Teacher: Good day, class!

Today, we're diving into the fascinating world of cause and effect
in literature. Have you ever wondered how events in a story are connected? Well, that's
what we're here to uncover.

I. Definition of Cause and Effect:

Teacher: First things first, let's define what cause and effect mean in the context of
literature. Cause is the event that initiates a series of actions, leading to an effect. The effect
is the outcome or consequence of that initial cause. Understanding this relationship is like
deciphering the hidden code that gives depth and meaning to a narrative.

II. Identifying Cause-and-Effect Relationships:

Teacher: Now, let's explore how writers use cause and effect in their works. They employ
various expressions and structures to establish these relationships. Can anyone give an
example of a cause-and-effect relationship from a story you've read?

(Encourage students to share their thoughts)

Teacher: Excellent! Now, let's look at some common expressions writers use to convey cause
and effect.
III. Common Cause-and-Effect Expressions:
A. Conjunctions:
1. Because
2. Therefore
3. So
4. Consequently
5. Since
6. As a result
7. For this reason
8. Hence
9. Accordingly

Teacher: These conjunctions act as signposts, guiding readers through the cause-and-effect
relationships in a story. Let's practice identifying them in sentences.

B. Conditional Clauses:
 1. If... then
2. Unless... then
3. Only if... then
Teacher: Conditional clauses set up conditions that, when met, trigger specific outcomes.
Can you think of a story where an "if... then" scenario played a crucial role?
(Encourage discussion)
C. Temporal Expressions:
1. After
2. Before
3. Subsequently

Teacher: Temporal expressions help establish the chronological order of events. They
contribute to the cause-and-effect structure by indicating the timing of actions. Can you
provide an example from a story where the timing of events was crucial?

(Encourage student responses)

D. Phrases:
1. As a result of
2. Due to
3. Leading to
4. Contributing to

Teacher: Phrases like these provide additional nuances to the cause-and-effect

relationships. They give us insights into why certain events unfold the way they do. Can you
think of a story where the author used such phrases to deepen the narrative?

(Encourage students to share examples)

Conclusion:
Teacher: Today, we've uncovered the secrets of cause and effect in literature. By recognizing
these patterns, we not only become better readers but also gain a deeper understanding of
the intricacies within the narratives we explore. Keep an eye out for these expressions in
your readings, and you'll discover the powerful role cause and effect play in shaping the
stories we love.