Exercise 1. Convert each of the followingpoints into the given coordinate systern.

(a) Convert (—4,{ ) into Cartesian coordinates.

(b) Convert (—1,—1)into polar coordinates with r > Oand 0 f; O < 27r.

(85 )

In general, we can convert between Cartesian and polar coordinates easily by the followingpair of equations (the
proof of which will be left as an exercise to readers).

Theorem. Let (x, y) and (r, 0) be, respectively, the Cartesian and polar coordinates of the same point hen
2
r cos 0
and conversely, y
y r sin 0 tan(O) — if x
Example. Using the above theorem, we can convert the Cartesian equation of a curve y) = 0 into its 'polar'
counterpart f (r cos 0, r sin 0) 0 (or vice versa). For example, the horizontal line y = 1 would have a 'polar equation'
rcos9 = 1. Hence,r seco is part of the horizontalline y = 1 for whichcos0 0 (equivalently,9 # z ± kT).
Exercise 2.
(a) Fix a non-zero real number a, sketch the curve + y'2 = '2aa;.
(b) Convert the Cartesian equation of the above curve into a polar equation of the form r f (9).
 (4) Lemniscates This is given by a polar equation of the forlll.

r2 sin 20 or r = cos 20 where a 0.

r 2 = a2 sin 20 r 2 = a2 cos 20

Exercise 3.
(a) Sketchthe followingpolar curves.
(c) r = 0, 0 > 0 (spirals)

(b) Given a polar curve r = f (0). Fixed a number d),describethe curve r f(0 + O).

(c) Sketchthe polar curver = 1 + 2cos0 and r = cos 30+ —

O

+70

(210)

> CO tog
Exercise 4. Describe the followingregion in polar coordinates as a set.
r —3+2sine
2 4

Exercise 5. Sketch the followingregions. Hence describe the regions as sets in polar coordinates.
(a) y) e R2 : 2 x2 + Y2 5 and — y x} in Cartesian coordinates.
(b) The triangular region {(:r,y) e R2 : —:r y :r, 0 2} in Cartesian coordinates.

Exercise 6. Sketch the region describedby the set 0) : 1 2v'G(äDj}.