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surface finish or lustre. Tarnish generally occurs in the oral cavity due to
1. Formation of hard and soft deposits on the surface of the restoration, e.g. calculus, mucin and
plaque.
2. Pigment producing bacteria, produce stains.
3. Formation of thin films of oxides, sulfides or chlorides. Tarnish is often the forerunner of
corrosion.
Corrosion
It is not a surface discoloration but actual deterioration of a metal by reaction with the
environment. It can be defined as the deterioration of metals by chemical interaction with their
environment.
Most metals exist in their stable oxide state in nature except for some of the noble metals like
gold. The pure state of metals is unstable.
Corrosion is a natural process, which converts refined metal to their more stable forms.
In the most common use of the word, this means electrochemical oxidation of metal in reaction
with an oxidant such as oxygen.
Rusting, the formation of iron oxides, is a well-known example of electrochemical corrosion. This
type of damage typically produces oxides or salts of the original metal.
Composite composition
Delayed expansion
If a zinc-containing-low-copper or high-copper amalgam is contaminated by moisture during
trituration or condensation, a large expansion can take place.
It usually starts after 3-5 days and may continue for months, reaching values greater than 400
µm (4%). This is known as delayed expansion or secondary expansion.
The expansion is caused by the releases of hydrogen gas from the reaction of zinc with water.
H2 O + Zn → ZnO + H2 (gas)
This hydrogen gas does not combine with the amalgam, but collects within the restoration,
creating extreme internal pressure and expansion of the mass.
This causes protrusion of the restoration out of the cavity, increased creep, increased
microleakage, pitted surfaces and corrosion.
Dental pain, recurrence of caries, and fracture of the restoration are seen as a result of these
poorly inserted restorations.
Note Moisture contamination after the cavity has been filled does not cause delayed expansion.
Nonzinc alloys do not show this type of expansion when contaminated with water. However,
moisture contamination of the mix of any alloy results in inferior physical properties.
C-factor
Cavity configuration factor (C-factor) is the ratio of the bonded surface area in a cavity to the
unbonded surface area. This means that, in a box-like class I cavity, there may be five times
more bonded surface area than the unbonded surface area.
Generations of composite
1. Temporary cementation
2. Permanent cementation
TEMPORARY CEMENTATION
Temporary cementation of crowns and fixed partial dentures (FDP) are often required.
Temporary crowns and FDPs are required to stay in place only until the permanent structure is
ready. Therefore, it must be weak enough to be easily removed when the permanent structure is
ready for cementation.
PERMANENT CEMENTATION
A permanent cementing material on the other hand should be strong and insoluble in oral fluids.
It would also be advantageous if it had some chemical bonding to the tooth structure. In
addition, it should be fluid enough to flow well to ensure the complete seating of the restoration.
Examples of permanent cementing materials are zinc phosphate cement, glass ionomer
cement, resin cement, polycarboxylate cement, etc.
Examples of
High strength bases: Zinc phosphate, Zinc polycarboxylate, glass ionomer and reinforced ZOE
cements
Low strength bases calcium hydroxide and zinc oxide eugenol.
● Liners are thin layers of material applied to the deepest portion of a cavity preparation,
usually in proximity to the pulp
● Bases are thicker than liners and are placed on the floor of the cavity preparation before
the restorative material is added
● Luting cement, is used to bond restorations, such as crowns, bridges, inlays, or onlays,
to the tooth structure.
Cavity liner:
A cavity liner is used like a cavity varnish to provide a barrier against the passage of irritants
from cements or other restorative materials and to reduce the sensitivity of freshly cut dentin.
They are usually suspensions of calcium hydroxide in a volatile solvent. Upon the evaporation of
the volatile solvent, the liner forms a thin film on the prepared tooth surface.
Classification of composite
Glass ionomer cement composition
Contraindications of gic
Generations of adhesives