Unmanned Aerial Vehicle - can be called RPA, UAS, or drone

HISTORY
unattended air system, unmanned aerial system , or remotely piloted aircraft or
drone
concept dates back to the mid-1800s
when AUSTRIA (country) sent of an unmanned bomb-filled ballon as a tactical mean
- ain aircraft without human pilot, can be controlled by either onboard sensors or
to attack Venice (Italy)
by a human operator in a ground controlled location or by the deployment of
The drones today are innovated from early 1900s
autonomous electronic and electro-optical systems
-were originally deployed for target practice to train military personnel,
consequently they continued to be designed and developed during WORLD WAR 1
basic functions:
INTELLIGENCE, RECONNAISSANCE, SURVEILLANCE- IRS
DAYTON-WRIGHT AIRPLANE COMPANY - invented pilotless aerial torpedo that
but in UCAV - unmanned combat aerial Vehicle
would drop and explode at particular preset time.
includes IRS plus target tracking, deployment of offensive and defensive
weapon systems against targets.
1915 -Nikola Tesla fleet of UAVs described
Parts that UAV can contain are:
1935 - first RPV demonstrated in film
simple electronic and physical sensors such as barometer, Global positioning
WORLD WAR 2 - More UAVs developed to train army gunners to fly attack missions
system GPS receiver, or altimeter receiver.
NAZI Germany deploy various version to destroy allied fighters and bombers
Sophisticated UAV may contain
1951 - teledyne ryan firebee , UAV missile with jet engine
photographic, television, infrared, acoustic equipment
compact synthetic aperture radar SAR and light detection and ranging LIDAR
U.S. Navy 1955 - Beechcraft Company remote controlled aircraft until 1967
laser
radiation, chemical, other special sensors to measure pertinent parameters
Published Articles reveal that earliest attempt to demonstrate UAV concept was
all parts depends to accomplish its certain missions
made in 1943 and from then on was developed for commercial or military uses
Navigation and Control Sensors are of critical importance, further more on board
2 prominent UAV programs in the US department of Defense late 1950s early 1960s
sensors can be controlled by
ground based-operators
-Some UAVs were specifically designed as per CIA specifications for covert programs
preprogrammed sensors
and were commissioned on 9/11/2001
automated remote operating mode
intel gathering was emphasized on 2004 in Islamic countries PAKI AFGHANI, YEMEN
tho its different in UCAV
SOMALIA
the use of UAV loitering around the targets to gather intel data on islamic radical
when using UAV on onboard sensors or by human operator on ground
and terrorist
the uav can achieve wide range of mission such as IRS plus aerial mapping,
antiterrorist activities, and emergency operation.
hence the first program : Eagle Program
-operated by counterterrorism center to collect vital data on terrorists
additionally, with the development of compact navigational equipment, exotic
-the first CIA UAV platform used the COTS (commercial off-the-shelf)
software and algorithmic maintenance for equipment calibration, and filtering
components to reduce costs
and rapid and accurate processing of navigational information, makes operators
perform task with speed and accuracy
The USAF 160 Strategic Reconnaissance Wing - 3500 UAV missions in Vietnam war
electrical design engineers are involved in specific development of onboard soft
The birth of US UAVS known as RPVs in 1959 because of concern in pilot and aircraft
ware and hardware of next generation of computer vision and pattern recognition
losses
*this usaf thinking was intensified when Francis Gray POWERS when his plane was shot
typical physical parameters of UAVs for commercial Applications
down (U-2 Reconnaissance) in the Soviet Union
memorize:
Code name Red Wagon - manned aerial vehicle program
turn radius 35-50 ft
Max Deployment of UAV during US and Vietnam naval combat
rating of electric motor 1kW 1.35HP EITHER GASOLINE OR ELECTRIC
and in 9/11 due to the world trade center attack the CIA UAV purpose is to gather
speed uav 20-30 mph
information on Vietnam Territories and other hostile lands, danger posed by Islamic
speed take off 15-20mph
radicals
speed landing 15-20mph
weight take off 6-16lb
in the war 5000 US killed and 1000 missing, the USAF 100th strategic Reconnaissance
weight airframe 5-9lb
Wing deployed and 3425 UAV missions carried out where 554 were lost
wings span 5-7ft
runway length 40-60 ft
General Meyer - commander in chief of strategic Air command
fuselage length 4-8ft
- willing to risk to fly UAV at higher altitude to save pilot’s lives
flight endurance 10-25hrs
flight altitude 50-6,000ft
During the yom Kippur War
max climb speed 16ft/s
Israeli Air force fighter jet heavily damaged Syria without Pilot loss, this
payload 5-10lb
forced the Israeli to develop UCAV with real time surveillance capability in high
resolution which is why they are able to penetrate Syrian air defenses at start of
Lebanese war 1982 with no casualties
Various Categories of unmanned Vehicles
Israeli pilots trained with simulators and in 1987 they demonstrated stealth
commercial and Military
technology based 3D thrust vectoring jet steering UAVs
-UAV flying at higher altitudes in military used can be easily recognized or
characterized by aerodynamic configuration of the vehicle and its operation
1980 -1990 maturing and miniaturization technologies were adapted by US defense
sensors and functions. Military application drones are equipped with electro-
authorities in UAVs and
optical or electromagnetic sensors and electronic devices to provide safe and
late 1990 - US UAV production contract for the joint development of AAI corp and
rapid delivery of military goods and services
Israeli Company Maziat
1991 - Many UAVs are used in Gulf War
UAVs designed to meet specific commercial principal functions and operate to
low-medium altitudes. usually upto 6000ft
later on they realized UAVS are cheaper best fighting machines without risks and
replace man fighters and bombers
Military use - border Patrol Operation
-they dont require stealthy or heavy weapons
General Atomics Predator MQ-9 platform- were used as reference to show the
UAVs with conventional features are suitable to IRS
strategic importances of UCAVs, they show improve surveillance, reconnaissance
UAVs with rotary-wing configuration could also be used for border patrol
capabilities with offensive weapons that about 50 countries or more are deploying
unmanned underwater vehicles - used for underwater listening detection,
this platform effective 2013
reconnaissance, surveillance, and tracking of hostile targets operating in coastal
regions and tracking if submerged underwater submarines.
since 2008 the USAF has deployed 5331 UAV missions, which is twice made by
PATROL UAVs must be able to see through clouds, dust, smokes, and rain
manned aerial vehicle
SAMPLE : MQ-1 PREDATOR and MQ-9REAPER are hunter killer UAVs for combat
operations
Predators equipped with hell fire missiles are most cost effective UAVs because they
-fully equipped with advanced navigation, and communication systems, electro-
are most effective in undertaking combat roles with no risk. and be terminated
optical and electromagnetic sensors, and weapons needed to undertake the
anytime military deemed to do so, they are best suited for orchestrating attacks by
stated combat mission requirements. Controlled by ground operators or by
pointing precision laser beams on the targets
autonomous system comprising of high speed computers
Precision laser beams is capable of putting a robot in a position to set off an attack on
the target of interest with no collateral damage,
Predators can be operated by satellites by GCS at distances 7500miles from the scene
GLobal Hawk UCAVs (US) RQ-4 operated virtually autonomously using high-speed
computers and sophisticated softwares, such system is considered a remote controlled
pilot or operator, has the operational capability to fly from west coast and map out
the entire Maine located in the East Coast before returning
Functional Categories of UAS based on Operating Range and Altitude
handheld UAS-with range and altitude not exceeding 2000ft
Tactical UAS- with range close to 160 km and altitude not exceeding 18,000ft
Medium altitude, long-endurance (MALE) UAS - greater than 200km and exceeds
30,00ft
hypersonic UAS - has greater grater than 200km range and altitude greater than
50,000 ft
Orbital UAS - travels in low-earth orbit with range

UCAV gets its direction by GPS and reports back via a secured live feed UAV and UCAV operations are operated by U.S. Maritime Corp ,USAF, and US Navy
Micro-UAV - BATMAV (WASP III design) the design includes miniaturized altimeter,
Some aerospace has created miniaturized UAV that can be controlled by a soldier hand lightweight GPS based navigation system, accelerometers, and compact
and to maneuver to streets at lower altitudes an example is aerospace company in magnetometer
Calif where they have designed miniaturized aerial vehicle low- altitude, long endurance (LALE) UAV - role provided by the VAV by the GNAT
750 system
Raven micro-air vehicle - most versatile miniaturized UAV suited for urban application MALE UAV-roles provided by the MQ-1 Predator and MQ-9 Reaper which are hunter
best for crowded unknown lands, best for undertaking reconnaissance, target killer UAVs
tracking,and surveillance missions in crowded urban areas to find insurgents potential High-altitude, Long-Endurance (HALE) UAV - have played impressive roles in combat
ambushers and illegal immigrants which can last a for days at a time
Take note * MQ-9 Reaper = M stands for multirole and Q stands for UAV and number
Classification of miniaturized UAVS based on applications: 9 indicated the series
-Armed attacks by terrorist also known as Predator B
-commercial Aerial Surveillance
-Domestic Surveillance Larger UAVs or UAS such as the predator, the Reaper and the Global hawk are
-Disaster relief during heavy rain, blizzards, snow, and flood conditions to reduce always controlled by human operators
civilian casualties
-Forest fire detection advancement in computer technology (AI)
-Maritime Patrol will allow the airport takeoff landing and flight without human operates which will
-Oil, gas, and mineral exploitation encourage them to make decision and planning sequence that leads to full
-Precision search and rescue missions autonomous systems
-Policing activities by law enforcement agencies
-Remote Sensing Small unmanned Drones
-Rescue operations in dangerous and difficult circumstances -scientist focus on more streamline designs of drones to undertake multiple
missions besides IRS, the role of small uaSs or SUAS have expanded in other
UAV operated by various Countries for Recon and Surveillance discipline such as electronic attack missiles, destruction of enemy air defense
take note - only a few countries demonstrated the design, development, anf systems, and search and rescue missions under combat environments. Weighing
operational capabilities of UCAVs and only US has deployed autonomous capability to 1-40,000 lbs
operate UAV and UCAV platforms capable of deploying sophisticated electro-optical
sensors, electromagnetic sensors and missiles
-US -France -Republic of Congo *Civilian Applications of UAVs
-UK - Germany - South Africa
-Australia - Ireland -South Korea Pizza deliveries by Small UAVs or drones
-Belgium - India -Venezuela drones were monitored by GPS and video cameras to expedite deliveries to correct
-Brazil - Israel -Vietnam address. 65ft above ground level
-Canada - Japan
-China -Russia Drone Deployment for Miscellaneous Commercial Applications
surveying of crops, aerial footage in film industry, search and rescue emergency
operations, inspection of high voltage power transmission lines and gas and oil
Deployment Restriction UAVs pipelines, numerical count and tracking of wildlife, delivery of drugs and medical
UAVs poses security problems for commercial flights so the FAA Federal Aviation supplies to remote areas, keeping an eye to private properties, catching illegal
Agency Modernization Reform Act MRA of 2012 sets a deadline on September 30 2015 to hunting activities, forest fire detections, border patrol, inspection of national parks
establish regulation for usage of drones in commercial use.
Drones for commercial Aerial Survey Applications
FAA considers UAV as an aircraft system with no flight crew aboard the vehicle, can be developments of automatic and sophisticated electro-optical and electromagnetic
called UAV, UAS,RPV or RPA. while small miniaturized or micro-aerial vehicle are flown sensors will allow the drones to conduct high-resolution commercial aerial
only for recreation or fun and are operated under the voluntary safety regulations surveillance missions
recommended by the AMA academy of Model Aeronautics, however for other unmanned
air operations in US,a certificate from FAA is required and is considered illegal if no Drones for remote sensing Applications
certificate is present remote sensing include electromagnetic spectrum analyzers, gamma ray sensors, and
biological and chemical sensors with minimum size and weight. Include infrared and
Commercial Unmanned Aerial system licenses were granted effective August 2013 on a near infrared. BIOLOGICAL SENSORS CAPABLE OF various microorganism’s and
case to case basis bust subject. to approval by the FAA chemical sensors to detect harmful chemicals
The FAA expects to unveil regulated frameworks of UAVs weighing not more than 55 lb Laser spectroscopic technology widely used by chemical analyst to determine
Critical elements of UAs are follows: concentration of each chemical agent present
-Unmanned aircraft
-GCS Drones for motion Picture and Film making
- specialized data or link control line (SDL) FAA and European counterparts have not issued formal guidelines regarding drones
- Related Support Equipment in private sector. Domestic lobbyists are petitioning for the use of UAVs for
example: RQ-7 Shadow consist of four elements commercial uses including photography, videography and other surveillance
-two GCS functions
-one portable GCS permits flying below 400ft above ground and UAV operator line of sight
- one launcher
-2 GDTs (ground data terminals) Drones for Sports Events
-1portable GDT broadcasting in sports activities, advantage is that they can get close to the
-1 remote data terminal international athletes and are more dynamic than cable suspension cameras

5 Functional UAV categories; Roles of Drones in Domestic Policing Activities

Reconnaissance UAV - fully equipped to provide battlefield intel
Target UAV - capable of providing ground and aerial gunnery functions of simulating a
hostile aircraft or a laser-guided or semi active radar missile
Combat UAV - provide attack capability which are UCAVs
Logistic UAV - designed to provide cargo and logistic
Research and Development (R&D) provide further development of UAV tech of possible
integration in future UAV designs
drones with high resolution cameras can track running criminals or driving high
speed stolen automobiles regardless of locations or tactics.
Drones for Oil, Gas, and Mineral Exploration and production
can be used in geomagnetic surveying efforts using the precision movements of the
earth’s differential magnetic field strength, which identifies nature of underlying
rock structures which helps locate mineral deposits
UAV for disaster Relief Activities
can provide multiple types of disaster relief capabilities. deliver emergency
drugs, vaccines, medical equipment, and doctors quickly to remote inaccessible
areas

Drones for Scientific Research in Atmospheric Environments

they can handle scientific research activities under any atmospheric environment,
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration has deployed Aerosonde
UAVs in 2006 a hurricane hunter tool
Aerosonde Private Ltd of Victoria (Australia) has manufactured 35 lb UAV which
can fly to hurricane environment and provide real time data directly to National
Hurricane Center in Florida
Northrop Grumman RQ 4 Global Hawk UAV for hurricane UAVs
The data can be available to national weather reporters or TV broadcasters

Classic Example of Search and Rescue Missions

deployment of drones was demonstrated in 2008 hurricane
micro-UAVs such as Aeryon Scout to undertake search and rescue at moderate
altitudes. however for higher altitudes, like 20k to 30k, predators are most
suitable especially in damage assessment missions. equipped with electro optical
sensors, high resolutions IR cameras and mini side -looking radars (SAR) which are
best for high resolution images regardless of weather conditions

Drones for Animal Conservation functions

Nepal, Tanzania, South Africa uses these for animal conservation act.
2012 UAVs were deployed by the Sea Shepherd Conservation Society in Namibia to
monitor annual seal slaughtering operation
2013 falcon UAVS was deployed to combat rhino poaching operations
equipped with radio-frequency identification devices

Drones for Maritime Patrol Activities

People’s Republic of China making bogus ownership claim over neighbors
properties
Indian state Arunachal Pradesh, isolated islands very close to Japanese Regions,
Vietnam Islands rich in gas, oils, and minerals, Philippines islands
China has illegally and militarily invaded Tibet since 1959 and killed millions of
Tibetans.
Mao the butcher of Lassa and Zhou Enlai the most notorious leader of China, The
architect of 1962 Indo-China war

Drones for Cooperative forest Fire Surveillance Missions

early detection and continuous tracking using satellite images and high resolution
images collected by the electro-optical sensors, compact SARs and Wideband IR
detectors abroad UAVs
3D histogram 2002 IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
also captured by low-earth orbiting satellites, resolution good enough for
detection.
IR camera equipped UAVs are best suited for such activities and electro-optical
sensor detection speed are most important parameters

NASA contribution to fire fighting Technology

HALE UAVs like Altair have more potential for enhanced range resolution and
higher update rates over the satellite based systems.
LASE