method has its advantages and limitations, and the choice of
method depends on the research objectives, available resources, and the nature
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of the population being studied. Careful consideration and proper sampling

techniques are essential to ensure that the sample accurately represents the
population and that the research findings are valid and generalizable.
3) Answer any two of the following questions in about 300 words each:
a) Explain briefly the significant changes in the trend of social work research.
Social work research has experienced significant shifts over the years to adapt to
IN
changing societal needs, evolving methodologies, and emerging priorities within
the field. Here are some of the significant changes in the trends of social work
S.
research:
50 NT
1. Evidence-Based Practice (EBP): One of the most notable changes is the
increased emphasis on evidence-based practice. Social workers are now
80 E
encouraged to base their interventions and decisions on research evidence,
26 NM
ensuring that practices are effective and grounded in empirical data.
2. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Social work research increasingly involves

91 IG
collaboration with professionals from other disciplines such as psychology,

sociology, public health, and economics. This interdisciplinary approach enriches
98 S
the understanding of complex social issues and fosters innovative solutions.

AS
3. Mixed-Methods Research: Researchers are increasingly utilizing mixed-

methods research, combining quantitative and qualitative approaches. This allows
U
for a more comprehensive exploration of social phenomena and a deeper

O
understanding of the context surrounding issues.

N
4. Community Engagement: Community-engaged research has gained

IG
prominence. It emphasizes active collaboration with communities and

stakeholders in the research process, fostering a sense of ownership and ensuring
that research addresses community-specific needs.
5. Cultural Competence: There is a growing recognition of the importance of

cultural competence in social work research. Researchers are focusing on
understanding and addressing cultural diversity, ensuring that interventions and
assessments are culturally sensitive.
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6. Ethical Considerations: Ethical considerations have become more prominent in

social work research. Researchers pay close attention to issues related to informed
consent, confidentiality, power dynamics, and the well-being of research
participants, especially vulnerable populations.
7. Technology and Data Analytics: Advances in technology have transformed data

collection, analysis, and dissemination. Researchers are leveraging digital tools, big
data analytics, and online surveys to enhance research efficiency and reach larger
IN
audiences.
S.
8. Global Perspective: Social work research now encompasses a global
perspective, addressing international social issues, cross-cultural challenges, and
50 NT
global inequalities. Researchers explore the impact of globalization, migration, and
transnational social problems.
80 E
9. Trauma-Informed Research: There is a heightened focus on trauma-informed
26 NM
research. Researchers study the effects of trauma, develop trauma-informed
interventions, and promote resilience among individuals who have experienced
91 IG
trauma.
98 S
10. Social Justice and Anti-Oppressive Research: Social work research is aligning
more closely with social justice and anti-oppressive perspectives. Researchers are
AS
committed to identifying and addressing systemic injustices, discrimination, and

disparities in their research.
U
O
These trends reflect the field's commitment to addressing complex societal issues,
improving the effectiveness of social work practice, and ensuring ethical, culturally
N
sensitive, and inclusive research. Social work research continues to evolve to meet
IG
emerging challenges and the evolving needs of individuals, families, and

communities.
b) What are the steps of Single Design Research Process?
Single design research, also known as single-subject or single-case research, is a

research approach that focuses on studying the behavior, intervention effects, or
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outcomes of individual participants. The process typically involves the following

steps:
1. Problem Identification and Goal Setting: The first step is to identify the
research problem or the specific behavior or issue of interest that you want to
study in a single case. This step is crucial because it sets the stage for the entire
research process. Clear problem identification helps in defining the scope of the
research and guides the development of research goals. These goals should be
IN
specific, measurable, and aligned with the research problem.
S.
2. Baseline Data Collection: Before introducing any intervention or treatment, it's
essential to collect baseline data. Baseline data provide a baseline measurement
50 NT
of the behavior or phenomenon you are studying. This phase establishes a stable
and consistent measure of the behavior, serving as a reference point for assessing
80 E
the effects of the intervention. 26 NM
3. Intervention Design: In this step, researchers develop a well-defined
intervention or treatment plan tailored to the individual participant's needs and
91 IG
the targeted behavior. The intervention should be based on established principles

and practices relevant to the research problem.
98 S
4. Implementation of the Intervention: Implement the intervention according to

AS
the established plan. It's crucial to maintain consistency and fidelity throughout
the intervention phase to ensure that the intended treatment is applied as
U
planned. Researchers should record relevant data during this phase to monitor
O
any changes in the targeted behavior.

N
5. Data Collection During Intervention: Continuously collect data during the

IG
intervention phase to track the participant's progress and any observable changes
in the targeted behavior or outcome of interest. Data collection should be
systematic and reliable, using appropriate measurement tools or instruments.
6. Data Analysis and Evaluation: Analyze the data collected during both the
baseline and intervention phases to assess the impact of the intervention on the
behavior. This analysis helps determine whether the observed changes are
statistically significant and can be attributed to the intervention.
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7. Interpretation of Findings: Interpret the research findings within the context of

the research goals and the individual participant's characteristics. Researchers
need to understand whether the intervention had a significant effect on the
behavior or outcome. Critical thinking and clinical judgment play a crucial role in
this step.
8. Conclusion and Generalization: Draw conclusions based on the data analysis

and interpretation of findings. Consider whether the research goals were met and
IN
whether the intervention was effective. Depending on the research objectives,
discuss the potential generalizability of the findings to similar cases or settings.
S.
9. Documentation and Reporting: Document all aspects of the research process,
50 NT
including the research question, methodology, intervention details, data
collection, analysis, and results. Prepare a research report or summary for
80 E
dissemination, which may include visual representations of data, such as graphs or
26 NM
charts.
10. Follow-Up and Long-Term Assessment (Optional): Depending on the research

91 IG
goals and the nature of the behavior or issue studied, researchers may choose to
conduct follow-up assessments. These assessments can help evaluate the
98 S
maintenance of behavior change or the long-term effects of the intervention.

AS
4) Answer any four of the following questions in about 150 words each:
U
a) Describe the criteria which are helpful in the evaluation of a research

O
problem.
N
Evaluating a research problem is essential to ensure that it is well-defined and

IG
worth investigating. Several criteria can help in this evaluation:
 Relevance: The research problem should be relevant to the field of study

and address a current or significant issue. It should contribute to knowledge
in the area.
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 Clarity: The problem statement should be clear and specific, leaving no

room for ambiguity. It should be easily understood by both researchers and
readers.
 Feasibility: Consider the practicality of researching the problem. It should

be achievable within the available time, resources, and data accessibility.
 Importance: Assess the significance of the problem. It should have

implications for practice, policy, or theory. Solving it should lead to positive
IN
outcomes.
S.
 Specificity: A well-defined research problem is narrow in focus, allowing for
50 NT
precise research questions and objectives.
 Researchability: Ensure that the problem can be investigated through
80 E
research methods and data collection techniques. It should be amenable to
26 NM
empirical study.
 Ethical Considerations: Evaluate ethical aspects, such as participant well-

91 IG
being, consent, and confidentiality, associated with researching the

problem.
98 S
AS
 Originality: Assess whether the problem presents a novel contribution to

the field. It should not replicate previous research.
U
 Social and Cultural Sensitivity: The problem should consider the social and
O
cultural context in which it will be studied, acknowledging diverse

N
perspectives.
IG
 Practicality: Consider whether the findings from researching the problem

will have practical applications or implications for real-world settings.
b) What is Action Research?.
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Action research is a research methodology that emphasizes collaboration between

researchers and practitioners to address practical issues and bring about positive
change in a specific context. Key features of action research include:
 Collaboration: Action research involves cooperation between researchers

and practitioners, such as educators or social workers, to solve real-world
problems and improve practices.
 Problem-Solving: It focuses on addressing specific problems or challenges
IN
within a particular setting, aiming for practical solutions.
S.
 Cyclical Process: Action research typically follows a cyclic process of
50 NT
planning, action, observation, and reflection. This iterative approach allows
for ongoing improvements.
80 E
 Participatory: Practitioners actively participate in the research process,
26 NM
making it highly contextual and responsive to the needs of the specific
setting.
91 IG
 Contextualized: Action research considers the unique context in which it is

conducted, recognizing that solutions may vary across different settings.
98 S
AS
 Empowerment: It often empowers practitioners by involving them in the

research process and allowing them to drive change in their own work
U
environment.
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 Learning and Reflection: Continuous learning and reflection are integral to

N
action research, with findings informing future actions and improvements.

IG
c) Explain the characteristics of the 'case study' method of research.
A case study is a research method that involves an in-depth and detailed

examination of a specific individual, group, event, or phenomenon within its real-
life context. Key characteristics of the case study method include:
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 Holistic Approach: Case studies aim to provide a comprehensive

understanding of the subject under investigation by examining it in its
entirety, considering all relevant aspects and details.
 Contextual Analysis: They emphasize the importance of understanding the

specific context in which the case exists, recognizing that context can
significantly influence the subject of study.
 Qualitative Data: Case studies primarily rely on qualitative data collection
IN
methods, such as interviews, observations, and document analysis, to
S.
gather rich and nuanced information.
 In-Depth Exploration: Researchers conduct extensive and prolonged data
50 NT
collection, often over an extended period, to gather detailed information
about the case.
80 E
26 NM
 Inductive Reasoning: Case studies often use an inductive approach,
allowing themes, patterns, and theories to emerge from the data rather
than being predetermined.
91 IG
 Unique and Unpredictable: Each case study is unique, and its outcomes can
98 S
be unpredictable. It is particularly useful when exploring complex or rare

AS
phenomena.
 Triangulation: Researchers may employ multiple data sources and methods

U
to enhance the validity and reliability of findings.

O
N
 Rich Description: Case studies produce rich, descriptive data that can lead
IG
to a deeper understanding of the case.
 Practical and Applied: They are often used in applied research to address
real-world problems, inform decision-making, or provide insights for
practice.
d) Discuss the important participatory research methods
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Participatory research methods involve collaboration between researchers and

participants, with the aim of empowering individuals and communities and
promoting social change. Some important participatory research methods include:
 Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR): CBPR involves active

collaboration between researchers and community members throughout
the research process. It aims to address community-specific issues and
prioritize the needs and perspectives of the community.
IN
 Action Research: As mentioned earlier, action research involves
S.
practitioners and researchers working together to solve real-world
problems and improve practices within specific settings.
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 Participatory Action Research (PAR): PAR combines research and action,
focusing on issues of social justice and change. Participants are actively
80 E
involved in defining research questions, collecting data, and implementing
26 NM
solutions.
 Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD): ABCD emphasizes

91 IG
identifying and mobilizing community assets and strengths to address

98 S
challenges. It relies on community participation in mapping and utilizing

AS
local resources.
 Youth Participatory Action Research (YPAR): YPAR involves young people as

U
researchers, allowing them to investigate issues relevant to their lives,

O
advocate for change, and have a voice in decision-making.

N
 Photovoice: In photovoice, participants use photography to document and

IG
express their experiences and perspectives. This method can empower

marginalized groups and highlight social issues.
 Citizen Science: Citizen science projects engage the public in scientific

research, allowing non-scientists to contribute data, observations, or
expertise to scientific studies.
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These methods prioritize the active involvement of participants, making research

more inclusive, contextually relevant, and empowering. They often lead to more
meaningful and sustainable outcomes for the individuals and communities
involved.
5) Write short notes on any five of the following questions in about 100 words
each:
a) Research Design
IN
Research design is the structured plan or blueprint that outlines the methods and
S.
procedures to be used in a research study. It is a crucial aspect of the research
process as it guides researchers in collecting and analyzing data to answer
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research questions or test hypotheses. Common research designs include
descriptive, correlational, experimental, and mixed-methods designs. The choice
80 E
of research design depends on the research objectives, the nature of the research
26 NM
questions, and the availability of resources. A well-constructed research design
ensures the validity and reliability of study findings.
91 IG
b) Experimental Research
98 S
Experimental research is a quantitative research method that involves

AS
manipulating one or more independent variables to observe their effect on a

dependent variable while controlling for extraneous variables. It is often used to
U
establish cause-and-effect relationships. In experimental studies, participants are

O
randomly assigned to experimental and control groups to test the impact of the
independent variable(s). Experimental research is characterized by high internal
N
validity, as the researcher can control and manipulate variables. However, it may
IG
have limitations in terms of external validity, as findings may not always generalize
to real-world settings.
c) Nominal Level of Measurement
The nominal level of measurement is the lowest level of measurement in

statistics. It involves categorizing data into distinct categories or groups, with no
inherent order or ranking among the categories. Variables measured at the
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nominal level are qualitative and can be represented using labels or names.
Examples include gender (male, female), ethnicity (Asian, African-American,
Caucasian), and types of vehicles (car, bicycle, bus). Nominal data can be counted
and categorized but cannot be subjected to mathematical operations like addition
or subtraction. It is primarily used for classification and grouping purposes in
research and does not imply any quantitative meaning or order among the
categories.
IN
d) Interview
S.
An interview is a research method that involves a structured or unstructured
conversation between a researcher and a participant or group of participants.
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Interviews are used to gather qualitative data, explore participants' perspectives,
and gain insights into their experiences, attitudes, and behaviors. They can be
80 E
conducted face-to-face, over the phone, or through digital platforms. Interviews
26 NM
may be structured, with predetermined questions, or unstructured, allowing for
open-ended discussions. Semi-structured interviews combine elements of both
approaches. Interviews require effective communication skills, active listening,
91 IG
and the ability to build rapport with participants. They are valuable in qualitative
98 S
research, case studies, and when researchers seek in-depth information from
participants.
AS
e) Observation
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Observation is a research method that involves systematically watching and

O
recording behaviors, events, or phenomena in their natural settings. It is often

N
used in qualitative research to gather data on human behavior, interactions, and

IG
contexts. Observations can be participant observations, where the researcher

actively participates in the observed setting, or non-participant observations,
where the researcher remains an observer without direct involvement.
Observations may be structured with specific objectives or unstructured to allow
for exploration. Researchers use various tools, such as field notes, audio or video
recordings, and checklists, to document their observations. Observation helps
researchers gain a deeper understanding of social and behavioral phenomena,
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especially when participants' behaviors or experiences are difficult to capture

through surveys or interviews.
IN
S.
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26 NM
91 IG
98 S
AS
U
O
N
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Social Work Research

2) Define the term sampling. Discuss the important methods of sampling. 20

MSW-06 Social Work Research

Scope of Research in Social Work:

the analysis of social problems, such as poverty, homelessness, substance

the root causes, consequences, and potential solutions to these problems,

 Clinical and Practice-Based Research: Clinical social workers engage in

 Community and Macro-Level Research: Social work extends beyond

 Program Evaluation: Social work researchers conduct program evaluations

 Cross-Disciplinary Collaboration: Social work research frequently involves

collaboration with other disciplines, such as psychology, sociology, public

health, and economics. This interdisciplinary approach helps generate

 Quantitative and Qualitative Research: The scope of research in social

work includes both quantitative methods (surveys, experiments, statistical

analysis) and qualitative methods (interviews, focus groups, content

 Ethics and Values: Social work research is guided by ethical principles,

 Global Perspective: Social work research has a global scope, as it addresses

 Education and Training: Research in social work also extends to education

 Advancing Theory: Social work research contributes to the development

In conclusion, social work research is a dynamic and diverse field that

2) Define the term sampling. Discuss the important methods of sampling.

Sampling is the process of selecting a subset or a portion of a larger population or

 Random sampling is a method in which each member of the

 This method minimizes bias and ensures that the sample is

 A random sample is then selected from each stratum in proportion to

Systematic sampling involves selecting every nth member from a

 For example, if a researcher wants a sample size of 100 from a

population of 1,000, they might select every 10th person, starting

 Systematic sampling is relatively easy to implement and can provide a

 In cluster sampling, the population is divided into clusters, often

 A random sample of clusters is selected, and then all individuals

 Cluster sampling is efficient when it is costly or logistically challenging

 Convenience sampling involves selecting individuals who are readily

 Researchers begin with a small number of participants and ask them

 Quota sampling involves dividing the population into predetermined

categories and then selecting individuals from each category until a

specified quota is met.

 It is similar to stratified sampling but does not involve random

of the population being studied. Careful consideration and proper sampling

2. Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Social work research increasingly involves

collaboration with professionals from other disciplines such as psychology,

the understanding of complex social issues and fosters innovative solutions.

3. Mixed-Methods Research: Researchers are increasingly utilizing mixed-

for a more comprehensive exploration of social phenomena and a deeper

understanding of the context surrounding issues.

4. Community Engagement: Community-engaged research has gained

prominence. It emphasizes active collaboration with communities and

5. Cultural Competence: There is a growing recognition of the importance of

6. Ethical Considerations: Ethical considerations have become more prominent in

7. Technology and Data Analytics: Advances in technology have transformed data

committed to identifying and addressing systemic injustices, discrimination, and

emerging challenges and the evolving needs of individuals, families, and

b) What are the steps of Single Design Research Process?

Single design research, also known as single-subject or single-case research, is a

outcomes of individual participants. The process typically involves the following

the targeted behavior. The intervention should be based on established principles

4. Implementation of the Intervention: Implement the intervention according to

any changes in the targeted behavior.

5. Data Collection During Intervention: Continuously collect data during the

7. Interpretation of Findings: Interpret the research findings within the context of

8. Conclusion and Generalization: Draw conclusions based on the data analysis

10. Follow-Up and Long-Term Assessment (Optional): Depending on the research

maintenance of behavior change or the long-term effects of the intervention.