1

Mariam Saeed Alketbi

16236

Institution Affiliation
Course Title
Date
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ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY STEM PROJECT

Materials/Tools to make
artificial kidney This basic artificial kidney serves as an
educational tool to illustrate the fundamental
principles of kidney function. This model is a
a) Plastic containers; Represent simplified representation for body kidney.
the outer structure of the
artificial kidney
b) Porous material: Simulating
the filtration component of
the kidney
c) Small Tubing or straws: To
represent blood vessels and
tubing within the artificial
kidney
d) Water: Mimicking blood
flow through the artificial
kidney
e) Small pump: To circulate
water through the model
f) Scissors and Craft Tools: for
cutting and shaping

DESIGN PLANNING
The layout of the artificial kidney is
designed considering the key components
such as the filtration unit, blood vessels,
and tubing.
DESIGNING METHOD
Use modeling paste to create structure
like filtration unit
Use tubing or straws to represent blood
vessels
Assemble the model by attaching the
filtration unit to the plastic containers
Use the small pump to connect it to the
tubing to simulate blood circulation
Test the artificial kidney by turning on
the pump to see how colored water
moves
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KIDNEY CROSS SECTION

This cutaway displays the kidneys main layers, the cortex and the medulla, which
form segments known as renal pyramids. The renal artery and vein circulate huge
amounts of blood- about 2 ½ pints/min at rest, which is up to one-quarter of the

hearts total output.

RESOURCES

Body fluids and Fluids

Compartments and pressure
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FILTRATION EFFICIENCY

Filtration Efficiency (%) = 1−(Cout/Cin) * 100. For instance, If the initial

concentration is 100mg/dL, and after passing through the artificial kidney,
the concentration reduces to 10 mg/dL, then the filtration efficiency would
be: Filtration Efficiency=(1−10010
)×100=90%Filtration Efficiency=(1−10010)×100=90%. This means that
the artificial kidney has removed 90% of Urea from the blood.

Fluid Dynamics Biocompatibility

Assessment:

Applied to evaluate the flow regime

within the kidney.
Reynolds Number (Re) = (Fluid Density Used to assess the degree to
* Flow Velocity * Characteristic Length) which blood cells are
/ Fluid Viscosity. damaged.

If the blood flow velocity is 0.2 m/s, the

characteristic length (diameter of blood Hemolysis Index (%) =
vessels) is 0.005 m, blood density is (Hreleased/H total) ×100
1060 kg/m³, and blood viscosity is 0.004
Pa·s, then Re = (1060 * 0.2 * 0.005) /
0.004 = 2650.
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dialysate compartment
semipermeable hollow fibers

Semipermeable hollow fibers

harvested from a standard commercial
The dialyzer has two compartments
hemodialysis cartridge.
that are separated by a
semipermeable membrane.

Project 2.

HYDROELECTRIC POWER STATION MODEL

Craft sticks or dowels: For

TOOLS/MATERIALS constructing various components
USED TO MAKE Miniature Motor or dynamo: To
HYDROELECTRIC represent the generator
a.
POWER STATION LEDs or Small light bulbs: To
symbolize power generation
MODEL
Paints: to add details and color
Card board or foam board: For the Glue, tape, and scissors: Basic
base and structural elements crafting tools
Small water pump: To Markers or labels: For adding labels
simulate water flow and descriptions.
Tubing: Plastic tubing to
represent water pipes
Container: To hold water as a
reservoir
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DESIGN PLANNING

 Begin with a study base using

cardboard or foam board
 Construct a dam using craft sticks
or cardboard to represent the
barrier holding water back. Add
spillways for a realistic touch
 Use the containers as reseivoir or
holding water When water is released
 Create a turbine model using craft through the “dam”, it spins the
materials or find a small propeller turbine connected to a generator that
that can represent the turbine produces electricity. The water will
 Position the turbine in a strategic return to the reservoir on the
location such as at the base of the downstream side of the dam.
dam, where water flow is directed.
 Integrate small water pump
connected to plastic tubing to
simulate water flow. Ensure the
Inside the hydroelectric power
tubing leads from the reservoir to
station model
the turbine, simulating the flow of
water
 Represent the generator using a
miniature motor or dynamo.
Connect the generator to the
turbine, emphasizing the power
generation process
 Add LED lights to signify electric
electricity generation.
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Fluid Dynamics-Head Loss Calculation:

In assessing the head loss due to fluid flow in the pipes and channels of the
hydroelectric model this equation is used mostly.
Equation: Head Loss (hloss)=f×L/D×u/2g

Hydraulic Efficiency
Mostly used to evaluate the efficiency of converting water flow energy into
electrical energy
Formula: hydraulic efficiency (%) = (Electrical Power Output/Hydraulic Power
Input) *100

For instance: If the electrical power output is 80 MW, and the hydraulic power
input from water flow is 100 MW, then the hydraulic efficiency would be
(80/100) *100=80%
The hydraulic efficiency in this case will be 80%
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Functionality of the
hydroelectric power station
model

The hydroelectric power plant

converts the potential energy of
water to mechanical energy
using the turbine. The turbines
are in turn connected to a
generator that converts the
mechanical energy to electric
energy. The flow of the water
is controlled by the wicket
gates. Wicket gates can be
adjusted together with the
opening of pivot around the
periphery of the turbine to
control the quantity water that
flows into the turbine.

RESOURCES
COMPONENTS OF
HDROELECTRIC POWER
PLANT

Turbine made of 65% steel,

fiber glass, 16% plastic
17% cast iron and 2
GENERATORaluminum